Evaluation of styloid process morphology and calcification types in both genders with different ages and dental status
Identifieur interne : 003214 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 003213; suivant : 003215Evaluation of styloid process morphology and calcification types in both genders with different ages and dental status
Auteurs : Guldane Magat ; Sevgi OzcanSource :
- Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry [ 2149-2352 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology and calcification pattern of the styloid process (SP) and to determine their relations with subjects’ age, gender, and dental status.
910 panoramic radiographs were stratified by age, dental status and gender. The distance between the points where SP leaves the tympanic plate of the temporal bone and the bony tip of SP was measured. Calcification patterns were classified as : (A) Region 1, tympanohyal alone (B) Region 2, stylohyal alone (C) Region 1 and 2, separate (D) Regions 1 and 2, continuous (E) Regions 1, 2, and 3, continuous (F) Regions 1, 2, and 3, separate (G) Regions 1 and 2, continuous, but separate from 3 (H) Regions 2 and 3, separate (I) Regions 2 and 3, continuous, but separate from 1 (J) Region 3 alone (K) Region 3 and 4, continuous (may include calcification in one other region) (L) No styloid process visible.
The right SPs were found to be longer than the left (p<0.05). Types D (right 42.9%, left 42%) and E (right 33.3%, left 30.8%) were the most common morphological calcifications on both sides. No statistical difference was found for bilateral SP length between gender, age, and dental status groups. A significant difference was found only for right SP morphological calcification types as to age groups in both genders (p<0.05). No significant difference was found for SP morphological calcification types according to gender and dental status.
The morphological types are formed at their present area. Even though SP calcification type was determined according to the length of SP, age was not an effective factor on the length, but the morphological calcification type of SP. Therefore, factors other than age may have a role in the development of morphological calcification types. Structural characteristics of SP are not associated with age, gender and dental status.
Url:
DOI: 10.17096/jiufd.35768
PubMed: 28955593
PubMed Central: 5573471
Links to Exploration step
PMC:5573471Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of styloid process morphology and calcification types in both genders with different ages and dental status</title><author><name sortKey="Magat, Guldane" sort="Magat, Guldane" uniqKey="Magat G" first="Guldane" last="Magat">Guldane Magat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Oral Radiology Faculty of Dentistry Necmettin Erbakan University<country>Turkey</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ozcan, Sevgi" sort="Ozcan, Sevgi" uniqKey="Ozcan S" first="Sevgi" last="Ozcan">Sevgi Ozcan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Oral Radiology Faculty of Dentistry Necmettin Erbakan University<country>Turkey</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28955593</idno><idno type="pmc">5573471</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5573471</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5573471</idno><idno type="doi">10.17096/jiufd.35768</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003214</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003214</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evaluation of styloid process morphology and calcification types in both genders with different ages and dental status</title><author><name sortKey="Magat, Guldane" sort="Magat, Guldane" uniqKey="Magat G" first="Guldane" last="Magat">Guldane Magat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Oral Radiology Faculty of Dentistry Necmettin Erbakan University<country>Turkey</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ozcan, Sevgi" sort="Ozcan, Sevgi" uniqKey="Ozcan S" first="Sevgi" last="Ozcan">Sevgi Ozcan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Oral Radiology Faculty of Dentistry Necmettin Erbakan University<country>Turkey</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry</title><idno type="ISSN">2149-2352</idno><idno type="eISSN">2149-4592</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose:</title><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology and calcification pattern of the styloid process (SP) and to determine their
relations with subjects’ age, gender, and dental status.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>910 panoramic radiographs were stratified by age, dental status and gender. The distance between the points where SP leaves
the tympanic plate of the temporal bone and the bony tip of SP was measured. Calcification patterns were classified as : (A) Region 1, tympanohyal alone (B) Region 2,
stylohyal alone (C) Region 1 and 2, separate (D) Regions 1 and 2, continuous (E) Regions 1, 2, and 3, continuous (F) Regions 1, 2, and 3, separate (G) Regions 1 and 2,
continuous, but separate from 3 (H) Regions 2 and 3, separate (I) Regions 2 and 3, continuous, but separate from 1 (J) Region 3 alone (K) Region 3 and 4, continuous
(may include calcification in one other region) (L) No styloid process visible.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>The right SPs were found to be longer than the left (p<0.05). Types D (right 42.9%, left 42%) and E (right 33.3%, left 30.8%) were the
most common morphological calcifications on both sides. No statistical difference was found for bilateral SP length between gender, age, and dental status groups. A
significant difference was found only for right SP morphological calcification types as to age groups in both genders (p<0.05). No significant difference was found
for SP morphological calcification types according to gender and dental status.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The morphological types are formed at their present area. Even though SP calcification type was determined according to the length of SP,
age was not an effective factor on the length, but the morphological calcification type of SP. Therefore, factors other than age may have a role in the development of
morphological calcification types. Structural characteristics of SP are not associated with age, gender and dental status.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eagle, Ww" uniqKey="Eagle W">WW Eagle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fini, G" uniqKey="Fini G">G Fini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gasparini, G" uniqKey="Gasparini G">G Gasparini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Filippini, F" uniqKey="Filippini F">F Filippini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Becelli, R" uniqKey="Becelli R">R Becelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marcotullio, D" uniqKey="Marcotullio D">D Marcotullio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="More, Cb" uniqKey="More C">CB More</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asrani, Mk" uniqKey="Asrani M">MK Asrani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Langlais, Rp" uniqKey="Langlais R">RP Langlais</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miles, Da" uniqKey="Miles D">DA Miles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Dis, Ml" uniqKey="Van Dis M">ML Van Dis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferrario, Vf" uniqKey="Ferrario V">VF Ferrario</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sigurta, D" uniqKey="Sigurta D">D Sigurta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daddona, A" uniqKey="Daddona A">A Daddona</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dalloca, L" uniqKey="Dalloca L">L Dalloca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miani, A" uniqKey="Miani A">A