Localization of mandibular canal and assessment of the remaining alveolar bone in posterior segment of the mandible with single missing tooth using cone-beam computed tomography: a cross sectional comparative study
Identifieur interne : 003228 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 003227; suivant : 003229Localization of mandibular canal and assessment of the remaining alveolar bone in posterior segment of the mandible with single missing tooth using cone-beam computed tomography: a cross sectional comparative study
Auteurs : Saif Fahad Alrahaimi ; Elluru VenkateshSource :
- Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons [ 2234-7550 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Localization of the mandibular canal (MC) and measurement of the height and width of the available alveolar bone at the proposed implant site in the posterior segment of the mandible using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in patients with a single missing tooth.
A cross-sectional study was performed where CBCT scans of the patients with a single missing tooth in the posterior segment of the mandible—premolar, I (1st) molar, and II (2nd) molar were used. The scans were assessed using OnDemand3D software (version 1.0; CyberMed Inc., Seoul, Korea) for localization of the MC asnd remaining alveolar bone both vertically (from the superior position of the MC to the crest of the alveolar ridge) and horizontally (buccolingual, 3 mm below the crest of the alveolar ridge). The findings were statistically analyzed using independent t-test.
A total of 120 mandibular sites (40 sites for each of the three missing premolar, I molar, and II molar) from 91 CBCT scans were analyzed. The average heights (from the alveolar crest to the superior margin of the MC) at the premolar, I molar, and II molar areas were 15.19±2.12 mm, 14.53±2.34 mm, and 14.21±2.23 mm, respectively. The average widths, measured 3 mm below the crest of the alveolar ridge, at the premolar, I molar, and II molar areas were 6.22±1.96 mm, 6.51±1.75 mm, and 7.60±2.08 mm, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females regarding the vertical and horizontal measurements of the alveolar ridges.
In the study, the measurements were averaged separately for each of the single missing teeth (premolar, I molar, or II molar), giving more accurate information for dental implant placement.
Url:
DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2017.43.2.100
PubMed: 28462194
PubMed Central: 5410421
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Localization of mandibular canal and assessment of the remaining alveolar bone in posterior segment of the mandible with single missing tooth using cone-beam computed tomography: a cross sectional comparative study</title><author><name sortKey="Alrahaimi, Saif Fahad" sort="Alrahaimi, Saif Fahad" uniqKey="Alrahaimi S" first="Saif Fahad" last="Alrahaimi">Saif Fahad Alrahaimi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Division of Periodontics, Ministry of Health, College of Dentistry, Qassim Private Colleges, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venkatesh, Elluru" sort="Venkatesh, Elluru" uniqKey="Venkatesh E" first="Elluru" last="Venkatesh">Elluru Venkatesh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Division of Radiology, Department of Oral, Basic and Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim Private Colleges, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28462194</idno><idno type="pmc">5410421</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410421</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5410421</idno><idno type="doi">10.5125/jkaoms.2017.43.2.100</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003228</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003228</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Localization of mandibular canal and assessment of the remaining alveolar bone in posterior segment of the mandible with single missing tooth using cone-beam computed tomography: a cross sectional comparative study</title><author><name sortKey="Alrahaimi, Saif Fahad" sort="Alrahaimi, Saif Fahad" uniqKey="Alrahaimi S" first="Saif Fahad" last="Alrahaimi">Saif Fahad Alrahaimi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Division of Periodontics, Ministry of Health, College of Dentistry, Qassim Private Colleges, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venkatesh, Elluru" sort="Venkatesh, Elluru" uniqKey="Venkatesh E" first="Elluru" last="Venkatesh">Elluru Venkatesh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Division of Radiology, Department of Oral, Basic and Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim Private Colleges, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons</title><idno type="ISSN">2234-7550</idno><idno type="eISSN">2234-5930</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Localization of the mandibular canal (MC) and measurement of the height and width of the available alveolar bone at the proposed implant site in the posterior segment of the mandible using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in patients with a single missing tooth.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>A cross-sectional study was performed where CBCT scans of the patients with a single missing tooth in the posterior segment of the mandible—premolar, I (1st) molar, and II (2nd) molar were used. The scans were assessed using OnDemand3D software (version 1.0; CyberMed Inc., Seoul, Korea) for localization of the MC asnd remaining alveolar bone both vertically (from the superior position of the MC to the crest of the alveolar ridge) and horizontally (buccolingual, 3 mm below the crest of the alveolar ridge). The findings were statistically analyzed using independent t-test.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A total of 120 mandibular sites (40 sites for each of the three missing premolar, I molar, and II molar) from 91 CBCT scans were analyzed. The average heights (from the alveolar crest to the superior margin of the MC) at the premolar, I molar, and II molar areas were 15.19±2.12 mm, 14.53±2.34 mm, and 14.21±2.23 mm, respectively. The average widths, measured 3 mm below the crest of the alveolar ridge, at the premolar, I molar, and II molar areas were 6.22±1.96 mm, 6.51±1.75 mm, and 7.60±2.08 mm, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females regarding the vertical and horizontal measurements of the alveolar ridges.