Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Assessment of relationship between body mass index and periodontal status among state government employees in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh</title><author><name sortKey="Bhardwaj, Vinay Kumar" sort="Bhardwaj, Vinay Kumar" uniqKey="Bhardwaj V" first="Vinay Kumar" last="Bhardwaj">Vinay Kumar Bhardwaj</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Public Health Dentistry, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Deepak" sort="Sharma, Deepak" uniqKey="Sharma D" first="Deepak" last="Sharma">Deepak Sharma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Periodontology, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jhingta, Pravesh" sort="Jhingta, Pravesh" uniqKey="Jhingta P" first="Pravesh" last="Jhingta">Pravesh Jhingta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Periodontology, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fotedar, Shailee" sort="Fotedar, Shailee" uniqKey="Fotedar S" first="Shailee" last="Fotedar">Shailee Fotedar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Public Health Dentistry, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sahore, Manish" sort="Sahore, Manish" uniqKey="Sahore M" first="Manish" last="Sahore">Manish Sahore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manchanda, Kavita" sort="Manchanda, Kavita" uniqKey="Manchanda K" first="Kavita" last="Manchanda">Kavita Manchanda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Public Health Dentistry, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24778984</idno><idno type="pmc">4000916</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4000916</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4000916</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/2231-0762.122439</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003197</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003197</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Assessment of relationship between body mass index and periodontal status among state government employees in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh</title><author><name sortKey="Bhardwaj, Vinay Kumar" sort="Bhardwaj, Vinay Kumar" uniqKey="Bhardwaj V" first="Vinay Kumar" last="Bhardwaj">Vinay Kumar Bhardwaj</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Public Health Dentistry, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Deepak" sort="Sharma, Deepak" uniqKey="Sharma D" first="Deepak" last="Sharma">Deepak Sharma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Periodontology, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jhingta, Pravesh" sort="Jhingta, Pravesh" uniqKey="Jhingta P" first="Pravesh" last="Jhingta">Pravesh Jhingta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Periodontology, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fotedar, Shailee" sort="Fotedar, Shailee" uniqKey="Fotedar S" first="Shailee" last="Fotedar">Shailee Fotedar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Public Health Dentistry, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sahore, Manish" sort="Sahore, Manish" uniqKey="Sahore M" first="Manish" last="Sahore">Manish Sahore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manchanda, Kavita" sort="Manchanda, Kavita" uniqKey="Manchanda K" first="Kavita" last="Manchanda">Kavita Manchanda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Public Health Dentistry, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry</title><idno type="ISSN">2231-0762</idno><idno type="eISSN">2250-1002</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>The literature shows that an increased body mass index (BMI) may be a potential risk factor for periodontitis. Association between BMI and periodontitis has been ascribed to unhealthy dietary patterns with insufficient micronutrients and excess sugar and fat content.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Aim:</title><p>The present study intended to assess the relation between BMI and periodontal status among state government employees in Shimla city, Himachal Pradesh in India.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>The study sample comprised 1,008 subjects aged 18-58 years, drawn by a proportional sample from 10,908 employees. BMI was calculated by the Quetelet index as the ratio of the subject's body weight (in kg) to the square of the height (in meters). Periodontal status was recorded using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Binary multiple logistic regression analysis was done to assess the relation between BMI and periodontal status. The dependent variable for logistic regression analysis was categorized into control group (scores 0-2 of the CPI) and periodontitis group (scores 3 and 4 of the CPI).</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Results:</title><p>The overall prevalence of periodontal disease was 98.9%. Score 2 (bleeding and calculus) was the highest score prevailing among the subjects. They had an increased risk of periodontitis by 56% for each 1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> increase in BMI, which means that a higher BMI could be a potential risk factor for periodontitis among the adults aged 18 to 58 years.</p></sec><sec id="st5"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>BMI evaluation could be used in the assessment of periodontal risk.