Etiological Analysis of Initial Colonization of Periodontal Pathogens in Oral Cavity▿
Identifieur interne : 001568 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001567; suivant : 001569Etiological Analysis of Initial Colonization of Periodontal Pathogens in Oral Cavity▿
Auteurs : Jose Roberto Cortelli ; Davi Romeiro Aquino ; Sheila Cavalca Cortelli ; Camila Borges Fernandes ; Jonas De Carvalho-Filho ; Gilson César Nobre Franco ; Fernando Oliveira Costa ; Toshihisa KawaiSource :
- Journal of Clinical Microbiology [ 0095-1137 ] ; 2008.
Abstract
It is unclear when the initial colonization by periodontal pathogens occurs in the oral cavity. Therefore, we report here the association between specific age groups and the time when the initial colonization by periodontal pathogens occurs in the oral cavity in such groups. Findings are based on an epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of five periodontal pathogens in the oral cavities of a wide range of age populations, from newborn to elderly, who were randomly selected in a geographic region of Brazil. These periodontal pathogens include
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DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02051-07
PubMed: 18287326
PubMed Central: 2292974
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<author><name sortKey="Aquino, Davi Romeiro" sort="Aquino, Davi Romeiro" uniqKey="Aquino D" first="Davi Romeiro" last="Aquino">Davi Romeiro Aquino</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Cortelli, Sheila Cavalca" sort="Cortelli, Sheila Cavalca" uniqKey="Cortelli S" first="Sheila Cavalca" last="Cortelli">Sheila Cavalca Cortelli</name>
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<author><name sortKey="De Carvalho Filho, Jonas" sort="De Carvalho Filho, Jonas" uniqKey="De Carvalho Filho J" first="Jonas" last="De Carvalho-Filho">Jonas De Carvalho-Filho</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Costa, Fernando Oliveira" sort="Costa, Fernando Oliveira" uniqKey="Costa F" first="Fernando Oliveira" last="Costa">Fernando Oliveira Costa</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kawai, Toshihisa" sort="Kawai, Toshihisa" uniqKey="Kawai T" first="Toshihisa" last="Kawai">Toshihisa Kawai</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Etiological Analysis of Initial Colonization of Periodontal Pathogens in Oral Cavity<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">▿</xref>
</title>
<author><name sortKey="Cortelli, Jose Roberto" sort="Cortelli, Jose Roberto" uniqKey="Cortelli J" first="Jose Roberto" last="Cortelli">Jose Roberto Cortelli</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Aquino, Davi Romeiro" sort="Aquino, Davi Romeiro" uniqKey="Aquino D" first="Davi Romeiro" last="Aquino">Davi Romeiro Aquino</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Cortelli, Sheila Cavalca" sort="Cortelli, Sheila Cavalca" uniqKey="Cortelli S" first="Sheila Cavalca" last="Cortelli">Sheila Cavalca Cortelli</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Fernandes, Camila Borges" sort="Fernandes, Camila Borges" uniqKey="Fernandes C" first="Camila Borges" last="Fernandes">Camila Borges Fernandes</name>
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<author><name sortKey="De Carvalho Filho, Jonas" sort="De Carvalho Filho, Jonas" uniqKey="De Carvalho Filho J" first="Jonas" last="De Carvalho-Filho">Jonas De Carvalho-Filho</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Franco, Gilson Cesar Nobre" sort="Franco, Gilson Cesar Nobre" uniqKey="Franco G" first="Gilson César Nobre" last="Franco">Gilson César Nobre Franco</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Costa, Fernando Oliveira" sort="Costa, Fernando Oliveira" uniqKey="Costa F" first="Fernando Oliveira" last="Costa">Fernando Oliveira Costa</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kawai, Toshihisa" sort="Kawai, Toshihisa" uniqKey="Kawai T" first="Toshihisa" last="Kawai">Toshihisa Kawai</name>
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<series><title level="j">Journal of Clinical Microbiology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0095-1137</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1098-660X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2008">2008</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>It is unclear when the initial colonization by periodontal pathogens occurs in the oral cavity. Therefore, we report here the association between specific age groups and the time when the initial colonization by periodontal pathogens occurs in the oral cavity in such groups. Findings are based on an epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of five periodontal pathogens in the oral cavities of a wide range of age populations, from newborn to elderly, who were randomly selected in a geographic region of Brazil. These periodontal pathogens include <italic>Campylobacter rectus</italic>
, <italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis</italic>
, <italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</italic>
, <italic>Prevotella intermedia</italic>
, and <italic>Tannerella forsythia</italic>
and were analyzed in the bacterial samples isolated from gingival sulcus, the dorsum of the tongue, and cheek mucosa of diverse age groups, using a bacterial DNA-specific PCR method. Results indicated that there are distinct age-related groups where initial colonization by the five periodontal pathogens examined in this study can be detected and that the presence of teeth is a permissive factor for colonization by <italic>P. gingivalis</italic>
, <italic>P. intermedia</italic>
, and <italic>T. forsythia</italic>
. Although it remains unclear exactly how or when target pathogens colonize healthy subjects, an understanding of age-related groups does provide a potentially useful tool in the early detection and prevention of periodontitis in healthy individuals.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Clin Microbiol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jcm</journal-id>
<journal-title>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0095-1137</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1098-660X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>American Society for Microbiology (ASM)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">18287326</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2292974</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2051-07</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/JCM.02051-07</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Bacteriology</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Etiological Analysis of Initial Colonization of Periodontal Pathogens in Oral Cavity<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">▿</xref>
</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cortelli</surname>
<given-names>Jose Roberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aquino</surname>
<given-names>Davi Romeiro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cortelli</surname>
<given-names>Sheila Cavalca</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fernandes</surname>
<given-names>Camila Borges</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Carvalho-Filho</surname>
<given-names>Jonas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Franco</surname>
<given-names>Gilson César Nobre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Costa</surname>
<given-names>Fernando Oliveira</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kawai</surname>
<given-names>Toshihisa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">3</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">Department of Dentistry, University of Taubate, Taubaté-SP, Brazil,<label>1</label>
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil,<label>2</label>
Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts<label>3</label>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn id="cor1"><label>*</label>
<p>Corresponding author. Mailing address: Rua Nelson Freire Campelo, 343, Jardim Eulália, Taubaté, São Paulo, Cep 12010-700, Brazil. Phone: 55 12 3631 2373. Fax: 55 12 3632 2947. E-mail: <email>jrcortelli@uol.com.br</email>
</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>1322</fpage>
<lpage>1329</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>21</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2007</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>8</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2008</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology</copyright-statement>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="zjm00408001322.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>It is unclear when the initial colonization by periodontal pathogens occurs in the oral cavity. Therefore, we report here the association between specific age groups and the time when the initial colonization by periodontal pathogens occurs in the oral cavity in such groups. Findings are based on an epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of five periodontal pathogens in the oral cavities of a wide range of age populations, from newborn to elderly, who were randomly selected in a geographic region of Brazil. These periodontal pathogens include <italic>Campylobacter rectus</italic>
, <italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis</italic>
, <italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</italic>
, <italic>Prevotella intermedia</italic>
, and <italic>Tannerella forsythia</italic>
and were analyzed in the bacterial samples isolated from gingival sulcus, the dorsum of the tongue, and cheek mucosa of diverse age groups, using a bacterial DNA-specific PCR method. Results indicated that there are distinct age-related groups where initial colonization by the five periodontal pathogens examined in this study can be detected and that the presence of teeth is a permissive factor for colonization by <italic>P. gingivalis</italic>
, <italic>P. intermedia</italic>
, and <italic>T. forsythia</italic>
. Although it remains unclear exactly how or when target pathogens colonize healthy subjects, an understanding of age-related groups does provide a potentially useful tool in the early detection and prevention of periodontitis in healthy individuals.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-wrap><fig position="float" id="f1"><label>FIG. 1.</label>
<caption><p>Prevalence of periodontal pathogens in gingival sulcus, tongue, and cheek mucosa of different subject groups classified on the basis of their periodontal disease status. The subject groups B to F shown in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">1</xref>
(aged >2.5 years, a total of 222 subjects who have teeth) were employed in this analysis. The presence of DNA specific to <italic>C. rectus</italic>
(A), <italic>P. gingivalis</italic>
(B), <italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans</italic>
(C), <italic>P. intermedia</italic>
(D), and <italic>T. forsythia</italic>
(E) in the samples isolated from subgingival sulcus, the dorsum of the tongue, and cheek mucosa of each subject was determined by PCR, following the method described in Materials and Methods.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="zjm0040880380001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig position="float" id="f2"><label>FIG. 2.</label>
<caption><p>Prevalence of periodontal pathogens in gingival sulcus, tongue, and cheek mucosa of different subject groups classified on the basis of their age and presence of teeth. The subject groups A to G shown in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">1</xref>
(aged >0 months, a total of 330 subjects with or without teeth) were employed in this analysis. The presence of DNA specific to <italic>C. rectus</italic>
(A), <italic>P. gingivalis</italic>
(B), <italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans</italic>
(C), <italic>P. intermedia</italic>
(D), and <italic>T. forsythia</italic>
(E) in the samples isolated from subgingival sulcus, the dorsum of the tongue, and cheek mucosa of each subject was determined by PCR, following the method described in Materials and Methods. ND, not determined.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="zjm0040880380002"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>TABLE 1.</label>
<caption><p>Subject classification by age-related groups and clinical periodontal profiles in each group<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t1fn1"><italic>a</italic>
</xref>
</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">Group</th>
<th colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Age (yr [mo for group A])
<hr></hr>
</th>
<th colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">No. of subjects
<hr></hr>
</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">Plaque index [mean ± SD (range)]</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">Gingival index [mean ± SD (range)]</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">PPD (mm) [mean ± SD (range)]</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">CAL (mm) [mean ± SD (range)]</th>
</tr>
<tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Range</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Mean ± SD</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Per group</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Male/female</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">A</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0-4</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">2.84 ± 1.60</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">43</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">25/18</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t1fn2"><italic>b</italic>
</xref>
</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">B</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">2.5-5</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">3.88 ± 1.02</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">36</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">15/21</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">C</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">6-12</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">9.33 ± 1.99</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">33</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">18/15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.40 ± 0.16 (0.04-0.76)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.02 ± 0.03 (0.0-0.1)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">D</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">13-18</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">14.73 ± 1.34</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">30</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">22/8</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.53 ± 0.31 (0.00-1.00)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.22 ± 0.27 (0.00-1.00)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">1.91 ± 0.85 (0.95-4.63)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.93 ± 0.76 (0.04-3.11)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">E</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">19-44</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">34.60 ± 7.49</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">63</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">12/51</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.65 ± 0.29 (0.00-1.05)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.51 ± 0.30 (0.00-1.05)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">2.90 ± 0.79 (1.53-4.69)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">2.94 ± 1.29 (0.03-5.95)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">F</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">>55 (with teeth)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">59.75 ± 6.28</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">60</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">33/27</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.49 ± 0.36 (0.00-1.00)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">0.40 ± 0.29 (0.00-1.00)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">2.99 ± 0.83 (1.26-4.85)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">3.36 ± 1.55 (0.30-6.86)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">G</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">>55 (without teeth)</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">64.75 ± 8.49</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">65</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">33/32</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top">ND</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1fn1"><label>a</label>
<p>Plaque and gingival index data represent mean values per age-related group determined on the basis of all clinical scores. A plaque index score of 0 represents the absence of supragingival plaque, and a score of 3 represents a large amount of plaque. A gingival index score of 0 represents the absence of gingival inflammation, and a score of 3 indicates severe gingival inflammation.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t1fn2"><label>b</label>
<p>ND, not determined.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>TABLE 2.</label>
<caption><p>Distribution of different statuses of periodontitis in the groups of subjects with teeth</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">Periodontal status</th>
<th colspan="7" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">No. of subjects by group<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t2fn1"><italic>a</italic>
</xref>
and smoking status with periodontal status
<hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">B (2.5-5 yr; never smoked)</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">C (6-12 yr; never smoked)</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">D (13-18 yr; never smoked)</th>
<th colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">E (19-44 yr)
<hr></hr>
</th>
<th colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">F (>55 yr; with teeth)
<hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Smoker<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t2fn2"><italic>b</italic>
</xref>
</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Never smoked</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Smoker<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t2fn2"><italic>b</italic>
</xref>
</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="bottom">Never smoked</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Healthy</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">36<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t2fn3"><italic>c</italic>
</xref>
</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t2fn3"><italic>c</italic>
</xref>
</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">15</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">2</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">EP1</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">9</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">3</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">4</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">4</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">EP2</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">2</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">5</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">2</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">2</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CP1: CAL, >2 mm and <3 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">1</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">5</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">10</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">4</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CP2: CAL, >3 mm and <5 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">3</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">12</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">14</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">16</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">12</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">CP3: CAL, ≥5 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">0</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">3</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">3</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">4</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top">Total</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">36</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">33</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">30</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">30</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">33</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">30</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="char" char="." valign="top">30</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="t2fn1"><label>a</label>
<p>Groups of subjects who have teeth are shown. Groups B to F correspond to the age-related groups shown in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">1</xref>
. Newborn and edentulous elderly groups are not shown because of the lack of periodontal tissues.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t2fn2"><label>b</label>
<p>No significant difference in bacterial prevalence was detected between the smokers and nonsmokers in group E and group F.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t2fn3"><label>c</label>
<p>Participants in group B were all diagnosed as periodontally healthy subjects because they showed no evidence of periodontal bone resorption (as evaluated by bite-wing X ray) and showed no clinical signs of periodontal inflammation upon visual examination. All participants in group C were also considered periodontally healthy based on the lack of periodontal bone resorption and a gingival index of less than 1.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-wrap>
</pmc>
</record>
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