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>In the study, the measurements were averaged separately for each of the single missing teeth (premolar, I molar, or II molar), giving more accurate information for dental implant placement.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khalifa, N" uniqKey="Khalifa N">N Khalifa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, Pf" uniqKey="Allen P">PF Allen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abu Bakr, Nh" uniqKey="Abu Bakr N">NH Abu-bakr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdel Rahman, Me" uniqKey="Abdel Rahman M">ME Abdel-Rahman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cahen, Pm" uniqKey="Cahen P">PM Cahen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frank, Rm" uniqKey="Frank R">RM 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JKAOMS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2234-7550</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2234-5930</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28462194</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5410421</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5125/jkaoms.2017.43.2.100</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Localization of mandibular canal and assessment of the remaining alveolar bone in posterior segment of the mandible with single missing tooth using cone-beam computed tomography: a cross sectional comparative study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1316-4595</contrib-id><name><surname>Alrahaimi</surname><given-names>Saif Fahad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6723-2514</contrib-id><name><surname>Venkatesh</surname><given-names>Elluru</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Division of Periodontics, Ministry of Health, College of Dentistry, Qassim Private Colleges, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Division of Radiology, Department of Oral, Basic and Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim Private Colleges, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Saif Fahad Alrahaimi. Division of Periodontics, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 12025, King Abdulaziz Road, Buraydah 51431, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. TEL: +966-505132727, FAX: +966-163291349, <email>saif.fahad111@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>43</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>100</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017 The Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Localization of the mandibular canal (MC) and measurement of the height and width of the available alveolar bone at the proposed implant site in the posterior segment of the mandible using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in patients with a single missing tooth.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>A cross-sectional study was performed where CBCT scans of the patients with a single missing tooth in the posterior segment of the mandible—premolar, I (1st) molar, and II (2nd) molar were used. The scans were assessed using OnDemand3D software (version 1.0; CyberMed Inc., Seoul, Korea) for localization of the MC asnd remaining alveolar bone both vertically (from the superior position of the MC to the crest of the alveolar ridge) and horizontally (buccolingual, 3 mm below the crest of the alveolar ridge). The findings were statistically analyzed using independent t-test.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A total of 120 mandibular sites (40 sites for each of the three missing premolar, I molar, and II molar) from 91 CBCT scans were analyzed. The average heights (from the alveolar crest to the superior margin of the MC) at the premolar, I molar, and II molar areas were 15.19±2.12 mm, 14.53±2.34 mm, and 14.21±2.23 mm, respectively. The average widths, measured 3 mm below the crest of the alveolar ridge, at the premolar, I molar, and II molar areas were 6.22±1.96 mm, 6.51±1.75 mm, and 7.60±2.08 mm, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females regarding the vertical and horizontal measurements of the alveolar ridges.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>In the study, the measurements were averaged separately for each of the single missing teeth (premolar, I molar, or II molar), giving more accurate information for dental implant placement.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Cone-beam computed tomography</kwd><kwd>Mandibular canal</kwd><kwd>Alveolar bone</kwd><kwd>Dental implants</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>I. Introduction</title><p>Caries and periodontal disease are the main reasons for tooth loss, although other factors are also contributory. Tooth loss can result from change in food choices and nutrition, leading to medical problems affecting one's general health. Tooth loss can also have a negative impact on emotions and oral health with relation to quality of life<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>. In the last two decades, dental implants (DI) have been used as a common treatment modality due to their high success rate. Considering the high success rate (95%), approximately 450,000 osseointegrated DI are being placed every year with minimal complications<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>.</p><p>The mainstay for the placement of DI is the availability of an adequate amount of alveolar bone. Following tooth extraction, wound healing of the socket is subjected to modeling and remodeling processes, leading to dimensional alterations of the residual ridge<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>. The dimensional changes can lead to reduced height and width of the bone, thus limiting the insertion of a DI of desired length and diameter<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>. Furthermore, the complications involved with any other surgical procedure can also be seen with DI surgery<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>. Damage involving nerves, the inferior alveolar artery, and encroachment into the maxillary sinus can cause numbness and tingling sensations, hemorrhage, and development of oroantral communication, respectively<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>. These factors mandate a proper radiographic assessment prior to DI placement. The radiographic technique must be accurate enough to provide details of anatomic structures and the morphology of the implant site and its bone density together with information on abnormalities and disease<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>. The American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (AAOMR) has recommended computed tomography (CT) for implant site assessment, including precise measurement of distances in three dimensions <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>.