Miani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tafuro, F" uniqKey="Tafuro F">F Tafuro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sforza, C" uniqKey="Sforza C">C Sforza</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ghafari, R" uniqKey="Ghafari R">R Ghafari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hosseini, B" uniqKey="Hosseini B">B Hosseini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shirani, Am" uniqKey="Shirani A">AM Shirani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manochehrifar, H" uniqKey="Manochehrifar H">H Manochehrifar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saghaie, S" uniqKey="Saghaie S">S Saghaie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bozkir, Mg" uniqKey="Bozkir M">MG Bozkir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boga, H" uniqKey="Boga H">H Boga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dere, F" uniqKey="Dere F">F Dere</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keur, Jj" uniqKey="Keur J">JJ Keur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Jp" uniqKey="Campbell J">JP Campbell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccarthy, Jf" uniqKey="Mccarthy J">JF McCarthy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ralph, Wj" uniqKey="Ralph W">WJ Ralph</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jung, T" uniqKey="Jung T">T Jung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tschernitschek, H" uniqKey="Tschernitschek H">H Tschernitschek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hippen, H" uniqKey="Hippen H">H Hippen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, B" uniqKey="Schneider B">B Schneider</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borchers, L" uniqKey="Borchers L">L Borchers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rizzatti Arbosa, Cm" uniqKey="Rizzatti Arbosa C">CM Rizzatti‐Barbosa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Mc" uniqKey="Ribeiro M">MC Ribeiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva Concilio, Lr" uniqKey="Silva Concilio L">LR Silva-Concilio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Hipolito, O" uniqKey="Di Hipolito O">O Di Hipolito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ambrosano, Gm" uniqKey="Ambrosano G">GM Ambrosano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Okabe, S" uniqKey="Okabe S">S Okabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morimoto, Y" uniqKey="Morimoto Y">Y Morimoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ansai, T" uniqKey="Ansai T">T Ansai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamada, K" uniqKey="Yamada K">K Yamada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, T" uniqKey="Tanaka T">T Tanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Awano, S" uniqKey="Awano S">S Awano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kito, S" uniqKey="Kito S">S Kito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takata, Y" uniqKey="Takata Y">Y Takata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takehara, T" uniqKey="Takehara T">T Takehara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohba, T" uniqKey="Ohba T">T Ohba</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Macdonald Jankowski, D" uniqKey="Macdonald Jankowski D">D MacDonald-Jankowski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kursoglu, P" uniqKey="Kursoglu P">P Kursoglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Unalan, F" uniqKey="Unalan F">F Unalan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erdem, T" uniqKey="Erdem T">T Erdem</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Monsour, Pa" uniqKey="Monsour P">PA Monsour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Wg" uniqKey="Young W">WG Young</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ilguy, M" uniqKey="Ilguy M">M Ilguy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ilguy, D" uniqKey="Ilguy D">D Ilguy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guler, N" uniqKey="Guler N">N Guler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bayirli, G" uniqKey="Bayirli G">G Bayirli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, P" uniqKey="Watanabe P">P Watanabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dias, F" uniqKey="Dias F">F Dias</name></author><author><name sortKey="Issa, J" uniqKey="Issa J">J Issa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Monteiro, S" uniqKey="Monteiro S">S Monteiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Paula, F" uniqKey="De Paula F">F de Paula</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tiossi, R" uniqKey="Tiossi R">R Tiossi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Prasad, Kc" uniqKey="Prasad K">KC Prasad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamath, Mp" uniqKey="Kamath M">MP Kamath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reddy, Kjm" uniqKey="Reddy K">KJM Reddy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raju, K" uniqKey="Raju K">K Raju</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, S" uniqKey="Agarwal S">S Agarwal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murtagh, Rd" uniqKey="Murtagh R">RD Murtagh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caracciolo, Jt" uniqKey="Caracciolo J">JT Caracciolo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandez, G" uniqKey="Fernandez G">G Fernandez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gokce, C" uniqKey="Gokce C">C Gokce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sisman, Y" uniqKey="Sisman Y">Y Sisman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sipahioglu, M" uniqKey="Sipahioglu M">M Sipahioglu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Savranlar, A" uniqKey="Savranlar A">A Savranlar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uzun, L" uniqKey="Uzun L">L Uzun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ugur, M" uniqKey="Ugur M">M Ugur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ozer, T" uniqKey="Ozer T">T Ozer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcdavid, W" uniqKey="Mcdavid W">W McDavid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tronje, G" uniqKey="Tronje G">G Tronje</name></author><author><name sortKey="Welander, U" uniqKey="Welander U">U Welander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, C" uniqKey="Morris C">C Morris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcdavid, W" uniqKey="Mcdavid W">W McDavid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Welander, U" uniqKey="Welander U">U Welander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brent Dove, S" uniqKey="Brent Dove S">S Brent Dove</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tronjje, G" uniqKey="Tronjje G">G Tronjje</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tronje, G" uniqKey="Tronje G">G Tronje</name></author><author><name sortKey="Welander, U" uniqKey="Welander U">U Welander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdavid, W" uniqKey="Mcdavid W">W McDavid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, C" uniqKey="Morris C">C Morris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tronje, G" uniqKey="Tronje G">G Tronje</name></author><author><name sortKey="Welander, U" uniqKey="Welander U">U Welander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdavid, W" uniqKey="Mcdavid W">W McDavid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, C" uniqKey="Morris C">C Morris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tronje, G" uniqKey="Tronje G">G Tronje</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eliasson, S" uniqKey="Eliasson S">S Eliasson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Julin, P" uniqKey="Julin P">P Julin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Welander, U" uniqKey="Welander U">U Welander</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gokce, C" uniqKey="Gokce C">C Gokce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sisman, Y" uniqKey="Sisman Y">Y Sisman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sipahioglu, M" uniqKey="Sipahioglu M">M Sipahioglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ertas, E" uniqKey="Ertas E">E Ertas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akgunlu, F" uniqKey="Akgunlu F">F Akgunlu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Unal, A" uniqKey="Unal A">A Unal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tokgoz, B" uniqKey="Tokgoz B">B Tokgoz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oymak, O" uniqKey="Oymak O">O Oymak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Utas, C" uniqKey="Utas C">C Utas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bakke, M" uniqKey="Bakke M">M Bakke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holm, B" uniqKey="Holm B">B Holm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jensen, Bl" uniqKey="Jensen B">BL Jensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michler, L" uniqKey="Michler L">L Michler</name></author><author><name sortKey="M Ller, E" uniqKey="M Ller E">E Møller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nalcaci, R" uniqKey="Nalcaci R">R Nalcaci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Misirlioglu, M" uniqKey="Misirlioglu M">M Misirlioglu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guo, Y" uniqKey="Guo Y">Y Guo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Z" uniqKey="Sun Z">Z Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, X" uniqKey="Liu X">X Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhandari, K" uniqKey="Bhandari K">K Bhandari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, C" uniqKey="Guo C">C Guo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alpoz, E" uniqKey="Alpoz E">E Alpoz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akar, Gc" uniqKey="Akar G">GC Akar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Celik, S" uniqKey="Celik S">S Celik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Govsa, F" uniqKey="Govsa F">F Govsa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lomcali, G" uniqKey="Lomcali G">G Lomcali</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roopashri, G" uniqKey="Roopashri G">G Roopashri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaishali, M" uniqKey="Vaishali M">M Vaishali</name></author><author><name sortKey="David, Mp" uniqKey="David M">MP David</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baig, M" uniqKey="Baig M">M Baig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shankar, U" uniqKey="Shankar U">U Shankar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Okabe, S" uniqKey="Okabe S">S Okabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morimoto, Y" uniqKey="Morimoto Y">Y Morimoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ansai, T" uniqKey="Ansai T">T Ansai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamada, K" uniqKey="Yamada K">K Yamada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, T" uniqKey="Tanaka T">T Tanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Awano, S" uniqKey="Awano S">S Awano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kito, S" uniqKey="Kito S">S Kito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takata, Y" uniqKey="Takata Y">Y Takata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takehara, T" uniqKey="Takehara T">T Takehara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohba, T" uniqKey="Ohba T">T Ohba</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Macdonald Jankowski, Ds" uniqKey="Macdonald Jankowski D">DS MacDonald-Jankowski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Istanb Univ Fac Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Istanb Univ Fac Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">J. Istanbul Univ. Fac. Dent.</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">jiufd</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">jiufd</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IUFD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2149-2352</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2149-4592</issn><issn-l>2149-2352</issn-l><publisher><publisher-name>Istanbul University Faculty of Dentisty</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Istanbul, Turkey</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28955593</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5573471</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17096/jiufd.35768</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jiufd-51-2-415</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Dentistry</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Evaluation of styloid process morphology and calcification types in both genders with different ages and dental status</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">Evaluation of styloid process morphology</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Magat</surname><given-names>Guldane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref rid="cor" ref-type="corresp"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ozcan</surname><given-names>Sevgi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label></label>Department of Oral Radiology Faculty of Dentistry Necmettin Erbakan University<country>Turkey</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor"><label>*</label>To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Guldane Magat <institution content-type="edu">Department of Oral Radiology
Faculty of Dentistry Necmettin Erbakan University </institution>42050 Karatay Konya <country>Turkey</country> Phone: +90 212 453 49 52 <email>gul_dent@hotmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>51</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017 Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This article is licensed under Creative Commons License Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" xlink:show="new"></ext-link>). Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Users may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the journal endorses its use. The material cannot be used for commercial purposes. If the user remixes, transforms, or builds upon the material, he/she may not distribute the modified material. No warranties are given. The license may not give the user all of the permissions necessary for his/her intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how the material can be used.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="section"><sec><title>Purpose:</title><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology and calcification pattern of the styloid process (SP) and to determine their
relations with subjects’ age, gender, and dental status.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>910 panoramic radiographs were stratified by age, dental status and gender. The distance between the points where SP leaves
the tympanic plate of the temporal bone and the bony tip of SP was measured. Calcification patterns were classified as : (A) Region 1, tympanohyal alone (B) Region 2,
stylohyal alone (C) Region 1 and 2, separate (D) Regions 1 and 2, continuous (E) Regions 1, 2, and 3, continuous (F) Regions 1, 2, and 3, separate (G) Regions 1 and 2,
continuous, but separate from 3 (H) Regions 2 and 3, separate (I) Regions 2 and 3, continuous, but separate from 1 (J) Region 3 alone (K) Region 3 and 4, continuous
(may include calcification in one other region) (L) No styloid process visible.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>The right SPs were found to be longer than the left (p<0.05). Types D (right 42.9%, left 42%) and E (right 33.3%, left 30.8%) were the
most common morphological calcifications on both sides. No statistical difference was found for bilateral SP length between gender, age, and dental status groups. A
significant difference was found only for right SP morphological calcification types as to age groups in both genders (p<0.05). No significant difference was found
for SP morphological calcification types according to gender and dental status.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The morphological types are formed at their present area. Even though SP calcification type was determined according to the length of SP,
age was not an effective factor on the length, but the morphological calcification type of SP. Therefore, factors other than age may have a role in the development of
morphological calcification types. Structural characteristics of SP are not associated with age, gender and dental status.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Styloid process</kwd><kwd>age</kwd><kwd>dental status</kwd><kwd>gender</kwd><kwd>calcification type</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>The styloid process (SP) is a cylindrical bone
that starts from the temporal bone in front of the
stylomastoid foramen. The SP tapers toward its
tip, which lies in the pharyngeal wall lateral to the
tonsillar fossa. The tip of the SP is continuous with the
stylohyoid ligament, which extends to the lesser cornu
of the hyoid bone. The stylomandibular ligament
also attaches to the SP, extending to the angle of the
mandible. Many important neurovascular structures
lie near the tip of the SP; the internal carotid artery,
internal jugular vein, and cranial nerves X, XI, and
XII lie on its medial side (<xref rid="b1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="b2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>). The reported “normal”
length of the SP ranges from 20-32 mm. This varies
from person to person and even from side to side in
the same person (<xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="b4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="b5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,
<xref rid="b6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>). Studies have estimated that in
2-28% of the general population, there is radiographic
evidence of an elongated SP, although symptoms
are present only in some individuals (<xref rid="b7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>). When
symptoms are associated with elongation of the SP,
the condition is termed as Eagle syndrome (<xref rid="b1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). Keur
et al. (<xref rid="b8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>) suggested that an SP longer than 30 mm was
considered to demonstrate elongation. Today, reports
concerning the SP and measurements of its length
are mostly based on panoramic radiographs (<xref rid="b9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>). In
previous studies, it was mainly assessed whether age
and gender affected the elongation and calcification
of SP, but a few researchers hypothesized that dental
status impacted these factors (<xref rid="b5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="b6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="b7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,
<xref rid="b9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="b10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="b11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>, <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,
<xref rid="b13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>, <xref rid="b14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="b15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>). While a
number of prevalent etiological and causal theories
have been proposed to account for the calcification and
elongation of SP, the exact cause of the phenomena
remains unclear (<xref rid="b16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="b17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="b18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>). The purpose of this
study was to investigate the morphology and calcification
pattern of SP lengths in a subgroup of the Turkish
population and their correlation, if any, to age, gender,
and dental status.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="s2"><title>Materials and Methods</title><sec id="s2a"><title>Study sample</title><p>910 panoramic radiographs taken between 2012
and 2013 as part of routine dental examination of
patients over the age of 18 years who had attended
Selçuk University, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and
Maxillofacial Radiology Department, were evaluated
(<xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref>). The research protocol was approved by
the Ethical Committee Selçuk University Faculty of
Dentistry (Reg. No: 2012/33).</p><p>All panoramic images were taken using the same
panoramic imaging device (Kodak® 8000 Rochester,
New York, NY, USA) by the same technician, in
accordance with the manufacturer’s reference guide.
Only clear radiographs of high quality and with no
gross distortion were selected. Selection criteria
were as follows: mental foramen, tympanic plate,
condyle, the lower border of the mandible, and the
posterior border of the ramus had to be readable on
the radiograph to measure the structures on both
sides. Panoramic radiographs of the patients who had
orthognathic surgery, facial asymmetry, and fractures
were excluded from the study.</p></sec><sec id="s2b"><title>Radiographic measurements</title><p>All measurements were performed on both sides
of the mandible by a single trained observer, using
Adobe Photoshop CS4 software (Adobe Systems
Inc., San Jose, CA, USA), after correction for a 30%
magnification to better simulate a clinical situation.
SP length measurements were made using the
ruler function of the same software (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>). The
measurements were made by one observer, twice. The
observer had three years’ professional experience in
the oral radiology department. To assess the intraobserver
reliability, 50 samples were randomly
selected, SP classifications were reassessed, and the
measurements were repeated at an interval of one
month.</p><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Anatomical landmarks used for measurement of the styloid process length. Cleft between the lower margin of the tympanic
plate of the temporal bone and the styloid process between the contour of the tympanic plate and the styloid process. The circle shows
the origin for measurements and arrow length corresponds to the length of the styloid process.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jiufd-051-029-e001"></graphic></fig><p>The SP measurement was determined according to
the method described by Jung et al. (<xref rid="b9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>). Measurements
were started on the frontal side of the SP where it
leaves the tympanic plate of the temporal bone. In
this area on the PR, a thin transparent line is generally
visualized between the shadows of the SP and the
tympanic bone. This line corresponds to the cleft
between the SP and the tympanic plate of the temporal
bone. The tip of the SP is its bony end, including
mineralized parts of the ligament. SP morphological
calcification types were classified as per the method
of MacDonald Jankowski (<xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>), who had rated the
types of elongation as follows: Pattern: (A) Region 1
= tympanohyal alone: (B) Region 2 = stylohyal alone:
(C) Region 1 and 2, separate: (D) Regions 1 and 2,
continuous: (E) Regions 1, 2, and 3, continuous: (F)
Regions 1, 2, and 3, separate: (G) Regions 1 and
2, continuous, but separate from 3: (H) Regions 2
and 3, separate: (I) Regions 2 and 3, continuous, but
separate from 1: (J) Region 3 alone: (K) Region 3 and
4, continuous (may include calcification in one other
region): (L) No styloid process visible. Regions 1,
2, 3, and 4 coincide with the centers of calcification.
Patterns A-D are normal styloid processes, while
Pattern E is an elongated styloid process. Patterns
F-K are calcified stylohyoid ligaments.</p></sec><sec id="s2c"><title>Classification of dentition</title><p>The dentition was assessed using the following
classification (third molars not included): (1) 18-
40 years old dentate; (2) 40 years old and above
dentate; (3) 40 years old and above partially dentate (max. 15 teeth); (4) 40 years old and above maxillary
edentulous; (5) 40 years old and above mandibular
edentulous; (6) 40 years old and above totally
edentulous. Ages were assigned to four groups: 18-
40, 41-55, 56-69, and 70 and above.</p></sec><sec id="s2d"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Statistical Package for the Social Science
(SPSS) (IBM Corp. Released 2012. IBM SPSS
Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0, IBM Corp.,
Armonk, NY, USA) software was used for statistical
analysis. Descriptive statistics for each variable
were calculated. Cohen’s kappa and intra-class
correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for
SP morphological calcification types and and for
SP length, respectively. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov
test was used to determine uniform distribution; the
Wilcoxon test was used to determine whether there
were differences of the means values between the right
and left parameters, and the Mann-Whitney U-test
was used for testing the difference in measurements
between genders. Kruskall Wallis test was employed
to analyze the variation in measurements among
age and tooth groups. Categorical variables were
evaluated using the chi-square test. The significance
level was set to 5%.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="s3"><title>Results</title><p>All possible observations were readable and were
included in the present analysis. Measurements of
all distances were made on both sides. For right and left reassessments of SP morphological calcification
types, kappa values were 0.91 and 0.92 (almost
perfect agreement) respectively. ICC values were
0.896, 0.828, 0.946, and 0.935 (nearly perfect
agreement) for right and left measurements of
SP length, respectively.The mean age ± standard
deviation of the 910 patients was 59.29 ± 14.41. <xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref> shows the age distributions. Results for distances
and distributions are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="table3">Table 3</xref>, and
<xref ref-type="table" rid="table4">Table 4</xref>,according to gender, age groups, and dental status.
There were statistical differences in the values of SP
length in the right and left sides; the right SP lengths
had significantly greater values than the left side in
both genders (p<0.05). It was found that the length
of SP did not show any variation based on the age, gender, and dental status in both genders (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table5">Table 5</xref>).
Types D (right 42.9%, left 42%) and E (right 33.3%,
left 30.8%) were the most common morphological
calcifications on both sides respectively. A statistical
difference was only found for right SP morphological
calcification types as regards age groups in both sexes
(p<0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table5">Table 5</xref>). In females, type D was the most
common type in the 18-40, 56-69, and 70 and above
age groups. In the 41-55 age group, type E was the
most prevalent. In males, a more considerable increase
was seen for type D in the 18-40 and 56-59 groups.
Type E was more prevalent in the 41-55 and 70 and
above groups (p<0.05). No significant difference was
found between SP morphological calcification types
according to gender and dental status (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table5">Table 5</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="table1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>The distribution of the sample is presented as number (N) and percentage (%) stratified by gender, age group, and dental status.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-bottom: 3px solid; border-top: 3px solid" cellpadding="20px"><tbody><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gender</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">445</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">465</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age (years)</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18-40</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">41-55</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">104</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">56-69</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">449</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 and above</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">203</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.3</td></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Dental status</bold></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18-40 years old dentate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 years old and above dentate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 years old and above partially dentate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 years old and above maxillary edentulous</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 years old and above mandibular edentulous</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">156</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 years old and above totally edentulous</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Mean measurement values in millimeters stratified by age groups, quadrant, and right and left styloid process (SP) measurements. Standard error (SE) values for each measurement are also included.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-bottom: 3px solid; border-top: 3px solid" cellpadding="15px"><tbody><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1">18-40</th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1">41-55</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Female</td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Male</td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Female</td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Male</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right SP length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.41</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.08</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.06</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.51</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.46</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.61</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.88</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.31</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left SP length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.81</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.01</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.97</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.62</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.19</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.76</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1">56-69</th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1">70 and above</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Female</td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Male</td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Female</td><td colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Male</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right SP length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.65</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.96</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.29</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.8</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.56</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.76</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.48</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left SP length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.26</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.59</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.79</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.72</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.32</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.17</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.49</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.8</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>Mean measurement values in millimeters by gender, quadrant, and right and left styloid process (SP) measurements. Standard error (SE) values for each measurement are also included.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-bottom: 3px solid; border-top: 3px solid" cellpadding="15px"><tbody><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Female</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Male</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Total</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right SP length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.39</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.74</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.81</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.77</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.08</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.27</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left SP length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.65</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.90</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.40</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.28</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.50</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.15</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4.</label><caption><p>Mean measurement values in millimeters by dental status, quadrant, and right and left styloid process (SP) measurements. Standard error (SE) values for each measure are also included. </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-bottom: 3px solid; border-top: 3px solid" cellpadding="10px"><tbody><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1">18-40 years old dentate</th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1">40 years old and above dentate</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Female</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Male</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Female</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Male</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right SP Length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.59</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.29</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.98</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.54</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.66</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.79</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.43</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left SP Length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.52</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.14</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.09</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.01</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.69</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.94</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.09</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.24</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1">40 years old and above partial dentate</th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1">40 years old and above mandibular edentulous</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Female</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Male</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Female</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Male</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right SP Length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.24</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.45</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.51</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.44</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.24</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.45</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.81</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.73</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left SP Length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.33</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.07</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.85</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.68</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.33</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.07</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.87</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.91</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1"> 40 years old and above maxillary edentulous</th><th colspan="4" rowspan="1">40 years old and above totally edentulous</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Female</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Male</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Female</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Male</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right SP Length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.83</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.79</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.50</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.76</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.07</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.38</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.81</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.75</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left SP Length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.04</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.88</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.00</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.25</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.18</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.40</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.79</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.09</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5.</label><caption><p>The differences between age groups, gender, and dental status (*p<0.05, SP: styloid process).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-bottom: 3px solid; border-top: 3px solid" cellpadding="20px"><tbody><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Age</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Dental status</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">p value</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1">p value</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">p value</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right SP length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.055</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.665</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.064</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.104</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.062</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left SP length</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.121</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.998</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.071</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.271</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.052</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right SP type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.019*</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001*</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.115</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.056</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left SP type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.534</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.528</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.665</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="s4"><title>Discussion</title><p>The study group of patients was not selected
on the basis of any radiographic or medical criteria
and was not chosen from any particular dental
specialty. All measurements were assessed on
panoramic radiographs that had been taken for
routine dental examination of patients. To ensure reliability and consistency, a dentomaxillofacial
radiologist evaluated each image to select only
those radiographs of the highest quality. The ICC
and kappa values were perfect, indicating that the
method of indices for assessment was very reliable.
The panoramic radiograph is a common modality
for evaluating SP elongation. The skull lateral view
is optimum for showing the length of the styloid
process, but anteroposterior views are also required
to determine whether there is bilateral involvement
and the presence of lateral deviation. Regarding the
radiographic examination, lateral cephalometric
radiographs are considered more reliable than their
panoramic counterparts because they suffer less
distortion and produce a more accurate image (<xref rid="b19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>).</p><p>However, due to the superimpositions seen
on lateral cephalograms, reliable measurement of
the SP becomes difficult. Although spiral CT with
subsequent 3D reconstruction is the method of choice for precise determination of the localization of the
styloid processes, it involves a greater radiation dose
than conventional radiographies, and the elongated
styloid ligament is often asymptomatic and does not
require treatment (<xref rid="b20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>). Studies have denoted that
panoramic machine magnification was about 15-
30% (<xref rid="b21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>, <xref rid="b22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>, <xref rid="b23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,
<xref rid="b24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>, <xref rid="b25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>). In the present study, all measurements
were reduced to the original size of the mandibular
features, based on the magnification of the panoramic
machine used (27%, according to the manufacturer). This compensation allowed for comparison with other
studies, because different panoramic machines have
varying magnification factors. That said, it must be
pointed out in this context that the theoretically well
understood complexity regarding magnification and
distortion in panoramic radiography is not adequately
reflected by applying a crude global magnification
factor (<xref rid="b21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>, <xref rid="b22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>, <xref rid="b23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,
<xref rid="b24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>, <xref rid="b25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>). However, the use of indices largely
compensates for the unknown local magnification
in the image.</p><p>In the present study, the SP mean lengths of the left
and right sides were 28.50 ± 11.15 mm and 29.08 ±
11.27 mm, respectively. The mean values of the length
presented in the literature (25-32 mm) correlated
well with those found in our study (<xref rid="b11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>, <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>, <xref rid="b13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,
<xref rid="b19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>, <xref rid="b26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="b27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,
<xref rid="b28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>). There was a statistical difference between the
left and right SP measurements, which confirms the
findings of Guo et al. (<xref rid="b29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>). These differences may be
derived from the increased function on the preferred
chewing side (<xref rid="b21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>). If this hypothesis is correct, it
can be concluded that the function of the mastication
muscles has a particular effect on the SP calcification.
However, this result differs from those of More and
Asrani (<xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>), Ferrario et al. (<xref rid="b5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>), and Jung et al. (<xref rid="b9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>).
This difference may be due to ethnic variations.</p><p>According to the findings of the present study, in
terms of length of the SP, no significant difference
was found between age groups and gender on both
sides, which is similar to the findings of some
previous studies (<xref rid="b11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>, <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>, <xref rid="b13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,
<xref rid="b19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>, <xref rid="b26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="b27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,
<xref rid="b28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>). However, it
is inconsistent with the results of others (<xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="b9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="b10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,
<xref rid="b24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>). The discrepancies could be due to different age
groupings and unequal distribution in age subgroups
in prior studies. Also according to the results of the present study, although the SP lengths in males were
longer than in females on both sides, there was no
significant difference between genders statistically.
This is supported by the results of several studies
(<xref rid="b5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="b9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>, <xref rid="b14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,
<xref rid="b26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="b30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>). However, others had different findings (<xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,
<xref rid="b6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="b11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>, <xref rid="b31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>). This disparity may be due to
unequal distribution of genders and ethnic variation.</p><p>Few studies evaluated the association of dental
status and SP length (<xref rid="b6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="b11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>). This is because the
muscle tension from occlusal disarrangements
and changes in both bones’ height in partially or
completely edentulous patients can be a probable
factor in the incidence of a correlation between the
number of teeth present in the mouth and SP length
(<xref rid="b6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>). However, no statistical difference was found
between dental status and SP lengths. This finding is
consistent with the literature (<xref rid="b6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="b11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>). It was stated that
there was a progression in the length of calcification
with advancing age on the right side (<xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="b30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>). The
findings of this study were in accordance with the
literature on this point (<xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="b10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="b15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,
<xref rid="b29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>). According
to the results, gender had no statistically significant
influence on the SP morphological calcification types
on both sides. This finding is consistent with previous
reports (<xref rid="b11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>, <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>, <xref rid="b13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>).</p><p>However, it was not in agreement with others (<xref rid="b5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,
<xref rid="b14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>). This could be due to ethnic variation. (<xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>). In our
study, types D and E were more frequent morphological
types. This result is consistent with those of Kursoglu
et al.(<xref rid="b13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>) and Nalçacı and Mısırlıoğlu (<xref rid="b28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>). Therefore,
this finding favors the hypothesis that ethnic variations
affect SP morphological calcification types. In our
study, there were no statistical differences between
aforementioned types and dental status; based on
the findings, the type of calcification of SP is an
independent structure from the number of teeth. No
study reporting similar association could be found.</p><p>The morphological types are formed at their
present area (<xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>). Even though the determination
of the type of SP calcification is based on the length
of SP, the age is not an effective factor in terms of
the length of SP, but neither is it associated with the
morphological calcification type of SP, according to
the findings of the present study. It can be concluded
that factors other than age may play a role in the
development of said type.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="s5"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Based on the results of this study, SP is an
autonomous structure from age, gender, and dental
status. The changes in SP lengths are accepted as
being signs of certain abnormal situations. The
differences in length are either physiological or
pathological, and the possible related factors should
be investigated.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="financial-disclosure"><p><bold>Source of funding:</bold> None declared.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p><bold>Conflict of interest:</bold> None declared.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><ref id="b1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Eagle</surname><given-names>WW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Symptomatic elongated styloid process: report of two cases of styloid process-carotid artery syndrome with operation</article-title><source>Arch Otolaryngol</source><year>1949</year><issue>5</issue><volume>49</volume><fpage>490</fpage><lpage>503</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archotol.1949.03760110046003</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18131173</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fini</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Gasparini</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Filippini</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Becelli</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Marcotullio</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The long styloid process syndrome or Eagle's syndrome</article-title><source>J Craniomaxillofac Surg</source><year>2000</year><issue>2</issue><volume>28</volume><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>127</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1054/jcms.2000.0128</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10958426</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>More</surname><given-names>CB</given-names></name><name><surname>Asrani</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of the styloid process on digital panoramic radiographs</article-title><source>The Indian J Radiol Imaging</source><year>2010</year><issue>4</issue><volume>20</volume><fpage>261</fpage><lpage>265</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0971-3026.73537</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21423900</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Langlais</surname><given-names>RP</given-names></name><name><surname>Miles</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Dis</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Elongated and mineralized stylohyoid ligament complex: a proposed classification and report of a case of Eagle's syndrome</article-title><source>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol</source><year>1986</year><issue>5</issue><volume>61</volume><fpage>527</fpage><lpage>532</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0030-4220(86)90400-7</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3459129</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ferrario</surname><given-names>VF</given-names></name><name><surname>Sigurta</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Daddona</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Dalloca</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Miani</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Tafuro</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Sforza</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Calcification of the stylohyoid ligament: incidence and morphoquantitative evaluations</article-title><source>Oral Surgery Oral Med Oral Pathol</source><year>1990</year><issue>4</issue><volume>69</volume><fpage>524</fpage><lpage>529</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0030-4220(90)90390-E</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2326043</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ghafari</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Hosseini</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Shirani</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Manochehrifar</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Saghaie</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Relationship between the elongated styloid process in panoramic radiographs and some of the general health conditions in patients over 40 years of age in the Iranian population</article-title><source>Dental Res J</source><year>2012</year><issue>Suppl 1</issue><volume>9</volume><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23814562</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bozkir</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name><name><surname>Boga</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Dere</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The evaluation of elongated styloid process in panoramic radiographs in edentulous patients</article-title><source>Turk J Med Sci</source><year>1999</year><issue>4</issue><volume>29</volume><fpage>481</fpage><lpage>486</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Keur</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>McCarthy</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name><name><surname>Ralph</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The clinical significance of the elongated styloid process</article-title><source>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol</source><year>1986</year><issue>4</issue><volume>61</volume><fpage>399</fpage><lpage>404</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0030-4220(86)90426-3</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3458151</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jung</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Tschernitschek</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Hippen</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Schneider</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Borchers</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Elongated styloid process: when is it really elongated</article-title><source>Dentomaxillofac Radiol</source><year>2004</year><issue>2</issue><volume>33</volume><fpage>119</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1259/dmfr/13491574</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15314005</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rizzatti‐Barbosa</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Ribeiro</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Silva-Concilio</surname><given-names>LR</given-names></name><name><surname>Di Hipolito</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Ambrosano</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Is an elongated stylohyoid process prevalent in the elderly? A radiographic study in a Brazilian population</article-title><source>Gerodontology</source><year>2005</year><issue>2</issue><volume>22</volume><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1741-2358.2005.00046.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15934355</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Okabe</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Morimoto</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Ansai</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Yamada</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Awano</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kito</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Takata</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Takehara</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Ohba</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical significance and variation of the advanced calcified stylohyoid complex detected by panoramic radiographs among 80-year-old subjects</article-title><source>Dentomaxillofac Radiol</source><year>2006</year><issue>3</issue><volume>35</volume><fpage>191</fpage><lpage>199</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1259/dmfr/12056500</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16618854</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>MacDonald-Jankowski</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Calcification of the stylohyoid complex in Londoners and Hong Kong Chinese</article-title><source>Dentomaxillofac Radiol</source><year>2001</year><issue>1</issue><volume>30</volume><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/sj/dmfr/4600574</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11175271</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kursoglu</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Unalan</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Erdem</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Radiological evaluation of the styloid process in young adults resident in Turkey's Yeditepe University faculty of dentistry</article-title><source>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod</source><year>2005</year><issue>4</issue><volume>100</volume><fpage>491</fpage><lpage>494</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.05.061</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16182171</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Monsour</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>WG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Variability of the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament in panoramic radiographs</article-title><source>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol</source><year>1986</year><issue>5</issue><volume>61</volume><fpage>522</fpage><lpage>526</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0030-4220(86)90399-3</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3086788</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ilguy</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ilguy</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Guler</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Bayirli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Incidence of the type and calcification patterns in patients with elongated styloid process</article-title><source>J Int Med Res</source><year>2005</year><issue>1</issue><volume>33</volume><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>102</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/147323000503300110</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15651721</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Watanabe</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Dias</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Issa</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Monteiro</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>de Paula</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Tiossi</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Elongated styloid process and atheroma in panoramic radiography and its relationship with systemic osteoporosis and osteopenia</article-title><source>Osteoporos Int</source><year>2010</year><issue>5</issue><volume>21</volume><fpage>831</fpage><lpage>836</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00198-009-1022-y</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19629615</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Prasad</surname><given-names>KC</given-names></name><name><surname>Kamath</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name><name><surname>Reddy</surname><given-names>KJM</given-names></name><name><surname>Raju</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Agarwal</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Elongated styloid process (Eagle's syndrome): a clinical study</article-title><source>J Oral Maxillofac Surg</source><year>2002</year><issue>2</issue><volume>60</volume><fpage>171</fpage><lpage>175</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/joms.2002.29814</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11815916</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Murtagh</surname><given-names>RD</given-names></name><name><surname>Caracciolo</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name><name><surname>Fernandez</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>CT findings associated with Eagle syndrome</article-title><source>Am J Neuroradiol</source><year>2001</year><issue>7</issue><volume>22</volume><fpage>1401</fpage><lpage>1402</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11498437</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gokce</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Sisman</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Sipahioglu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Styloid process elongation or Eagle's syndrome: is there any role for ectopic calcification</article-title><source>Eur J Dent</source><year>2008</year><issue>3</issue><volume>2</volume><fpage>224</fpage><lpage>228</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19212553</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Savranlar</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Uzun</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Ugur</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ozer</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Three-dimensional CT of Eagle’s syndrome</article-title><source>Diagn Interv Radiol</source><year>2005</year><issue>4</issue><volume>11</volume><fpage>206</fpage><lpage>209</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16320226</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McDavid</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Tronje</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Welander</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Morris</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dimensional reproduction in rotational panoramic radiography</article-title><source>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol</source><year>1986</year><issue>1</issue><volume>62</volume><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>101</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0030-4220(86)90079-4</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3460015</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McDavid</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Welander</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Brent Dove</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Tronjje</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Digital imaging in rotational panoramic radiography</article-title><source>Dentomaxillofac Radiol</source><year>1995</year><issue>2</issue><volume>24</volume><fpage>68</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1259/dmfr.24.2.9527513</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9527513</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tronje</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Welander</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>McDavid</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Morris</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Image distortion in rotational panoramic radiography. I. General considerations</article-title><source>Acta radiologica: diagnosis</source><year>1981</year><issue>3A</issue><volume>22</volume><fpage>295</fpage><lpage>299</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/028418518102203A14</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7315508</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b24"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tronje</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Welander</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>McDavid</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Morris</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Image distortion in rotational panoramic radiography. VI. Distortion effects in sliding systems</article-title><source>Acta Radiol Diagn</source><year>1982</year><issue>2</issue><volume>23</volume><fpage>153</fpage><lpage>160</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/028418518202300212</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7090853</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tronje</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Eliasson</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Julin</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Welander</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Image distortion in rotational panoramic radiography. II. Vertical distances</article-title><source>Acta Radiol Diagn</source><year>1981</year><issue>4</issue><volume>22</volume><fpage>449</fpage><lpage>455</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/028418518102200409</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7331857</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gokce</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Sisman</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Sipahioglu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ertas</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Akgunlu</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Unal</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Tokgoz</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Oymak</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Utas</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The prevalence of carotid artery calcification on the panoramic radiographs of end-stage renal disease patients with peritoneal dialysis: do incidental findings provide life-saving information</article-title><source>J Int Med Res</source><year>2008</year><issue>1</issue><volume>36</volume><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/147323000803600107</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18230267</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b27"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bakke</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Holm</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Jensen</surname><given-names>BL</given-names></name><name><surname>Michler</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Møller</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Unilateral, isometric bite force in 8‐68‐year‐old women and men related to occlusal factors</article-title><source>Eur J Oral Sci</source><year>1990</year><issue>2</issue><volume>98</volume><fpage>149</fpage><lpage>158</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-0722.1990.tb00954.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2343274</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b28"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nalcaci</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Misirlioglu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Yaslı Bireylerde Stiloid Procesin Radyolojik olarak Degerlendirilmesi</article-title><source>Atatürk Üniv Dişhek Fak Derg</source><year>2006</year><issue>3</issue><volume>16</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>6</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b29"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhandari</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Surgical safety distances in the infratemporal fossa: three-dimensional measurement study</article-title><source>Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg</source><year>2015</year><issue>5</issue><volume>44</volume><fpage>555</fpage><lpage>561</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijom.2014.06.004</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25441861</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b30"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alpoz</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Akar</surname><given-names>GC</given-names></name><name><surname>Celik</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Govsa</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Lomcali</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prevalence and pattern of stylohyoid chain complex patterns detected by panoramic radiographs among Turkish population</article-title><source>Surg Radiol Anat</source><year>2014</year><issue>1</issue><volume>36</volume><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00276-013-1137-x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23689822</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b31"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Roopashri</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Vaishali</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>David</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name><name><surname>Baig</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Shankar</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of elongated styloid process on digital panoramic radiographs</article-title><source>J Contemp Dent Pract</source><year>2012</year><issue>5</issue><volume>13</volume><fpage>618</fpage><lpage>622</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1197</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23250163</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b32"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Okabe</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Morimoto</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Ansai</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Yamada</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Awano</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kito</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Takata</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Takehara</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Ohba</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical significance and variation of the advanced calcified stylohyoid complex detected by panoramic radiographs among 80-year-old subjects</article-title><source>Dentomaxillofac Radiol</source><year>2006</year><issue>3</issue><volume>35</volume><fpage>191</fpage><lpage>199</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1259/dmfr/12056500</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16618854</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b33"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>MacDonald-Jankowski</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Calcification of the stylohyoid complex in Londoners and Hong Kong Chinese</article-title><source>Dentomaxillofac Radiol</source><year>2001</year><issue>1</issue><volume>30</volume><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/sj/dmfr/4600574</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11175271</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 003214 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 003214 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= EdenteV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:5573471
|texte= Evaluation of styloid process morphology and calcification types in both genders with different ages and dental status
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:28955593" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a EdenteV2
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |