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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Gender determination by radiographic analysis of mental foramen in the Maharashtra population of India</title><author><name sortKey="Suragimath, Girish" sort="Suragimath, Girish" uniqKey="Suragimath G" first="Girish" last="Suragimath">Girish Suragimath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashwinirani, S R" sort="Ashwinirani, S R" uniqKey="Ashwinirani S" first="S. R." last="Ashwinirani">S. R. Ashwinirani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Christopher, Vineetha" sort="Christopher, Vineetha" uniqKey="Christopher V" first="Vineetha" last="Christopher">Vineetha Christopher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><italic>Oral Pathologist, Stem Cell Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundataion, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bijjargi, Shobha" sort="Bijjargi, Shobha" uniqKey="Bijjargi S" first="Shobha" last="Bijjargi">Shobha Bijjargi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><italic>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, MIDSR Dental College, Latur, Maharashtra, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pawar, Renuka" sort="Pawar, Renuka" uniqKey="Pawar R" first="Renuka" last="Pawar">Renuka Pawar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><italic>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nayak, Ajay" sort="Nayak, Ajay" uniqKey="Nayak A" first="Ajay" last="Nayak">Ajay Nayak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28123279</idno><idno type="pmc">5210112</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5210112</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5210112</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/0975-1475.195114</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003144</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003144</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Gender determination by radiographic analysis of mental foramen in the Maharashtra population of India</title><author><name sortKey="Suragimath, Girish" sort="Suragimath, Girish" uniqKey="Suragimath G" first="Girish" last="Suragimath">Girish Suragimath</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashwinirani, S R" sort="Ashwinirani, S R" uniqKey="Ashwinirani S" first="S. R." last="Ashwinirani">S. R. Ashwinirani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Christopher, Vineetha" sort="Christopher, Vineetha" uniqKey="Christopher V" first="Vineetha" last="Christopher">Vineetha Christopher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><italic>Oral Pathologist, Stem Cell Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundataion, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bijjargi, Shobha" sort="Bijjargi, Shobha" uniqKey="Bijjargi S" first="Shobha" last="Bijjargi">Shobha Bijjargi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><italic>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, MIDSR Dental College, Latur, Maharashtra, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pawar, Renuka" sort="Pawar, Renuka" uniqKey="Pawar R" first="Renuka" last="Pawar">Renuka Pawar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><italic>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nayak, Ajay" sort="Nayak, Ajay" uniqKey="Nayak A" first="Ajay" last="Nayak">Ajay Nayak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">0975-1475</idno><idno type="eISSN">0975-2137</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Context:</title><p>Identification of gender is of primary importance in forensic investigations when only fragment of skull remains. Mandible is a hard bone and exhibits a high degree of sexual dimorphism. Gender differences were observed in the height of mandible, gonial angle, bigonial breadth, bicondylar breadth, and position of mental foramen (MF).</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Aims of the Study:</title><p>The purpose of this study is to evaluate gender differences in distances from superior border of MF (SMF) and inferior border of MF (IMF) to the lower border of mandible (LBM) and height of mandible in the Maharashtra population.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>A total of 400 patients (200 males and 200 females) were considered for the study. The panoramic radiographs of patients were captured using Xtropan 2000 system and Carestream (T-Mat GIRA) films. The distance from SMF and IMF to the LBM and the height of mandible was measured.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Statistical Analysis Used:</title><p>Unpaired <italic>t</italic>-test was applied to calculate the differences between the genders.</p></sec><sec id="st5"><title>Results:</title><p>The distance from SMF and IMF to LBM and height of mandible was more in males when compared to females, which was statistically significant.</p></sec><sec id="st6"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The distances from SMF and IMF to the LBM and height of the mandible showed sexual dimorphism in the Maharashtra population of India.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pramod, Jb" uniqKey="Pramod J">JB Pramod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marya, A" uniqKey="Marya A">A Marya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, V" uniqKey="Sharma V">V Sharma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Forensic Dent Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Forensic Dent Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JFDS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0975-1475</issn><issn pub-type="epub">0975-2137</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28123279</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5210112</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JFDS-8-176</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0975-1475.195114</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Gender determination by radiographic analysis of mental foramen in the Maharashtra population of India</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Suragimath</surname><given-names>Girish</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ashwinirani</surname><given-names>S. R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Christopher</surname><given-names>Vineetha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bijjargi</surname><given-names>Shobha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pawar</surname><given-names>Renuka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nayak</surname><given-names>Ajay</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><italic>Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India</italic></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>1</label><italic>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India</italic></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>2</label><italic>Oral Pathologist, Stem Cell Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundataion, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</italic></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>3</label><italic>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, MIDSR Dental College, Latur, Maharashtra, India</italic></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>4</label><italic>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India</italic></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence: </bold><italic>Dr. S. R. Ashwinirani, Department Oral Medicine and Radiology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, Satara, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="drashwiniranisr@gmail.com">drashwiniranisr@gmail.com</email></italic></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Sep-Dec</season><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>176</fpage><lpage>176</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Context:</title><p>Identification of gender is of primary importance in forensic investigations when only fragment of skull remains. Mandible is a hard bone and exhibits a high degree of sexual dimorphism. Gender differences were observed in the height of mandible, gonial angle, bigonial breadth, bicondylar breadth, and position of mental foramen (MF).</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Aims of the Study:</title><p>The purpose of this study is to evaluate gender differences in distances from superior border of MF (SMF) and inferior border of MF (IMF) to the lower border of mandible (LBM) and height of mandible in the Maharashtra population.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>A total of 400 patients (200 males and 200 females) were considered for the study. The panoramic radiographs of patients were captured using Xtropan 2000 system and Carestream (T-Mat GIRA) films. The distance from SMF and IMF to the LBM and the height of mandible was measured.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Statistical Analysis Used:</title><p>Unpaired <italic>t</italic>-test was applied to calculate the differences between the genders.</p></sec><sec id="st5"><title>Results:</title><p>The distance from SMF and IMF to LBM and height of mandible was more in males when compared to females, which was statistically significant.</p></sec><sec id="st6"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The distances from SMF and IMF to the LBM and height of the mandible showed sexual dimorphism in the Maharashtra population of India.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Key words</title><kwd>Forensic odontology</kwd><kwd>lower border of mandible</kwd><kwd>mental foramen</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Identification of person using metric and morphometric parameters of dental structures is very important in forensic sciences. In human bone, skull and pelvis are the most reliable sources for sex determination. When only skull remnants are remaining, the identification of person becomes difficult, and in such cases, mandibular structures play a vital role. The morphological features of mandible show changes with reference to age, gender, and race.</p><p>Variations in dental characteristics such as crown, root morphology, presence of decayed, missing teeth, and degree of root formation aid in identification of person.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] Mandible is the hardest and most durable bone of the skull, exhibiting a high degree of sexual dimorphism.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] Studies have shown differences between gender in the height of mandible, gonial angle, bigonial breadth, bicondylar breadth, and position of mental foramen (MF).[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref><xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref><xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref><xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</p><p>The radiographs are indispensable tools that also aid in forensic investigations. The utilization of radiographs for identification is valuable if sufficient antemortem records are available. Radiographically, MF appears as either round, oblong, slit-like or very irregular radiolucent area which is partially or completely corticated. MF is located in the body of mandible midway between the inferior and alveolar margins. Panoramic radiographs (orthopantomogram [OPG]) show bilateral location MF, mandibular foramen, ramus, angle, and body of the mandible. OPG allows more accurate location of the MF in both horizontal and vertical dimensions.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</p><p>Data available for gender determination based on location MF in relation to lower border of mandible (LBM) and height of mandible using radiographs are sparse. In this background, the present study was designed to evaluate the differences in measurements from superior border of MF (SMF) and inferior border of MF (IMF) to the LBM and the height of mandible using OPG.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>A prospective study consisting of 465 patients in the age group between 20 and 40 years undergoing conventional OPG for diagnostic, periodontal, surgical, or orthodontic purposes recruited from the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology was carried out. The study patients were explained about the objectives of the study, and informed consent was obtained before enrolling them in the study. The study was conducted during March 2014–January 2015 after obtaining the Institutional Ethical Clearance from Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University. All OPGs were captured using Xtropan 2000 system (tube potential: 50–85 KV, tube current: 12 mA, and time: 14 s) using Carestream (T-Mat GIRA) films. The magnification factor reported by the manufacturer was 1.2.</p><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Inclusion criteria</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Patients aged 20 years and above</p></list-item><list-item><p>High-quality OPG with respect to angulation and contrast.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="sec2-2"><title>Exclusion criteria</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Patients who have undergone surgical intervention and orthognathic surgery of the mandible</p></list-item><list-item><p>Patients with radiolucent and radiopaque lesions in the mandible</p></list-item><list-item><p>Patients with congenital anomaly and periodontal lesions in the mandible</p></list-item><list-item><p>Patients suffering from malignancies of mandible and tongue</p></list-item><list-item><p>Patients with missing lower molars and premolars</p></list-item><list-item><p>Diffuse, unidentified MF appearance on the OPG.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Out of 465 OPG radiographs, only 400 radiographs with Type II MF (200 males and 200 females) were considered as 65 radiographs did not meet the selection criteria. MF was classified according to Yosue and Brooks classification.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]</p><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Type I: Mental canal is continuous with the mandibular canal</p></list-item><list-item><p>Type II: Foramen is distinctly separated from the mandibular canal</p></list-item><list-item><p>Type III: Diffuse with a distinct border of the foramen</p></list-item><list-item><p>Type IV: Unidentified type, in which the MF cannot be identified on panoramic radiographs under ordinary exposure and viewing conditions.</p></list-item></list></p><p>After locating the MF on OPG, tangents were drawn from SMF, IMF, alveolar crest (AC), and LBM. Perpendiculars were drawn from tangents SMF, IMF, and AC to the LBM bilaterally using a marker pen. A single calibrated researcher recorded the measurements from SMF-LBM, IMF-LBM, and AC-LBM (height of mandible) bilaterally using Vernier caliper [Figures <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>].</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Orthopantomogram showing location of mental foramen bilaterally</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JFDS-8-176-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Orthopantomogram showing the measurements of height of mandible, inferior border of mental foramen–lower border of mandible, and superior border of mental foramen–lower border of mandible</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JFDS-8-176-g002"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="sec2-3"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Statistical analysis was performed that included mean and standard deviations on the right and left sides in both genders. Statistical calculations were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 19 (Armonk, New York: IBM. Corporation). Mean values were calculated and unpaired <italic>t</italic>-test was applied to see the significant differences; <italic>P</italic> < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>Results</title><p>The measurements from AC, SMF, and IMF to LBM were calculated and compared on the right and left side of an individual in both gender.</p><p>The distance from SMF to LBM on the left side in males was slightly more (17.1 mm) than the right side (17.3 mm), with no significant difference [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Distance from superior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible in males</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JFDS-8-176-g003"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The distance from SMF to LBM on the right side (15.2 mm) in females was more than the left side (15.6 mm), with a significant difference [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Distances from superior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible in females</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JFDS-8-176-g004"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The average distance from SMF to LBM in males was 17.3 mm and in females was 15.4 mm. The comparison between the genders showed statistically very high significant differences [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Comparison of distances from superior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible between genders</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JFDS-8-176-g005"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The distance from IMF to LBM on the left side in males was slightly more than the right side, with no significant differences [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Distances from inferior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible in males</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JFDS-8-176-g006"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The distance from IMF to LBM on the right side in females was more than the left side, with no significant differences [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">Table 5</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Distances from inferior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible in females</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JFDS-8-176-g007"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The average distance from IMF to LBM in males was 11.8 mm and in females 11.4 mm. The comparison between the genders showed statistically highly significant differences [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">Table 6</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Comparison of distance from inferior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible between genders</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JFDS-8-176-g008"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The height of mandible (AC to LBM) in males on the right side was 29.2 mm and on the left side 28.4 mm, whereas in females, 21.1 on the right side and 21.3 mm on the left side. The total mean height of mandible in males was 28.8 mm and in females was 21.2 mm, and comparison showed statistically extremely significant differences [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T7">Table 7</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T7" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Comparison of height of mandible between genders</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JFDS-8-176-g009"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>Discussion</title><p>Gender determination is an important aspect of forensic sciences and many studies have been conducted using lip prints, figure prints, palatoscopy, blood grouping, polymerase chain reaction, canine teeth dimorphism, and DNA analysis in different populations of India.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref><xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</p><p>Forensic dentists can assist other experts to determine sex and age of the remains by using teeth and skull.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref><xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] Forensic odontology plays an important role in establishing the sex of the victims with bodies mutilated beyond recognition due to major mass disasters.</p><p>The LBM was selected as reference point in our study as the distance from MF to LBM remains relatively constant throughout life.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref><xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</p><p>In the present study, the mean values of SMF to LBM and IMF to LBM were significantly higher in males as compared to females, which were in accordance with Mahima <italic>et al</italic>.'s study conducted in South Indian population,[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] Chandra <italic>et al</italic>.'s study conducted in North Indian population,[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] Thomas <italic>et al</italic>. and Catovie <italic>et al</italic>.'s studies conducted in different parts of the world.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref><xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] On the contrary, Vodanovic <italic>et al</italic>. found that the mean value of IMF to LBM does not exhibit sexual dimorphism.[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] The differences observed in our study may be due to racial differences of our study population.</p><p>The distances SMF to LBM and IMF to LBM did not show any difference on the right and left sides of an individual, except the distance from SMF to LBM, which was more on the right side in females. The results were in accordance with Thomas <italic>et al</italic>.'s study where they found that distances from SMF to LBM and IMF to LBM were same on both sides.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] Therefore, the distances SMF to LBM and IMF to LBM from any of the sides can be used as a representative for gender discrimination.</p><p>In the present study, height of mandible in the premolar region on the right side was slightly more than left side in males, which was not statistically significant. The height of mandible in the premolar region on the left side was more than the right side in females, which was not statistically significant. Therefore, height of mandible in premolar region on either right or left side can be used for identification of person.</p><p>The total mean height (right and left sides) in the premolar region of mandible in males (28.8 ± 3.3) was more than the females (21.2 ± 1.9). The difference in the height of mandible was statistically highly significant. The results of present study are consistent with other studies conducted in different population of the world.[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref><xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec1-5"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Based on the results of this study, we would like to conclude that the height of mandible and distances from SMF to LBM and IMF to LBM exhibits sexual dimorphism in the Maharashtra population of India. The measurements compared between right and left sides of an individual do not show any difference denoting that either right or left side of the mandible can be used for identification of gender.</p><sec id="sec2-4"><title>Financial support and sponsorship</title><p>Nil.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-5" sec-type="COI-statement"><title>Conflicts of interest</title><p>There are no conflicts of interest.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pramod</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Marya</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Role of forensic odontologist in post mortem person identification</article-title><source>Dent Res J 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