</p><p>The introduction of the CBCT technique is the biggest milestone in the field of dentistry, allowing for three-dimensional diagnosis. The literature has shown many applications of CBCT in DI treatment planning, particularly with regards to linear measurements, three-dimensional evaluation of alveolar ridge topography, visualization of vital anatomical structures, and construction of surgical guides<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>. The advantages of CBCT over conventional imaging include the absence of superimposition and image magnification, shorter scanning time, and a lower radiation dose than multi-slice CT<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>. The availability of the CBCT has increased in dental offices because of these advantages<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>.</p><p>Our study is the first of its kind in this region and is aimed at localization of the mandibular canal (MC) and measurement of the height and width of the available alveolar bone at the proposed implant site in the posterior segment of the mandible using CBCT in patients with a single missing tooth.</p></sec><sec><title>II. Materials and Methods</title><p>This research was performed in accordance with the ethical principles of the Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy Research Center and the College of Dentistry Research Center, King Saud University. The study was carried out during the period from March 2014 to December 2015. A power analysis was performed to determine the sample size, with a non-directional alpha risk of 0.05 and a power of 83%. This is a retrospective study, in which a total of 91 CBCT scans, with single missing premolar, I (1st) molar, or II (2nd) molar, were collected from multiple dental centers in Riyadh City. The study was composed of 40 males and 51 females, aged between 14-56 years. A total of 120 mandibular sites with 40 sites of one of the three missing types of teeth were selected to measure the height and width at the premolar, I molar, and II molar areas.(<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>) CBCT scans that revealed severe periodontal disease, total loss of posterior teeth and signs of fracture, oral surgical procedures, or pathological lesions were excluded from the study.</p><p>All scans were analyzed using OnDemand3D software (version 1.0; CyberMed Inc., Seoul, Korea) by two investigators (oral radiologist and periodontist). First, for each CBCT scan, the axial cut (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>) was adjusted according to the edentulous region. An arch curve line was then drawn through the adjacent teeth roots to produce a panoramic image (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>), and the MC was traced. Afterward, at the proposed implant placement site, a cross-sectional view was selected to measure the vertical height (from the superior margin of the MC to the crest of the alveolar ridge) and bucco-lingual width (3 mm below the crest of the alveolar ridge). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>) For reliability, 10 cases were selected randomly and measured twice at different times by each examiner independently in order to determine inter- and intra-examiner reliability. There was good (0.83) inter-examiner agreement and excellent (0.97) intra-examiner agreement between the two examiners. Data was collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed using independent t-test, with a <italic>P</italic>-value ≤0.05 considered statistically significant (IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0; IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA).</p></sec><sec><title>III. Results</title><p>The average height from the alveolar crest to the superior position of the MC at the premolar, I molar, and II molar areas was 15.19±2.12 mm, 14.53±2.34 mm, and 14.21±2.23 mm, respectively, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>. The average widths measured 3 mm below the crest of the alveolar ridge in the mandible at premolar, I molar, and II molar areas were 6.22±1.96 mm, 6.51±1.75 mm, and 7.60±2.08 mm, respectively, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>. The gender differences between the height and width mean values are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7</xref>. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females regarding vertical or horizontal measurements of the alveolar ridges, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4</xref>.</p></sec><sec><title>IV. Discussion</title><p>Complications are increasing with the increased utilization of DI for missing teeth. It is crucial to identify and localize vital structures (maxillary sinus and MC) during DI treatment in order to provide quality dental care <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>. CBCT images are ideal for linear measurements in the posterior regions of the mandible and maxilla and provide satisfactory localization of the anatomical vital structures<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>. This study was designed to assess the MC location and availability of remaining bone for the placement of DI using CBCT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to three-dimensionally evaluate the mandibular posterior segment with a single missing tooth on CBCT scans in a large cohort of individuals.</p><p>Considering the cross-sectional nature of our study, some of the variables (traumatic episodes during extraction, presence of endodontic/periodontal lesions before extraction, type of prosthetic rehabilitation after tooth removal, and lack of information on the healing time following tooth extraction) that can influence the dimensions of remaining bone were not considered.</p><p>The data from the available literature related to the height and width of the alveolar bone and localization of the MC are compiled in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">6</xref>. In 2010, Kilic et al.<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> performed a study on 49 hemi mandible specimens (cadavers) and found the mean distance from the alveolar crest to the superior position of the MC to be 12.63 mm for the edentulous area of premolars, 12.50 mm for the edentulous area of I molars, and 13.07 mm for the edentulous area of II molars. The current study showed that the mean distance of the corresponding area was 15.19 mm for the edentulous areas of premolars, 14.53 mm for the edentulous areas of I molars, and 14.21 mm for the edentulous areas of II molars. The slight differences in results might be because Kilic et al.<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> used totally edentulous areas in their study, while the present study measured single-tooth edentulous sites. The dimensions of the alveolar ridge can be influenced by the presence or absence of teeth adjacent to the edentulous site based on the assumption that the presence of adjacent teeth can, to some extent, limit the remodeling of the alveolar crest following tooth extraction. Furthermore, it can be speculated that the extraction of multiple adjacent teeth might result in greater bone crest resorption due to the lack of vascular support to the interdental alveolar process from the periodontal vascular supply of the adjacent teeth. However, not enough data is available on the influence of multiple, adjacent extraction sites vs. single, isolated tooth extractions on the measurements of the edentulous ridge<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>.</p><p>de Oliveira Júnior et al.<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> in 2011, reported that the average distance of the alveolar crest to the superior position of the MC at the premolar, first molar, and second molar areas was 16.10±2.52 mm, 16.40±2.65 mm, and 16.70±3.41 mm, respectively. In the present study, the average distance of the alveolar crest to the superior position of the MC at premolar, I molar, and II molar areas was 15.19±2.12 mm, 14.53±2.34 mm, and 14.21±2.23 mm, respectively. Their results were higher than our current results, possibly due to their mixed (dentulous and edentulous) samples, whereas the present study measured single-tooth edentulous sites only. This could be also supported by the recorded difference between the Levine et al.<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> findings in 2007, where the distance from the alveolar crest to the superior aspect of the inferior alveolar canal was 17.4±3.0 mm in the area of the I molars, while a smaller value of 14.53±2.34 mm was found in the present study because Levine et al.<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> measured the heights of dentulous patients compared to this study where only edentulous sites were measured.</p><p>In 2010, Watanabe et al.<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> studied CT data of both dentulous and edentulous cases of 79 Japanese patients. The mean values of the measured distances from the superior border of the MC up to the alveolar crests in the premolar, I molar, and II molar regions (15.3-17.4 mm) were higher than the values in this study (14.2-15.2 mm), which might be due to their sample.</p><p>In 2004, Frei et al.<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> studied edentulous mandibular I molar sites for 35 patients and found that the average height from the MC to the alveolar crest in linear tomography was 14.87±3.3 mm. This finding is in agreement with our study, which showed that the average measured bone height from the MC to the alveolar crest in CBCT for edentulous mandibular I molar sites was 14.53±2.34 mm.</p><p>In 2012, Braut et al.<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> studied 56 CBCTs and measured the horizontal bucco-lingual width of dentulous mandibular alveolar ridges and the mean width for premolar, I molar, and II molar regions as 7.6 mm, 10.2 mm, and 9.8 mm, respectively. However, mean widths in the current study were 6.22 mm, 6.51 mm, and 7.60 mm, respectively. The lower values in the current study could be attributed to the fully dentulous subjects used in the previous study.</p><p>The studies from Shahin et al.<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>, de Oliveira Júnior et al.<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>, Levine et al.<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, and Watanabe et al.<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> regarding the position of the MC found no significant difference between males and females in the location of the MC. These results are in accordance with the present study, which showed no significant difference between males and females regarding distances from the alveolar crest to the superior position of the MC.</p><p>In 2012, Braut et al.<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> studied 56 CBCTs and found that sex was a statistically significant parameter for bone height, with male patients exhibiting higher values than females. This could be due to the fully mandibular dentulous subjects used in the study.</p></sec><sec><title>V. Conclusion</title><p>Our study aimed at localizing the MC and estimating the remaining alveolar bone (height and width) in patients with a single missing tooth in the posterior segment of the mandible. The measurements were averaged separately for each of the single missing teeth (premolar, I molar, and II molar), which gave more accurate information for DI placement. 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on a premise of dental implant operation</article-title><source>Surg Radiol Anat</source><year>2010</year><volume>32</volume><fpage>343</fpage><lpage>349</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19812884</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Frei</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Buser</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Dula</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Study on the necessity for cross-section imaging of the posterior mandible for treatment planning of standard cases in implant dentistry</article-title><source>Clin Oral Implants Res</source><year>2004</year><volume>15</volume><fpage>490</fpage><lpage>497</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15248885</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Braut</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Bornstein</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name><name><surname>Lauber</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Buser</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Bone dimensions in the posterior mandible: a retrospective radiographic study using cone beam computed tomography. Part 1--analysis of dentate sites</article-title><source>Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent</source><year>2012</year><volume>32</volume><fpage>175</fpage><lpage>184</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22292147</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><title>Axial cut of the lower left arch showing a curved line drawn through the adjacent teeth roots to produce a panoramic view.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><title>Panoramic view showing the tracing of the mandibular canal at the proposed implant placement site.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><title>Cross-sectional view showing the remaining alveolar bone of the edentulous space for tooth #46, assessed in regard to the vertical height from the superior position of the mandibular canal to the crest of the alveolar ridge (16.76 mm). Bucco-lingual width was assessed 3.00 mm below the crest of the alveolar ridge (6.63 mm).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><title>Average height in mm from the alveolar crest to the superior position of the mandibular canal at the premolar, I (1st) molar, and II (2nd) molar areas.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 5</label><caption><title>Average horizontal width in mm of the alveolar ridge in the mandible at the premolar, I (1st) molar, and II (2nd) molar areas.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 6</label><caption><title>Average distances in mm from the alveolar crest to the superior position of the mandibular canal based on gender.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 7</label><caption><title>Average horizontal width in mm of the alveolar ridge in the mandible based on gender.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-g007"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Gender wise distribution of edentulous sites (n)</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-i001"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="32%" span="1"></col><col width="34%" span="1"></col><col width="34%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Location</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Gender</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Site (n)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Mandible</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Male</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Premolar (11)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I (1st) molar (17)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II (2nd) molar (15)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Female</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Premolar (29)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I molar (23)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II molar (25)</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Average height in mm from the alveolar crest to the superior position of the mandibular canal at the premolar, I molar, and II molar areas</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-i002"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="34%" span="1"></col><col width="32%" span="1"></col><col width="34%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Site</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">No. of patients</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Average height (mm)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Premolar</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.19±2.12</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I (1st) molar</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.53±2.34</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II (2nd) molar</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.21±2.23</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as number or mean±standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Average horizontal width in mm of the alveolar ridge at the premolar, I molar, and II molar areas</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-i003"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="25%" span="1"></col><col width="25%" span="1"></col><col width="50%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Site</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">No. of patients</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Average horizontal width (mm)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Premolar</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.22±1.96</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I (1st) molar</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.51±1.75</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II (2nd) molar</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.60±2.08</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as number or mean±standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Independent sample test</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-i004"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="20%" span="1"></col><col width="20%" span="1"></col><col width="20%" span="1"></col><col width="20%" span="1"></col><col width="20%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)"></th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)"></th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Male</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Female</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Premolar</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height (mm)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.98±1.74</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.89±2.20</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.184</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Width (mm)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.75±2.76</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.02±1.57</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.299</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">I (1st) molar</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height (mm)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.59±1.69</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.36±2.62</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.753</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Width (mm)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.84±1.51</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.22±1.83</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.252</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">II (2nd) molar</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height (mm)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.68±2.26</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.93±2.20</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.307</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Width (mm)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.82±1.55</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.47±2.36</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.617</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><title>Summary of vertical height in various similar studies in the literature</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-i005"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="18%" span="1"></col><col width="5%" span="1"></col><col width="13%" span="1"></col><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="23%" span="1"></col><col width="11%" span="1"></col><col width="11%" span="1"></col><col width="11%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Reference</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Year</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Type of study</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Sample size (n)</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Dentulous or edentulous</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Result (mean vertical height, mm)</th></tr><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Premolar</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">I (1st) molar</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">II (2nd) molar</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kilic et al.<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadavers</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edentulous</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.63</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.50</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.07</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">de Oliveira Júnior et al.<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CT</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.10±2.52</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.40±2.65</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.70±3.41</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Levine et al.<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CT</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dentulous</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.4±3.0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Watanabe et al.<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CT</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mix</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.3-17.4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.3-17.4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.3-17.4</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Feri et al.<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linear tomography</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edentulous</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.87±3.3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present study</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBCT</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edentulous (single missing tooth)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.19±2.12</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.53±2.34</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.21±2.23</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>(CT: computed tomography, CBCT: cone-beam computed tomography, -: data not available)</p><p>Values are presented as number only, mean±standard deviation, or range.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><title>Summary of horizontal width in various similar studies in the literature</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-43-100-i006"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="13%" span="1"></col><col width="10%" span="1"></col><col width="10%" span="1"></col><col width="11%" span="1"></col><col width="23%" span="1"></col><col width="11%" span="1"></col><col width="11%" span="1"></col><col width="11%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Reference</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Year</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Type of study</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Sample size (n)</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Dentulous or edentulous</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Result (mean horizontal width, mm)</th></tr><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">Premolar</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">I (1st) molar</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(230,231,232)">II (2nd) molar</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Braut et al.<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBCT</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dentulous</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.6</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present study</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBCT</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edentulous (single missing tooth)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.22±1.96</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.51±1.75</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.60±2.08</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>(CBCT: cone-beam computed tomography)</p><p>Values are presented as number only or mean±standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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