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Park, K" uniqKey="Park K">K Park</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yewe Dyer, M" uniqKey="Yewe Dyer M">M Yewe-Dyer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Singh, Gp" uniqKey="Singh G">GP Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bindra, J" uniqKey="Bindra J">J Bindra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soni, Rk" uniqKey="Soni R">RK Soni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sood, M" uniqKey="Sood M">M Sood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joshipura, K" uniqKey="Joshipura K">K Joshipura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ritchie, C" uniqKey="Ritchie C">C Ritchie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Douglass, C" uniqKey="Douglass C">C Douglass</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joshipura, Kj" uniqKey="Joshipura K">KJ Joshipura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Douglass, Cw" uniqKey="Douglass C">CW Douglass</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willett, Wc" uniqKey="Willett W">WC Willett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ganong, Wf" uniqKey="Ganong W">WF Ganong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sheiham, A" uniqKey="Sheiham A">A Sheiham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steele, Jg" uniqKey="Steele J">JG Steele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marcenes, W" uniqKey="Marcenes W">W Marcenes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Finch, S" uniqKey="Finch S">S Finch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walls, Aw" uniqKey="Walls A">AW Walls</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Zahrani, Ms" uniqKey="Al Zahrani M">MS Al-Zahrani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bissada, Nf" uniqKey="Bissada N">NF Bissada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borawskit, Ea" uniqKey="Borawskit E">EA Borawskit</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bulman, Js" uniqKey="Bulman J">JS Bulman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osborn, Jf" uniqKey="Osborn J">JF Osborn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ojima, M" uniqKey="Ojima M">M Ojima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hanioka, T" uniqKey="Hanioka T">T Hanioka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, K" uniqKey="Tanaka K">K Tanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Inoshita, E" uniqKey="Inoshita E">E Inoshita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aoyama, H" uniqKey="Aoyama H">H Aoyama</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ekuni, D" uniqKey="Ekuni D">D Ekuni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, T" uniqKey="Yamamoto T">T Yamamoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koyama, R" uniqKey="Koyama R">R Koyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsuneishi, M" uniqKey="Tsuneishi M">M Tsuneishi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naito, K" uniqKey="Naito K">K Naito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tobe, K" uniqKey="Tobe K">K Tobe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reeves, Af" uniqKey="Reeves A">AF Reeves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rees, Jm" uniqKey="Rees J">JM Rees</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schiff, M" uniqKey="Schiff M">M Schiff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hujoel, P" uniqKey="Hujoel P">P Hujoel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bali, Rk" uniqKey="Bali R">RK Bali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mathur, Vb" uniqKey="Mathur V">VB Mathur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Talwar, Pp" uniqKey="Talwar P">PP Talwar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chanana, Hb" uniqKey="Chanana H">HB Chanana</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baelum, V" uniqKey="Baelum V">V Baelum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pisuithanakan, S" uniqKey="Pisuithanakan S">S Pisuithanakan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Teanpaisan, R" uniqKey="Teanpaisan R">R Teanpaisan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pithpornchaiyakul, W" uniqKey="Pithpornchaiyakul W">W Pithpornchaiyakul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pongpaisal, S" uniqKey="Pongpaisal S">S Pongpaisal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papapanou, Pn" uniqKey="Papapanou P">PN Papapanou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Hy" uniqKey="Wang H">HY Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Pe" uniqKey="Petersen P">PE Petersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bian, Jy" uniqKey="Bian J">JY Bian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Bx" uniqKey="Zhang B">BX Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miyazaki, H" uniqKey="Miyazaki H">H Miyazaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pilot, T" uniqKey="Pilot T">T Pilot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leclercq, Mh" uniqKey="Leclercq M">MH Leclercq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barmes, De" uniqKey="Barmes D">DE Barmes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hypponen, E" uniqKey="Hypponen E">E Hyppönen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Power, C" uniqKey="Power C">C Power</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Gd" uniqKey="Smith G">GD Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salekzamani, Y" uniqKey="Salekzamani Y">Y Salekzamani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shirmohammadi, A" uniqKey="Shirmohammadi A">A Shirmohammadi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rahbar, M" uniqKey="Rahbar M">M Rahbar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shakouri, Sk" uniqKey="Shakouri S">SK Shakouri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nayebi, F" uniqKey="Nayebi F">F Nayebi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Int Soc Prev Community Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Int Soc Prev Community Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JISPCD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2231-0762</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2250-1002</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24778984</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4000916</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JISPCD-3-77</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/2231-0762.122439</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Assessment of relationship between body mass index and periodontal status among state government employees in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bhardwaj</surname><given-names>Vinay Kumar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>Deepak</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jhingta</surname><given-names>Pravesh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fotedar</surname><given-names>Shailee</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sahore</surname><given-names>Manish</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manchanda</surname><given-names>Kavita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Department