A Comparative Study of Palatal Rugae Patterns among Igbo and Ikwerre Ethnic Groups of Nigeria: A University of Port Harcourt Study
Identifieur interne : 002813 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002812; suivant : 002814A Comparative Study of Palatal Rugae Patterns among Igbo and Ikwerre Ethnic Groups of Nigeria: A University of Port Harcourt Study
Auteurs : P. C. Ibeachu [Nigeria] ; B. C. Didia [Nigeria] ; A. O. Arigbede [Nigeria]Source :
- Anatomy Research International [ 2090-2743 ] ; 2014.
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DOI: 10.1155/2014/123925
PubMed: 25276430
PubMed Central: 4170695
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A Comparative Study of Palatal Rugae Patterns among Igbo and Ikwerre Ethnic Groups of Nigeria: A University of Port Harcourt Study</title><author><name sortKey="Ibeachu, P C" sort="Ibeachu, P C" uniqKey="Ibeachu P" first="P. C." last="Ibeachu">P. C. Ibeachu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Didia, B C" sort="Didia, B C" uniqKey="Didia B" first="B. C." last="Didia">B. C. Didia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arigbede, A O" sort="Arigbede, A O" uniqKey="Arigbede A" first="A. O." last="Arigbede">A. O. Arigbede</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25276430</idno><idno type="pmc">4170695</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170695</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4170695</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/123925</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002813</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002813</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002813</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002813</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A Comparative Study of Palatal Rugae Patterns among Igbo and Ikwerre Ethnic Groups of Nigeria: A University of Port Harcourt Study</title><author><name sortKey="Ibeachu, P C" sort="Ibeachu, P C" uniqKey="Ibeachu P" first="P. C." last="Ibeachu">P. C. Ibeachu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Didia, B C" sort="Didia, B C" uniqKey="Didia B" first="B. C." last="Didia">B. C. Didia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arigbede, A O" sort="Arigbede, A O" uniqKey="Arigbede A" first="A. O." last="Arigbede">A. O. Arigbede</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Anatomy Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2090-2743</idno><idno type="eISSN">2090-2751</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background.</italic> Palatal rugae pattern of an individual is species specific and is said to be as unique as finger print. <italic>Aims and Objectives.</italic> The aim of this study was to identify and compare the rugae pattern of Igbo and Ikwerre populations in Nigeria for human identification purposes. <italic>Materials and Methods.</italic> The present study was conducted from random sampling of University of Port Harcourt students. A total number of 140 subjects (70 Igbos and 70 Ikwerres) of age bracket of 18–30 were used. <italic>Results.</italic> The different shapes of rugae were obviously observed with varying degrees of predominance among the two tribes. The most predominant patterns are wavy and curvy followed by straight. The Igbos were predominantly wavy while the Ikwerres were predominantly of curve and straight patterns. The Igbo males and females had more wavy pattern with percentage values of 51.6% and 59.9% which is significantly higher in proportion (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) as compared to the Ikwerre males and females with percentage values of 35.6% and 40.6%. On the other hand, Ikwerre males and females proved to be curve dominant with percentage values of 45.2% and 34.4% and this showed significant difference in proportion (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) as compared to the Igbo males and females with percentage curve values of 27.9% and 26.1%. <italic>Conclusion.</italic> The result obtained from this study is clear evidence of ethnic differences in relation to sex; hence the incidence of predominance is population dependent.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kamala, R" uniqKey="Kamala R">R Kamala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, N" uniqKey="Gupta N">N Gupta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bansal, A" uniqKey="Bansal A">A Bansal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sinha, A" uniqKey="Sinha A">A Sinha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caldas, Im" uniqKey="Caldas I">IM Caldas</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Anat Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Anat Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ARI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Anatomy Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-2743</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2090-2751</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25276430</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4170695</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/123925</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Study</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A Comparative Study of Palatal Rugae Patterns among Igbo and Ikwerre Ethnic Groups of Nigeria: A University of Port Harcourt Study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ibeachu</surname><given-names>P. C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Didia</surname><given-names>B. C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arigbede</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers, Nigeria</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*P. C. Ibeachu: <email>chinacute4christ@yahoo.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Levent Sarikcioglu</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>8</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>123925</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>9</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 P. C. Ibeachu et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Background.</italic> Palatal rugae pattern of an individual is species specific and is said to be as unique as finger print. <italic>Aims and Objectives.</italic> The aim of this study was to identify and compare the rugae pattern of Igbo and Ikwerre populations in Nigeria for human identification purposes. <italic>Materials and Methods.</italic> The present study was conducted from random sampling of University of Port Harcourt students. A total number of 140 subjects (70 Igbos and 70 Ikwerres) of age bracket of 18–30 were used. <italic>Results.</italic> The different shapes of rugae were obviously observed with varying degrees of predominance among the two tribes. The most predominant patterns are wavy and curvy followed by straight. The Igbos were predominantly wavy while the Ikwerres were predominantly of curve and straight patterns. The Igbo males and females had more wavy pattern with percentage values of 51.6% and 59.9% which is significantly higher in proportion (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) as compared to the Ikwerre males and females with percentage values of 35.6% and 40.6%. On the other hand, Ikwerre males and females proved to be curve dominant with percentage values of 45.2% and 34.4% and this showed significant difference in proportion (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) as compared to the Igbo males and females with percentage curve values of 27.9% and 26.1%. <italic>Conclusion.</italic> The result obtained from this study is clear evidence of ethnic differences in relation to sex; hence the incidence of predominance is population dependent.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Maxillary cast showing the rugae patterns.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ARI2014-123925.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>(a) Percentage distribution for Ikwerre males, (b) percentage distribution for Ikwerre females.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ARI2014-123925.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>(a) Percentage distribution for Igbo males, (b) percentage distribution for Igbo females.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ARI2014-123925.003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p><italic>Z</italic>-test of proportionality difference in rugae pattern distribution between Ikwerre and Igbo males.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pattern</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tribe</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Obs. population (<italic>n</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sampled population (<italic>N</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Obs. proportion</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>z</italic>-value (calculated)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">|<italic>z</italic>| critical</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value (obs.)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Wavy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">335</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.356</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">−3.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><bold>Significant difference in proportions</bold>∗
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.511</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Curvy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">335</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.451</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">4.53</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><bold>Significant difference in proportions</bold>∗
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.279</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Circular</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">335</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.036</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">−1.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.136</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant difference in proportions</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.061</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Straight</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">335</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.099</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.76</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.078</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant difference in proportions</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.061</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Converging</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">335</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.021</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">−0.89</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.373</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant difference in proportions</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.032</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Diverging</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">335</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.039</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">−0.77</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.441</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant difference in proportions</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.051</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>The asterisks were used to demonstrate values with significant difference.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p><italic>Z</italic>-test of proportionality difference in rugae pattern distribution between Ikwerre and Igbo females.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pattern</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tribe</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Obs. population (<italic>n</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sampled population (<italic>N</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Obs. proportion</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>z</italic>-value (calculated)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">|<italic>z</italic>| critical</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value (obs.)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Wavy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">289</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.405</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">−4.7572</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><bold>Significant difference in proportions</bold>∗
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">188</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">314</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.599</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Curvy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">289</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.343</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2.1791</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.02926</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><bold>Significant difference in proportions</bold>∗
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">314</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.261</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Circular</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">289</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.048</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">−0.9672</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.33204</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant difference in proportions</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">314</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.067</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Straight</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">289</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.118</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.1373</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.00168</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><bold>Significant difference in proportions</bold>∗
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">314</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.048</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Converging</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">289</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.024</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.7289</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.4654</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant difference in proportions</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">314</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Diverging</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">289</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.062</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.5282</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.00042</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><bold>Significant difference in proportions</bold>∗
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">314</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>The asterisks were used to demonstrate values with significant difference.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Association of tribe and the distribution of individual rugae shape with sex.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Tribe</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">DF</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chi square (<italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Critical value</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chi (<italic>ρ</italic>) calculated <italic>P</italic> value</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Inference</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Igbo</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ikwerre</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wavy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.039</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">188</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curvy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.011</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Circular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.270</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Straight</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.397</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.53</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Converging</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.829</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.36</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diverging</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">8.642</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><bold>Significant association</bold>∗
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>The asterisks were used to demonstrate values with significant difference.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Association between the tribe and sex with rugae pattern distribution.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Ikwerre</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Igbo</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">DF</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chi-square (<italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Critical value</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chi (<italic>ρ</italic>) calculated <italic>P</italic> value</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Inference</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rugae patterns</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Wavy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">188</td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">36.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">24.996</td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1"><bold>Significant association</bold>∗
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Curvy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Circular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Straight</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Converging</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Diverging</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>The asterisks were used to demonstrate values with significant difference.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Association between the individual pattern (based on sides) and the tribe with respect to sex.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sides</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Ikwerre</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Igbo</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">DF</th><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chi-square (<italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>)</th><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Critical value</th><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chi (<italic>ρ</italic>) calculated <italic>P</italic> value</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Inference</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Wavy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.55</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">7.81</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Curvy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.51</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">7.81</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Circular</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.39</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">7.81</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.94</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Straight</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.54</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">7.81</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Converging</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.20</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">7.81</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Diverging</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.39</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">7.81</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.94</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Association between the tribes with the total pattern distribution (based on sides).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Ikwerre</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Igbo</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">DF</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chi-square (<italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Critical value</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chi (<italic>ρ</italic>) calculated <italic>P</italic> value</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Inference</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total patterns</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Left</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">171</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">164</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">7.81</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.96</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No significant association </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Right</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">164</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">137</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p><italic>Z</italic>-test for difference in mean length of the primary rugae of the two ethnic groups.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample size (<italic>N</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Min</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Max</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>z</italic> (calculated value)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">|<italic>z</italic>| (critical value)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value (calculated)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male Igbo >5 MM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">273</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.99</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2.535</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.011</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><bold>Significant</bold>∗
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male Ikwerre >5 MM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.11</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female Igbo >5 MM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">264</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.406</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Not significant</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female Ikwerre >5 MM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">285</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.96</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>The asterisks were used to demonstrate values with significant difference.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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