Mechanical and Histological Effects of Resorbable Blasting Media Surface Treatment on the Initial Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Implants
Identifieur interne : 002913 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002912; suivant : 002914Mechanical and Histological Effects of Resorbable Blasting Media Surface Treatment on the Initial Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Implants
Auteurs : Odontuya Gansukh [Corée du Sud] ; Jong-Wha Jeong [Corée du Sud] ; Jong-Wan Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Jong-Ho Lee [Corée du Sud] ; Tae-Woo Kim [Corée du Sud]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
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DOI: 10.1155/2016/7520959
PubMed: 26942200
PubMed Central: 4749767
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Mechanical and Histological Effects of Resorbable Blasting Media Surface Treatment on the Initial Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Implants</title><author><name sortKey="Gansukh, Odontuya" sort="Gansukh, Odontuya" uniqKey="Gansukh O" first="Odontuya" last="Gansukh">Odontuya Gansukh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jeong, Jong Wha" sort="Jeong, Jong Wha" uniqKey="Jeong J" first="Jong-Wha" last="Jeong">Jong-Wha Jeong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Jong Wan" sort="Kim, Jong Wan" uniqKey="Kim J" first="Jong-Wan" last="Kim">Jong-Wan Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Orthodontics, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si 13620, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si 13620</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jong Ho" sort="Lee, Jong Ho" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jong-Ho" last="Lee">Jong-Ho Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Cancer Center, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Cancer Center, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Tae Woo" sort="Kim, Tae Woo" uniqKey="Kim T" first="Tae-Woo" last="Kim">Tae-Woo Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26942200</idno><idno type="pmc">4749767</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4749767</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4749767</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2016/7520959</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002913</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002913</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002913</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002913</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Mechanical and Histological Effects of Resorbable Blasting Media Surface Treatment on the Initial Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Implants</title><author><name sortKey="Gansukh, Odontuya" sort="Gansukh, Odontuya" uniqKey="Gansukh O" first="Odontuya" last="Gansukh">Odontuya Gansukh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jeong, Jong Wha" sort="Jeong, Jong Wha" uniqKey="Jeong J" first="Jong-Wha" last="Jeong">Jong-Wha Jeong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Jong Wan" sort="Kim, Jong Wan" uniqKey="Kim J" first="Jong-Wan" last="Kim">Jong-Wan Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Orthodontics, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si 13620, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si 13620</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jong Ho" sort="Lee, Jong Ho" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jong-Ho" last="Lee">Jong-Ho Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Cancer Center, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Cancer Center, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Tae Woo" sort="Kim, Tae Woo" uniqKey="Kim T" first="Tae-Woo" last="Kim">Tae-Woo Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Introduction</italic>. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of resorbable blasting media (RBM) treatment on early stability of orthodontic mini-implants by mechanical, histomorphometric, and histological analyses.<italic> Methods</italic>. Ninety-six (64 for mechanical study and 32 for histological study and histomorphometric analysis) titanium orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs) with machined (machined group) or RBM-treated (CaP) surface (RBM group) were implanted in the tibiae of 24 rabbits. Maximum initial torque (MIT) was measured during insertion, and maximum removal torque (MRT) and removal angular momentum (RAM) were measured at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA) were analyzed at 4 weeks after implantation.<italic> Results</italic>. RBM group exhibited significantly lower MIT and significantly higher MRT and RAM at 2 weeks than machined group. No significant difference in MRT, RAM, and BIC between the two groups was noted at 4 weeks, although BA was significantly higher in RBM group than in machined group. RBM group showed little bone resorption, whereas machined group showed new bone formation after bone resorption.<italic> Conclusions</italic>. RBM surface treatment can provide early stability of OMIs around 2 weeks after insertion, whereas stability of machined surface OMIs may decrease in early stages because of bone resorption, although it can subsequently recover by new bone apposition.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Umemori, M" uniqKey="Umemori M">M. Umemori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sugawara, J" uniqKey="Sugawara J">J. Sugawara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitani, H" uniqKey="Mitani H">H. Mitani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nagasaka, H" uniqKey="Nagasaka H">H. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26942200</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4749767</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/7520959</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Mechanical and Histological Effects of Resorbable Blasting Media Surface Treatment on the Initial Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Implants</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5304-9145</contrib-id><name><surname>Gansukh</surname><given-names>Odontuya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4080-2046</contrib-id><name><surname>Jeong</surname><given-names>Jong-Wha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2752-0116</contrib-id><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Jong-Wan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8843-545X</contrib-id><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Jong-Ho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2824-8270</contrib-id><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Tae-Woo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Orthodontics, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si 13620, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Cancer Center, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Jong-Wan Kim: <email>nusma1@empal.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Homayoun H. Zadeh</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>7520959</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Odontuya Gansukh et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Introduction</italic>. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of resorbable blasting media (RBM) treatment on early stability of orthodontic mini-implants by mechanical, histomorphometric, and histological analyses.<italic> Methods</italic>. Ninety-six (64 for mechanical study and 32 for histological study and histomorphometric analysis) titanium orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs) with machined (machined group) or RBM-treated (CaP) surface (RBM group) were implanted in the tibiae of 24 rabbits. Maximum initial torque (MIT) was measured during insertion, and maximum removal torque (MRT) and removal angular momentum (RAM) were measured at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA) were analyzed at 4 weeks after implantation.<italic> Results</italic>. RBM group exhibited significantly lower MIT and significantly higher MRT and RAM at 2 weeks than machined group. No significant difference in MRT, RAM, and BIC between the two groups was noted at 4 weeks, although BA was significantly higher in RBM group than in machined group. RBM group showed little bone resorption, whereas machined group showed new bone formation after bone resorption.<italic> Conclusions</italic>. RBM surface treatment can provide early stability of OMIs around 2 weeks after insertion, whereas stability of machined surface OMIs may decrease in early stages because of bone resorption, although it can subsequently recover by new bone apposition.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>(a) Design of the mini-implant, which had a diameter of 1.6 mm and a length of 6.0 mm. (b) Machined group. (c) Resorbable blasting media (RBM) group.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-7520959.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Procedure and equipment for placement of the orthodontic mini-implant. (a) Predrilling into the tibia of rabbits using a surgical implant engine under saline irrigation. (b) Insertion of the mini-implant under 20 rpm with measuring torque. (c) Surgical engine that can measure and record the torque.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-7520959.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Schematic graph to explain the mechanical characteristics of mini-implants. (A) Maximum insertion torque (MIT). (B) Time of MIT. (C) Maximum removal torque (MRT). (D) Time of MRT. (E) 1.5 seconds after MRT, which is the time needed for a half turn. (F) Removal angular momentum (RAM), which is the torque integrated from the time of MRT to 1.5 seconds under 20 rpm after MRT.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-7520959.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Scanning electron microscopy findings. (a) Machined group. (b) Resorbable blasting media (RBM) group. Although the surface of the machined group showed smooth surfaces with linear scratches, the RBM group showed a rough surface with irregular indentation.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-7520959.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Three-dimensional roughness of the analyzed OMI's surfaces. (a) Machined group. (b) Resorbable blasting media (RBM) group. The surface of the RBM group was rougher than that of the machined group. The peak to valley height in the evaluated area was higher and the roughness surface area was larger in the RBM group than in the machined group.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-7520959.005"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Histological specimens from the machined group (a, c, e, and g) and resorbable blasting media (RBM) group (b, d, f, and h). Microscopic views of hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections are observed from (a) to (d), and fluorescence microscopic views are observed from (e) through (h). (a) In the machined group, a large area of new bone formation (white arrows) surrounds the resorbed old bone (black arrows; ×4). (b) In the RBM group, there is a large area of intact old lamellar bone (black arrows) and little new bone formation (white arrows; ×4). (c) A magnified view of the white box in (a). New bone (white arrows) occupies the area of the resorbed old bone (black arrow; ×10). (d) A magnified view of the white box in (b). Old lamellar bone (black arrow) is resorbed with a thin surface margin and little new bone formation (white arrow; ×10). (e) Fluorescence bone labeling image of (a). Green color (calcein, white arrows) is widely observed at the bone-mini-implant interface (×4). (f) Fluorescence bone labeling image of (b). There is a small green-colored area (calcein, white arrows; ×4). (g) A magnified view of the white box in (e). A green-colored area (calcein, upper white arrow) which was formed at 2 weeks after mini-implant insertion is observed beside old bone (left black arrow). The other new bone (lower white arrow) which was formed after 2 weeks is observed between upper white arrow and left black arrow. There are scattered large green color areas. (h) A magnified view of the white box in (f). Thin green lines can be observed (calcein, lower white arrow) around remaining old bone (left black arrow). There is an area which was formed after 2 weeks between green line (lower white arrow) and resorbed area (right black arrow). The new formed bone is smaller than new bone of (g).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-7520959.006"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Higher magnification histology images of machined group ((a) and (b), black boxes in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6(a)</xref>, ×40) and RBM group ((c) and (d), black boxes in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6(b)</xref>, ×40). (a) An active bone cone with osteoclasts (black arrow) and osteoblasts (white arrow) is in old lamella bone. (b) There are several active bone cones which have osteoclasts (black arrow) and osteoblasts (white arrow) in old lamella bone and new bone. (c) There are few bone cones which show unclear osteoclasts and osteoblast (black and white arrows). (d) Although there are several bone cones in old lamella bone, they are less active than (b) and they have unclear osteoclast (black arrow) and osteoblast (white arrow).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-7520959.007"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Chemical composition and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Alloy</th><th align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">Chemical composition (%)</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Mechanical properties</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">O</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">V</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tensile strength<break></break>(MPa)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Young's modulus<break></break>(GPa)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yield strength, 0.2% offset<break></break>(MPa)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti-6Al-4V</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5–6.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5–4.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balance</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">860–896</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">795–827</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Number of OMIs used in each study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Number of OMIs</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Machined group</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RBM group</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mechanical study</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Removal at 2 weeks after insertion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Removal at 4 weeks after insertion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histological study</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Specimen preparation at 4 weeks after insertion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Surface roughness of machined group and RBM group in topographic evaluation.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Surface roughness (<italic>μ</italic>m)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Machined group</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RBM group</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R</italic><sub><italic>a</italic></sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.66</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R</italic><sub><italic>q</italic></sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.94</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R</italic><sub><italic>z</italic></sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.02</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>R</italic><sub><italic>a</italic></sub>: arithmetic mean of the departures of the roughness profile from the mean line.</p></fn><fn><p><italic>R</italic><sub><italic>q</italic></sub>: root mean square parameter corresponding to <italic>R</italic><sub><italic>a</italic></sub>. </p></fn><fn><p><italic>R</italic><sub><italic>z</italic></sub>: maximum peak to valley height in the evaluation area.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Maximum insertion torque of machined group and RBM group.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"> Maximum insertion torque (Ncm)</th><th align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic> value<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></th></tr><tr><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> Machined group</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> RBM group</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001<sup>†</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>SD: standard deviation.</p></fn><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>Independent <italic>t</italic>-test; <sup>†</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Maximum removal torque of machined group and RBM group at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after the implantation.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"> Time</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"> Maximum removal torque (Ncm)</th><th align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic> value<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></th></tr><tr><th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Machined group</th><th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">RBM group</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 weeks</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.007<sup>†</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 weeks</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.530 </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>SD: standard deviation.</p></fn><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>Independent <italic>t</italic>-test; <sup>†</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Removal angular momentum of machined group and RBM group at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after the implantation.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"> Time</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"> Removal angular momentum (Ncms)</th><th align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic> value<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></th></tr><tr><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> Machined group</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> RBM group</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 weeks</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.86</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.026<sup>†</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 weeks</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.489</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Removal angular momentum was the integrated removal torque during the first half turn.</p></fn><fn><p>SD: standard deviation.</p></fn><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>Independent <italic>t</italic>-test; <sup>†</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Histomorphometric analysis of the machined group and RBM group in noncalcification specimens at 4 weeks after the implantation.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Measurement</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> Machined group</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> RBM group</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIC (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.793 </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BA (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.99</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.30 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.026<sup>†</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA) were measured.</p></fn><fn><p>SD: standard deviation. </p></fn><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>Independent <italic>t</italic>-test; <sup>†</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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