of Public Health Dentistry, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>1</label>Department of Periodontology, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>2</label>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Corresponding author (email: <<email xlink:href="dr.viney@gmail.com">dr.viney@gmail.com</email>>) Dr. Vinay Kumar Bhardwaj, Department of Public Health Dentistry, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla - 171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jul-Dec</season><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>The literature shows that an increased body mass index (BMI) may be a potential risk factor for periodontitis. Association between BMI and periodontitis has been ascribed to unhealthy dietary patterns with insufficient micronutrients and excess sugar and fat content.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Aim:</title><p>The present study intended to assess the relation between BMI and periodontal status among state government employees in Shimla city, Himachal Pradesh in India.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>The study sample comprised 1,008 subjects aged 18-58 years, drawn by a proportional sample from 10,908 employees. BMI was calculated by the Quetelet index as the ratio of the subject's body weight (in kg) to the square of the height (in meters). Periodontal status was recorded using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Binary multiple logistic regression analysis was done to assess the relation between BMI and periodontal status. The dependent variable for logistic regression analysis was categorized into control group (scores 0-2 of the CPI) and periodontitis group (scores 3 and 4 of the CPI).</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Results:</title><p>The overall prevalence of periodontal disease was 98.9%. Score 2 (bleeding and calculus) was the highest score prevailing among the subjects. They had an increased risk of periodontitis by 56% for each 1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> increase in BMI, which means that a higher BMI could be a potential risk factor for periodontitis among the adults aged 18 to 58 years.</p></sec><sec id="st5"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>BMI evaluation could be used in the assessment of periodontal risk.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Body mass index</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>government employees</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>periodontal status</italic></kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Health is a common theme in most cultures and is a fundamental human right without distinction of race, religion, and political belief, and economic and social condition.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] Oral health is a standard of health of the oral and related tissues that enables an individual to eat, speak, and socialize without active disease, discomfort, or embarrassment and contributes to the general well-being. It is concerned with maintaining the health of the craniofacial complex, the teeth, and gums as well as the tissue of the face and head that surrounds the mouth.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] Periodontal diseases constitute the major cause of tooth extraction in adults. High prevalence of periodontal diseases among adults with considerate disparities between populations has been reported.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] Many mediators have been postulated for this relationship, namely, infection, chronic inflammation, and genetic predisposition.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] Nutrition has been postulated as an alternative mediator apart from these mediators.[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] The body mass index (BMI) has always been considered a simple method for analysis of the nutritional status. The normal value for this index ranges from 20 to 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> , which correlates with body fat.[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] Recently, studies have been conducted to assess the association of BMI and periodontitis. Sheiham <italic>et al</italic>., (2002)[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] stated, “The nature of the relationship between BMI and oral health is clearly rather complex. A low BMI is easily explainable on the basis of there being real functional difficulties that can prevent normal eating in some cases. On the other hand, the association of poor oral health with obesity is likely to be associated with the quality of the diet.” Though no definite mechanism of association between BMI and periodontal health is identified, it has been ascribed to unhealthy dietary patterns with insufficient micronutrients and excess sugar and fat content, which could pose a risk both for periodontal disease and obesity.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] Hence, this study has been taken up to assess the relationship between BMI and periodontal status among state government employees in Shimla city, Himachal Pradesh.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>This cross-sectional study was conducted among state government employees who were working in Shimla city. Shimla is the capital of the state of Himachal Pradesh in India with a total area of 32.30 sq. km and a population of 1, 42, 535.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] Being the capital, it harbors the head offices of all the departments. The total number of state government employees in Shimla city was 10,908. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,008 dentate subjects out of 10,908 government employees accounting for about 10% of the universe. A proportionate sample was taken from each department and cadre. Inclusion criteria were employees of the state government of Himachal Pradesh who were dentate and were willing to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria were any disease or ailment that could affect or cause deterioration in the subject's general health and oral health, diabetes mellitus patients, the edentulous, and those unwilling to participate in the study. Official permission was obtained from the corresponding authorities, and an ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethical committee of the dental college and hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all those examined. The height of the participants was measured in centimeters, and weight was assessed in kilograms using a mechanical scale. The BMI was calculated as the ratio of the subjects' body weight (in kg) to the square of their height (in meters). Based on the World Health organization (WHO) criteria, four categories were defined: underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), normal weight (BMI from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), overweight (BMI from 25 to 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), and obese (BMI > 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Oral examination was performed by a single examiner using a WHO CPI periodontal probe. Periodontal status was recorded under five scores: score 0 (healthy), score 1 (bleeding), score 2 (calculus), score 3 (shallow periodontal pockets), and score 4 (deep periodontal pockets).[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] Intraexaminer reliability for periodontal status was analyzed by the weighted kappa statistic, which was found to be 84.2%.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</p><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>The data was processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 15.0). To facilitate the statistical analysis, the subjects were grouped into two categories based on CPI scores, individuals in the control group (CPI score 0-2) and periodontitis group (CPI score of 3-4).[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] The Mann–Whitney <italic>U</italic> test was used to analyze the significant differences between the two periodontal status categories in relation to age and BMI. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship of BMI and age. The dependent variable for the multiple logistic regression analysis was categorized into control group (scores 0-2 of the CPI) and periodontitis group (scores 3 and 4 of the CPI). All the independent variables were continuous and comprised BMI and age. Both adjusted and crude odds ratio were calculated for assessing the influence of various independent variables on the periodontal status with 95% confidence intervals. To analyze the adjusted odds ratio, the effect of each independent variable was assessed, adjusting for all other variables in the model; <italic>P</italic> < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> presents the general profile of the study population. The age group of 35-44 years contributed for more than one-third of the sample size, whereas there were fewer subjects who belonged to the youngest age group (18-24 years). The overall prevalence of periodontal disease was 98.9%. A CPI score of 2 (bleeding and calculus) was widespread among the study population, whereas deep periodontal pockets were presented by 14.78% of the subjects.</p><p>None of the subjects was obese, whereas almost two-thirds of the subjects (65.8%) belonged to the normal weight group. Mean subject characteristics with periodontal status are illustrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>. There was a significant difference for age between the groups, with the mean age of the periodontitis group being approximately 4 years more than that of the control group. An almost similar trend was observed for BMI, with subjects belonging to the periodontitis group presenting a higher BMI. Logistic regression analysis revealed that subjects had an increased risk of periodontitis by 56% for each 1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> increase in BMI (adjusted odds ratio: 1.56; 95% confidence interval: 1.26-1.92). Moreover, though the risk of periodontitis increased with increase in age, its influence was not significant [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Distribution of subjects agewise according to CPI score and BMI</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JISPCD-3-77-g001"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Periodontal status of subjects by age and periodontal status</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JISPCD-3-77-g002"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Crude and adjusted odd ratio and 95% confidence interval of body mass index and age as independent variable and presence of periodontal pockets as dependent variable (CPI≥3=1, CPI≤2=0)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JISPCD-3-77-g003"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>The literature shows that the prevalence of periodontal disease is greater among obese people, and studies have proposed that an increased BMI may be a potential risk factor for periodontitis. Previous studies[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] have included either young or old subjects, and data from those studies on both the young and adult individuals had suggested that periodontal status deteriorates with BMI. The present study included a wide range of age groups, with the youngest individuals being 18 years of age, that is, minimum age of recruitment and the oldest being 58 years of age, that is, age of superannuation. The overall prevalence of periodontal disease was 98.2%, whereas this prevalence is 89.6% among the general population of India belonging to the 35-44 years age group.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] The higher prevalence of periodontal disease among the present study population can be attributed to a multitude of reasons like poor oral hygiene practices and not availing the present dental health-care facilities available. However, the widespread prevalence of score 2, namely, bleeding and calculus is in accordance with previous studies.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref><xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] None of the subjects was obese, whereas almost two-thirds of the subjects (65.8%) belonged to the 18.5-24.9 BMI group. It was observed that the subjects with higher BMI and age had an increased risk for periodontal disease. The influence of age on periodontal disease is consistent with previous literature. Miyazaki <italic>et al</italic>., (1991)[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] used the CPI to assess the periodontal profiles of adults and found that periodontal disease increased with increase in age. The present study population had an increased risk of periodontitis by 57% for each 1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> increase in BMI, whereas the risk of periodontitis increased by 16% among young Japanese adults aged 18-24 years.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] This difference in risk might be due to difference in age composition, geographical status, oral hygiene habits, and dietary practices. Hypponen <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] and Salekzamani <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] in their studies, revealed that BMI increases with age. Al-Zahrani <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] assessed the association of BMI and periodontal disease among adults aged 18-34 years and observed that the prevalence of periodontitis was 76% higher among obese individuals.</p><p>Furthermore, Reeves <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] studied the association of body weight and waist size with chronic periodontitis among individuals aged 17-21 years and reported that weight significantly influenced the periodontal status. However, the present study is not devoid of limitations, as the periodontal status was assessed using the CPI, which does not include all the teeth and does not measure attachment loss.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec1-5"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>A higher BMI could be a potential risk factor for periodontitis among adults aged 18 to 24 years. Thus, the evaluation of BMI could be used in periodontal risk assessment. Longitudinal studies with a larger sample size are required to confirm the association of BMI and periodontal disease.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</title><p>The authors acknowledge all the state government employees working in Shimla city, who participated willingly in the study, the administration of the government dental college and hospital, Shimla for granting permission to conduct this study, and the statistician, librarian, faculty, and staff of the department of public health dentistry for their wholehearted co-operation.</p></ack><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> Nil</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> None declared.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Man and medicine: Towards health for all</article-title><source>Park's Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine</source><year>2009</year><edition>20th ed</edition><publisher-loc>Jabalpur, India</publisher-loc><publisher-name>M/S Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yewe-Dyer</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The definition of oral health</article-title><source>Br Dent J</source><year>1993</year><volume>174</volume><fpage>224</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8461192</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>GP</given-names></name><name><surname>Bindra</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Soni</surname><given-names>RK</given-names></name><name><surname>Sood</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prevalence of periodontal diseases in urban and rural areas of Ludhiana, Punjab</article-title><source>Indian J Community Med</source><year>2005</year><volume>30</volume><fpage>128</fpage><lpage>9</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Joshipura</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Ritchie</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Douglass</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Strength of evidence linking oral conditions and systemic disease</article-title><source>Compend Contin Educ Dent Supp l</source><year>2000</year><volume>30</volume><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>23</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Joshipura</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Douglass</surname><given-names>CW</given-names></name><name><surname>Willett</surname><given-names>WC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Possible explanations for the tooth loss and cardiovascular disease relationship</article-title><source>Ann Periodontal</source><year>1998</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>175</fpage><lpage>83</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ganong</surname><given-names>WF</given-names></name></person-group><source>Review of medical physiology</source><year>2001</year><edition>20th ed</edition><publisher-loc>Stamford</publisher-loc><publisher-name>McGraw Hill</publisher-name><fpage>1226</fpage><lpage>41</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sheiham</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Steele</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name><name><surname>Marcenes</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Finch</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Walls</surname><given-names>AW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The relationship between oral health status and Body Mass Index among older people: A national survey of older people in Great Britain</article-title><source>Br Dent J</source><year>2002</year><volume>192</volume><fpage>703</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12125796</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Zahrani</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Bissada</surname><given-names>NF</given-names></name><name><surname>Borawskit</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Obesity and periodontal disease in young, middle-aged, and older adults</article-title><source>J Periodontol</source><year>2003</year><volume>74</volume><fpage>610</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12816292</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><source>Statistical Outlines of Himachal Pradesh 2007-08; economics and statistical department Himachal Pradesh-39<sup>th</sup> Series</source></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>World Health Organization</collab><article-title>Community periodontal index</article-title><source>Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods</source><year>1997</year><edition>4th ed</edition><publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc><publisher-name>WHO</publisher-name><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>66</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bulman</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Osborn</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Measuring diagnostic consistency</article-title><source>Br Dent J</source><year>1989</year><volume>166</volume><fpage>377</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2736171</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ojima</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hanioka</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Inoshita</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Aoyama</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Relationship between smoking status and periodontal conditions: Findings from national databases in Japan</article-title><source>J Periodontal Res</source><year>2006</year><volume>41</volume><fpage>573</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17076784</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ekuni</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Yamamoto</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Koyama</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsuneishi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Naito</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Tobe</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Relationship between body mass index and periodontitis in young Japanese adults</article-title><source>J Periodontal Res</source><year>2008</year><volume>43</volume><fpage>417</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18942190</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reeves</surname><given-names>AF</given-names></name><name><surname>Rees</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Schiff</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hujoel</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Total body weight and waist circumference associated with chronic periodontitis among adolescents in the United States</article-title><source>Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med</source><year>2006</year><volume>160</volume><fpage>894</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16953012</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bali</surname><given-names>RK</given-names></name><name><surname>Mathur</surname><given-names>VB</given-names></name><name><surname>Talwar</surname><given-names>PP</given-names></name><name><surname>Chanana</surname><given-names>HB</given-names></name></person-group><source>National oral health survey and fluoride mapping 2002-2003, Rajasthan</source><year>2004</year><publisher-loc>New Delhi</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Dental Council of India</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baelum</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Pisuithanakan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Teanpaisan</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Pithpornchaiyakul</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Pongpaisal</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Papapanou</surname><given-names>PN</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Periodontal conditions among adults in Southern Thailand</article-title><source>J Periodontal Res</source><year>2003</year><volume>38</volume><fpage>156</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12608910</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>HY</given-names></name><name><surname>Petersen</surname><given-names>PE</given-names></name><name><surname>Bian</surname><given-names>JY</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>BX</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The second national survey of oral health status of children and adults in China</article-title><source>Int Dent J</source><year>2002</year><volume>52</volume><fpage>283</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12212817</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Miyazaki</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Pilot</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Leclercq</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Barmes</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Profiles of periodontal conditions in adults measured by CPITN</article-title><source>Int Dent J</source><year>1991</year><volume>41</volume><fpage>74</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1709619</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hyppönen</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Power</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>GD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prenatal growth, BMI, and risk of type 2 diabetes by early midlife</article-title><source>Diabetes Care</source><year>2003</year><volume>26</volume><fpage>2512</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12941711</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salekzamani</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Shirmohammadi</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Rahbar</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Shakouri</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Nayebi</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Association between Human Body Composition and Periodontal Disease</article-title><source>ISRN Dent</source><year>2011</year><volume>2011</volume><fpage>8638</fpage><lpage>47</lpage></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 0031979 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 0031979 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= EdenteV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |