Accuracy evaluation of a new three-dimensional reproduction method of edentulous dental casts, and wax occlusion rims with jaw relation
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Auteurs : Fu-Song Yuan ; Yu-Chun Sun ; Yong Wang ; Pei-Jun LüSource :
- International Journal of Oral Science [ 1674-2818 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
The article introduces a new method for three-dimensional reproduction of edentulous dental casts, and wax occlusion rims with jaw relation by using a commercial high-speed line laser scanner and reverse engineering software and evaluates the method's accuracy
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DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2013.49
PubMed: 23907676
PubMed Central: 3967331
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Accuracy evaluation of a new three-dimensional reproduction method of edentulous dental casts, and wax occlusion rims with jaw relation</title><author><name sortKey="Yuan, Fu Song" sort="Yuan, Fu Song" uniqKey="Yuan F" first="Fu-Song" last="Yuan">Fu-Song Yuan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Yu Chun" sort="Sun, Yu Chun" uniqKey="Sun Y" first="Yu-Chun" last="Sun">Yu-Chun Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yong" sort="Wang, Yong" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yong" last="Wang">Yong Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Pei Jun" sort="Lu, Pei Jun" uniqKey="Lu P" first="Pei-Jun" last="Lü">Pei-Jun Lü</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23907676</idno><idno type="pmc">3967331</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3967331</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3967331</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ijos.2013.49</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000069</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000069</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000069</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000069</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Accuracy evaluation of a new three-dimensional reproduction method of edentulous dental casts, and wax occlusion rims with jaw relation</title><author><name sortKey="Yuan, Fu Song" sort="Yuan, Fu Song" uniqKey="Yuan F" first="Fu-Song" last="Yuan">Fu-Song Yuan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Yu Chun" sort="Sun, Yu Chun" uniqKey="Sun Y" first="Yu-Chun" last="Sun">Yu-Chun Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yong" sort="Wang, Yong" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yong" last="Wang">Yong Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Pei Jun" sort="Lu, Pei Jun" uniqKey="Lu P" first="Pei-Jun" last="Lü">Pei-Jun Lü</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Oral Science</title><idno type="ISSN">1674-2818</idno><idno type="eISSN">2049-3169</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The article introduces a new method for three-dimensional reproduction of edentulous dental casts, and wax occlusion rims with jaw relation by using a commercial high-speed line laser scanner and reverse engineering software and evaluates the method's accuracy <italic>in vitro</italic>. The method comprises three main steps: (i) acquisition of the three-dimensional stereolithography data of maxillary and mandibular edentulous dental casts and wax occlusion rims; (ii) acquisition of the three-dimensional stereolithography data of jaw relations; and (iii) registration of these data with the reverse engineering software and completing reconstruction. To evaluate the accuracy of this method, dental casts and wax occlusion rims of 10 edentulous patients were used. The lengths of eight lines between common anatomic landmarks were measured directly on the casts and occlusion rims by using a vernier caliper and on the three-dimensional computerized images by using the software measurement tool. The direct data were considered as the true values. The paired-samples <italic>t</italic>-test was used for statistical analysis. The mean differences between the direct and the computerized measurements were mostly less than 0.04 mm and were not significant (<italic>P</italic>>0.05). Statistical significance among 10 patients was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (<italic>P</italic><0.05). The result showed that the 10 patients were considered statistically no significant. Therefore, accurate three-dimensional reproduction of the edentulous dental casts, wax occlusion rims, and jaw relations was achieved. The proposed method enables the visualization of occlusion from different views and would help to meet the demand for the computer-aided design of removable complete dentures.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kawahata, N" uniqKey="Kawahata N">N Kawahata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ono, H" uniqKey="Ono H">H Ono</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nishi, Y" uniqKey="Nishi Y">Y Nishi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sun, Yc" uniqKey="Sun Y">YC Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Pj" uniqKey="Lu P">PJ Lü</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maeda, Y" uniqKey="Maeda Y">Y Maeda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Minoara, M" uniqKey="Minoara M">M Minoara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsutsumi, S" uniqKey="Tsutsumi S">S Tsutsumi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, Pj" uniqKey="Lu P">PJ Lü</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Gz" uniqKey="Li G">GZ Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, Pj" uniqKey="Lu P">PJ Lü</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Zk" uniqKey="Li Z">ZK Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hua, Xm" uniqKey="Hua X">XM Hua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Xr" uniqKey="Cheng X">XR Cheng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feng, Hl" uniqKey="Feng H">HL Feng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, J" uniqKey="Xu J">J Xu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Luthardt, Rg" uniqKey="Luthardt R">RG Luthardt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koch, R" uniqKey="Koch R">R Koch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rudolph, H" uniqKey="Rudolph H">H Rudolph</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Luthardt, R" uniqKey="Luthardt R">R Luthardt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, A" uniqKey="Weber A">A Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rudolph, H" uniqKey="Rudolph H">H Rudolph</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, Q" uniqKey="Han Q">Q Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Fq" uniqKey="Zhang F">FQ Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sinescu, C" uniqKey="Sinescu C">C Sinescu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Negrutiu, M" uniqKey="Negrutiu M">M Negrutiu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Faur, N" uniqKey="Faur N">N Faur</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, K" uniqKey="Yamamoto K">K Yamamoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Toshimitsu, A" uniqKey="Toshimitsu A">A Toshimitsu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mikami, T" uniqKey="Mikami T">T Mikami</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soma, K" uniqKey="Soma K">K Soma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hisano, M" uniqKey="Hisano M">M Hisano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuroki, T" uniqKey="Kuroki T">T Kuroki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kuroda, T" uniqKey="Kuroda T">T Kuroda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Motohashi, N" uniqKey="Motohashi N">N Motohashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tominaga, R" uniqKey="Tominaga R">R Tominaga</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mehl, A" uniqKey="Mehl A">A Mehl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gloger, W" uniqKey="Gloger W">W Gloger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kunzelmann, Kh" uniqKey="Kunzelmann K">KH Kunzelmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Yg" uniqKey="Chen Y">YG Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Pj" uniqKey="Lu P">PJ Lü</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, Sx" uniqKey="Liu S">SX Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Pj" uniqKey="Lu P">PJ Lü</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hu, Yp" uniqKey="Hu Y">YP Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Sy" uniqKey="Yu S">SY Yu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhong, Q" uniqKey="Zhong Q">Q 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Oral Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1674-2818</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2049-3169</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23907676</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3967331</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">ijos201349</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ijos.2013.49</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Accuracy evaluation of a new three-dimensional reproduction method of edentulous dental casts, and wax occlusion rims with jaw relation</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running">Three-dimensional shape of edentulous jaw relation</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yuan</surname><given-names>Fu-Song</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="note1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Yu-Chun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="note1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Yong</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lü</surname><given-names>Pei-Jun</given-names></name></contrib><aff id="aff1"><institution>Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health</institution>, Beijing,<country>China</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="caf1"><label>*</label><institution>Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health</institution>, 22 Zhongguancun NandajieHaidian District, Beijing 100081, <country>China</country>. E-mail: <email>kqlpj@bjmu.edu.cn</email></corresp><fn fn-type="present-address" id="note1"><label>*</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this study.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>09</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>155</fpage><lpage>161</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>14</day><month>08</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 West China School of Stomatology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>West China School of Stomatology</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The article introduces a new method for three-dimensional reproduction of edentulous dental casts, and wax occlusion rims with jaw relation by using a commercial high-speed line laser scanner and reverse engineering software and evaluates the method's accuracy <italic>in vitro</italic>. The method comprises three main steps: (i) acquisition of the three-dimensional stereolithography data of maxillary and mandibular edentulous dental casts and wax occlusion rims; (ii) acquisition of the three-dimensional stereolithography data of jaw relations; and (iii) registration of these data with the reverse engineering software and completing reconstruction. To evaluate the accuracy of this method, dental casts and wax occlusion rims of 10 edentulous patients were used. The lengths of eight lines between common anatomic landmarks were measured directly on the casts and occlusion rims by using a vernier caliper and on the three-dimensional computerized images by using the software measurement tool. The direct data were considered as the true values. The paired-samples <italic>t</italic>-test was used for statistical analysis. The mean differences between the direct and the computerized measurements were mostly less than 0.04 mm and were not significant (<italic>P</italic>>0.05). Statistical significance among 10 patients was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (<italic>P</italic><0.05). The result showed that the 10 patients were considered statistically no significant. Therefore, accurate three-dimensional reproduction of the edentulous dental casts, wax occlusion rims, and jaw relations was achieved. The proposed method enables the visualization of occlusion from different views and would help to meet the demand for the computer-aided design of removable complete dentures.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>accuracy</kwd><kwd>computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing</kwd><kwd>complete denture</kwd><kwd>jaw relation</kwd><kwd>line laser scanner</kwd><kwd>reverse engineering software</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>Representative edentulous dental casts and wax occlusion rims.</bold> (<bold>a</bold>) Maxillary dental cast; (<bold>b</bold>) mandibular dental cast; (<bold>c</bold>) maxillary occlusion rim; (<bold>d</bold>) mandibular occlusion rim.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201349f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>A representative jaw relation.</bold></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201349f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><bold>Overview of the 3D reproduction method.</bold> 3D, three-dimensional.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201349f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p><bold>3D computerized images of representative edentulous dental casts and wax occlusion rims (data I).</bold> (<bold>a</bold>) Maxillary dental cast; (<bold>b</bold>) mandibular dental casts; (<bold>c</bold>) maxillary occlusion rim; (<bold>d</bold>) mandibular occlusion rim. 3D, three-dimensional.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201349f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p><bold>3D computerized image of a representative jaw relation (data II).</bold></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201349f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p><bold>Process of data registration by using the reverse engineering software.</bold></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201349f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig7"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p><bold>3D computerized image obtained after registration of data I and II.</bold> 3D, three-dimensional.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201349f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig8"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p><bold>Measurements used for evaluating the method's accuracy.</bold> Line a: Distance between the intersections of the high and low lip lines with the midline of the occlusion rims; line b: distance between the markings of the corners of the mouth on the maxillary occlusion rim; line c: distance between the bilateral buccal frenal notches on the maxillary occlusion rim; line d: distance between the incisive papilla and the left buccal frenum on the maxillary dental cast; line e: distance between the incisive papilla and the right buccal frenum on the maxillary dental cast; line f: distance between the bilateral buccal frenums on the maxillary dental cast; lines g and h: distances between bilateral buccal frenum root points of upper jaw and ones of lower jaw.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201349f8"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tbl1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Results of the measurements of the 10 edentulous patients/mm</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Line a</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Line b</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Line c</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Line d</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Patients</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Direct<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tbfnote1">a</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Indirect<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tbfnote2">b</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Difference</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Direct</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Indirect</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Difference</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Direct</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Indirect</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Difference</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Direct</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Indirect</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Difference</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">45.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">45.72</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">60.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">60.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">34.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">34.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">42.98</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">42.96</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">58.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">58.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">31.68</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">31.69</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">41.65</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">41.59</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">57.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">57.26</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">30.72</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">30.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12.83</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">46.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">46.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">62.91</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">62.93</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">45.98</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">45.97</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">62.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">62.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">35.86</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">35.83</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12.81</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">39.78</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">39.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">55.76</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">55.79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29.69</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29.65</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.24</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">47.82</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">47.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">61.74</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">61.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">37.56</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">37.61</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">43.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">43.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">32.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">32.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10.99</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">46.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">46.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">61.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">61.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">44.91</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">44.88</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59.73</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">33.78</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">33.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td></tr></tbody></table><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Line e</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Line f</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Line g</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Line h</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Patients</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Direct<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tbfnote1">a</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Indirect<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tbfnote2">b</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Difference</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Direct</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Indirect</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Difference</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Direct</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Indirect</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Difference</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Direct</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Indirect</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Difference</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">35.79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">35.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">57.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">57.88</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">21.78</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">21.71</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.89</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.85</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">32.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">32.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">55.77</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">55.76</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25.34</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">26.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">26.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29.89</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">54.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">54.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.18</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.76</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.65</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">35.86</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">35.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">60.76</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">60.68</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">26.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">26.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25.59</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59.89</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59.98</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25.97</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25.86</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">26.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">26.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">30.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">30.57</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">56.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">56.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">26.97</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">26.89</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.47</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">31.99</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">32.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">58.59</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">58.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23.93</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.55</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.45</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">35.97</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59.89</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59.91</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.20</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">34.56</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">34.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">58.45</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">58.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.19</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.34</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbfnote1"><label>a</label><p>Direct indicates the measurements obtained from the dental casts and occlusion rims by using a vernier caliper.</p></fn><fn id="tbfnote2"><label>b</label><p>Indirect indicates the measurements obtained from the 3D computerized images by using the software measurement tool.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Results of the paired-samples <italic>t</italic>-test</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Patients</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mean±s.d.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>t</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">df</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic> (two-tailed)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.033 75±0.059 99</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.591</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.156</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.008 75±0.059 87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.413</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.692</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.002 50±0.061 82</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.114</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.912</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.028 75±0.060 10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.353</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.218</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.025 00±0.069 90</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.012</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.345</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.022 50±0.059 94</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.062</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.324</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.013 75±0.043 73</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.889</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.403</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.011 25±0.054 89</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.580</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.580</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.001 25±0.045 49</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.078</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.940</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.031 25±0.051 67</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.711</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.131</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbfnote1a"><p>s.d., standard deviation; df, degrees of freedom.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Test of homogeneity of variances</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Levene statistic</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">df1</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">df2</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sig</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">0.358</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">70</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.351</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbfnote1b"><p>df, degrees of freedom; Sig, significance.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>One-way analysis of variance</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Variances</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sum of squares</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">df</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mean squares</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sig</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Between groups</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.021</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.002</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.714</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.694</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Within groups</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.231</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">70</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Total</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.252</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbfnote1c"><p>df, degrees of freedom; Sig, significance; F, freedom.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler 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