Prognosis following dental implant treatment under general anesthesia in patients with special needs
Identifieur interne : 003093 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 003092; suivant : 003094Prognosis following dental implant treatment under general anesthesia in patients with special needs
Auteurs : Il-Hyung Kim ; Tae Seong Kuk ; Sang Yoon Park ; Yong-Suk Choi ; Hyun Jeong Kim ; Kwang-Suk SeoSource :
- Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine [ 2383-9309 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
This study retrospectively investigated outcomes following dental implantation in patients with special needs who required general anesthesia to enable treatment.
Patients underwent implant treatment under general anesthesia at the Clinic for the Disabled in Seoul National University Dental Hospital between January 2004 and June 2017. The study analyzed medical records and radiographs. Implant survival rates were calculated by applying criteria for success or failure.
Of 19 patients in the study, 8 were males and 11 were females, with a mean age of 32.9 years. The patients included 11 with mental retardation, 3 with autism, 2 with cerebral palsy, 2 with schizophrenia, and 1 with a brain disorder; 2 patients also had seizure disorders. All were incapable of oral self-care due to serious cognitive impairment and could not cooperate with normal dental treatment. A total of 27 rounds of general anesthesia and 1 round of intravenous sedation were performed for implant surgery. Implant placement was performed in 3 patients whose prosthesis records could not be found, while 3 other patients had less than 1 year of follow-up after prosthetic treatment. When the criteria for implant success or failure were applied in 13 remaining patients, 3 implant failures occurred in 59 total treatments. The cumulative survival rate of implants over an average of 43.3 months (15-116 months) was 94.9%.
For patients with severe cognitive impairment who are incapable of oral self-care, implant treatment under general anesthesia showed a favorable prognosis.
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DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2017.17.3.205
PubMed: 29090251
PubMed Central: 5647824
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Prognosis following dental implant treatment under general anesthesia in patients with special needs</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Il Hyung" sort="Kim, Il Hyung" uniqKey="Kim I" first="Il-Hyung" last="Kim">Il-Hyung Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuk, Tae Seong" sort="Kuk, Tae Seong" uniqKey="Kuk T" first="Tae Seong" last="Kuk">Tae Seong Kuk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Sang Yoon" sort="Park, Sang Yoon" uniqKey="Park S" first="Sang Yoon" last="Park">Sang Yoon Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Yong Suk" sort="Choi, Yong Suk" uniqKey="Choi Y" first="Yong-Suk" last="Choi">Yong-Suk Choi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hyun Jeong" sort="Kim, Hyun Jeong" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hyun Jeong" last="Kim">Hyun Jeong Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seo, Kwang Suk" sort="Seo, Kwang Suk" uniqKey="Seo K" first="Kwang-Suk" last="Seo">Kwang-Suk Seo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">29090251</idno><idno type="pmc">5647824</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5647824</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5647824</idno><idno type="doi">10.17245/jdapm.2017.17.3.205</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003093</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003093</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Prognosis following dental implant treatment under general anesthesia in patients with special needs</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Il Hyung" sort="Kim, Il Hyung" uniqKey="Kim I" first="Il-Hyung" last="Kim">Il-Hyung Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuk, Tae Seong" sort="Kuk, Tae Seong" uniqKey="Kuk T" first="Tae Seong" last="Kuk">Tae Seong Kuk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Sang Yoon" sort="Park, Sang Yoon" uniqKey="Park S" first="Sang Yoon" last="Park">Sang Yoon Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Yong Suk" sort="Choi, Yong Suk" uniqKey="Choi Y" first="Yong-Suk" last="Choi">Yong-Suk Choi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hyun Jeong" sort="Kim, Hyun Jeong" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hyun Jeong" last="Kim">Hyun Jeong Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seo, Kwang Suk" sort="Seo, Kwang Suk" uniqKey="Seo K" first="Kwang-Suk" last="Seo">Kwang-Suk Seo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">2383-9309</idno><idno type="eISSN">2383-9317</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>This study retrospectively investigated outcomes following dental implantation in patients with special needs who required general anesthesia to enable treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Patients underwent implant treatment under general anesthesia at the Clinic for the Disabled in Seoul National University Dental Hospital between January 2004 and June 2017. The study analyzed medical records and radiographs. Implant survival rates were calculated by applying criteria for success or failure.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Of 19 patients in the study, 8 were males and 11 were females, with a mean age of 32.9 years. The patients included 11 with mental retardation, 3 with autism, 2 with cerebral palsy, 2 with schizophrenia, and 1 with a brain disorder; 2 patients also had seizure disorders. All were incapable of oral self-care due to serious cognitive impairment and could not cooperate with normal dental treatment. A total of 27 rounds of general anesthesia and 1 round of intravenous sedation were performed for implant surgery. Implant placement was performed in 3 patients whose prosthesis records could not be found, while 3 other patients had less than 1 year of follow-up after prosthetic treatment. When the criteria for implant success or failure were applied in 13 remaining patients, 3 implant failures occurred in 59 total treatments. The cumulative survival rate of implants over an average of 43.3 months (15-116 months) was 94.9%.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>For patients with severe cognitive impairment who are incapable of oral self-care, implant treatment under general anesthesia showed a favorable prognosis.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gabre, P" uniqKey="Gabre P">P Gabre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinsson, T" uniqKey="Martinsson T">T Martinsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gahnberg, L" uniqKey="Gahnberg L">L Gahnberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anders, Pl" uniqKey="Anders P">PL Anders</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, El" uniqKey="Davis E">EL Davis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Rh" uniqKey="Cheng R">RH Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, Wk" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Dent Anesth Pain Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Dent Anesth Pain Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JDAPM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2383-9309</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2383-9317</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">29090251</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5647824</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17245/jdapm.2017.17.3.205</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Prognosis following dental implant treatment under general anesthesia in patients with special needs</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1386-6391</contrib-id><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Il-hyung</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9804-7162</contrib-id><name><surname>Kuk</surname><given-names>Tae Seong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7624-3373</contrib-id><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Sang Yoon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8618-4100</contrib-id><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>Yong-suk</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9265-7549</contrib-id><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Hyun Jeong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5906-0639</contrib-id><name><surname>Seo</surname><given-names>Kwang-Suk</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding Author: Kwang-Suk Seo, Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2072-0622, Fax: +82-2-766-9427, <email>stone90@snu.ac.kr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>9</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>9</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>205</fpage><lpage>213</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>8</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>11</day><month>9</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>9</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>This study retrospectively investigated outcomes following dental implantation in patients with special needs who required general anesthesia to enable treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Patients underwent implant treatment under general anesthesia at the Clinic for the Disabled in Seoul National University Dental Hospital between January 2004 and June 2017. The study analyzed medical records and radiographs. Implant survival rates were calculated by applying criteria for success or failure.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Of 19 patients in the study, 8 were males and 11 were females, with a mean age of 32.9 years. The patients included 11 with mental retardation, 3 with autism, 2 with cerebral palsy, 2 with schizophrenia, and 1 with a brain disorder; 2 patients also had seizure disorders. All were incapable of oral self-care due to serious cognitive impairment and could not cooperate with normal dental treatment. A total of 27 rounds of general anesthesia and 1 round of intravenous sedation were performed for implant surgery. Implant placement was performed in 3 patients whose prosthesis records could not be found, while 3 other patients had less than 1 year of follow-up after prosthetic treatment. When the criteria for implant success or failure were applied in 13 remaining patients, 3 implant failures occurred in 59 total treatments. The cumulative survival rate of implants over an average of 43.3 months (15-116 months) was 94.9%.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>For patients with severe cognitive impairment who are incapable of oral self-care, implant treatment under general anesthesia showed a favorable prognosis.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Dental Implants</kwd><kwd>Disabled Persons</kwd><kwd>General Anesthesia</kwd><kwd>Prognosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Patients with poor dental treatment compliance due to mental disability are known to have poor oral hygiene [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. Studies have reported that patients with intellectual disability have a higher prevalence and greater severity of periodontal diseases than the general population [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. These patients require comprehensive dental treatment, but do not appear to be receiving proper dental treatment at the proper time. This is supported by various studies reporting that patients with mental disabilities have more decayed teeth than the general population, but fewer filled teeth and more missing teeth [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Consequently, prosthetic treatments are needed for recovery of missing teeth in patients with mental disabilities. However, they have greater difficulty with use of a removable prosthesis than the general population. Acclimation to a removable prosthesis is more difficult than for a fixed prosthesis, and the wear and removal maneuvers that patients must perform may be challenging. Therefore, use of fixed partial dentures after implant placement may be recommended as a method for providing high quality dental care for these patients [<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>].</p><p>However, performing implant treatments on patients with poor compliance may require several rounds of intravenous sedation or general anesthesia, which also results in higher cost. Moreover, it is difficult to recommend implant treatment for cases in which it is difficult to predict the life of the implant due to poor self-care.</p><p>Our hospital operates the Clinic for the Disabled and is equipped to perform dental treatment under general anesthesia. Implant treatment has been performed in several patients with special care needs at the request of their guardians. The present study analyzed the outcomes and success rates of dental implant treatment under general anesthesia in these patients. The findings will be used to establish future treatment plans and provide high-quality care for patients with special needs.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>METHODS</title><p>The present study was conducted after approval from the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University School of Dentistry (IRB No. S-D20170037). The study included outpatients who underwent implant treatment under general anesthesia at the Clinic for the Disabled in Seoul National University Dental Hospital between January 2004 and June 2017.</p><p>The Seoul National University Dental Hospital database was searched for general anesthesia and implant treatment-related order codes for the study period, and a total of 43 patients were identified. Of these, 20 who required general anesthesia for dental phobia or a severe gag reflex were excluded since they were capable of oral self-care. Four patients who did not proceed with planned implant treatment under general anesthesia for various reasons were also excluded. Ultimately, a total of 19 patients were identified and their implant treatment details were investigated and analyzed by accessing medical records and radiographs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p><p>Items investigated included age, sex, type of disability, presence of oral parafunctional habits, method of anesthesia used for implant surgery and prosthetic treatment, location of installed implant fixture, diameter and length of the implant fixture, surgical procedure used for implant placement, types of prostheses, surgery- or prosthesis-related complications, and subjective patient symptoms.</p><p>The extent of marginal bone resorption was evaluated by a single oral and maxillofacial surgeon using periapical and panoramic radiographs. Radiographic imaging was performed immediately after implant placement, after implant abutment connection, after loading, and during regular visits. The interval between regular visits was set as 3-4 months during the first year following prosthesis loading if there were no specific issues, and 6-12 months thereafter.</p><p>The success criteria reported by Albrektsson and Isidor [<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] and the failure criteria reported by Albrektsson and Sennerby [<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] were used to obtain the survival rate of implants. The implant was considered a failure if any one of 4 criteria used in this study was met (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>). Cumulative survival rates were calculated.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>RESULTS</title><p>Of 19 patients in this study, 8 were males and 11 were females, with a mean age of 32.9 yrs. The patients included 11 with mental retardation, 3 with autism, 2 with cerebral palsy, 2 with schizophrenia, and 1 with a brain disorder; 2 patients also had seizure disorders. A total of 27 rounds of general anesthesia and 1 round of intravenous sedation were performed until all implant surgeries were completed, while an additional 7 rounds of general anesthesia were performed for subsequent prosthetic treatment on 4 patients with poor compliance. The causative dental diseases that necessitated implant treatment were mostly periodontitis and dental caries, while tooth fracture and maxillary sinusitis also contributed to the need for treatment. A total of 73 implants were placed in 19 patients, while prosthetic treatments were performed using a single implant-supported crown or an implant-supported fixed bridge (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>). The 73 implants had a wide range of diameters and lengths; from 3.3 mm to 5.0 mm and from 7.0 mm to 15 mm, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>).</p><p>With respect to surgical procedures used for implant placement, a conventional method was used most commonly in 28 cases, followed in order by a 1-step procedure in 12 cases, a conventional method with guided bone regeneration (GBR) in 11, immediate placement with GBR in 7, a 1-step procedure with GBR in 5, immediate placement with a 1-step procedure in 4, a conventional method with sinus lift in 3, a 1-step procedure with sinus lift in 2, and immediate placement in 1.</p><p>The cumulative survival rate was evaluated for 59 implants in 13 patients who participated in at least 1 year of follow-up after completion of implant prosthetic treatment. Among the 19 patients, 3 had not passed the 1-year mark since their prosthetic treatment, while 3 did not undergo prosthetic treatment following implant surgery or did not undergo prosthetic treatment at our hospital, which made it impossible to evaluate the prosthesis. The average time required from implant placement to completion of prosthetic treatment in these patients was 7.7 months (3-27 months), while the average follow-up period following completion of prosthetic treatment was 43.3 months (15-116 months). In the pre-prosthodontic treatment phase, 1 implant fixture was considered a failed case for not achieving osseointegration, resulting in a survival rate of 98.3%. In the post-prosthodontic treatment phase, 2 implants showed failure associated with marginal bone resorption of ≥1.5 mm within 1 year from prosthesis loading, resulting in a cumulative survival rate of 94.9% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4</xref>).</p><p>Oral parafunctional habits such as involuntary mandibular movement and muscular hyperfunction were found in 4 patients, but these did not lead to implant failure. Although there were some minor prosthodontic complications, including screw loosening and discomfort from poorly-fitting prostheses, there were no major complications associated with the implant procedure.</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Patients with mental disabilities face many difficulties in relation to implant treatment. Treatment of patients with poor compliance requires the use of general anesthesia or intravenous sedation, which is only possible if a proper facility, equipment, and personnel are available. Moreover, patients who have difficulty with self-care are known to have poor oral hygiene; since little information pertaining to prognosis following implant treatment is available, it is difficult for dentists to choose an implant procedure as part of the treatment. Furthermore, for patients with serious medical conditions, lack of knowledge about patient characteristics and fear of possible medical emergencies can limit the treatments provided by dentists [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. For these reasons, implant treatment has been excluded in most cases involving patients with mental disability.</p><p>Generally, poor oral hygiene with an O'Leary plaque index of ≥20% is a contraindication for implant treatment. However, The O'Leary plaque indices in patients with intellectual disabilities are reported at levels ranging from 60.2% to 100%. Such facts would have made dentists negatively consider implant treatment for them [<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>].</p><p>Nevertheless, several reports have been published after completing dental implant treatment for patients with mental disabilities. In 1995, Rogers et al. [<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] reported a case in which positive results were obtained by placing 4 implants in the mandible of a patient with cerebral palsy under general anesthesia and completing prosthodontic treatment via implant overdenture. In 2000, Heckmann et al. [<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] placed 2, 3, and 4 implants in the mandibles of 3 patients with Parkinson's disease and achieved remarkable improvement in chewing function through fabrication of implant-supported prostheses, while also achieving reduction in gastrointestinal symptoms. Lustig et al. [<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] published a case report in 2002 in which placement of 3 implants and prosthetic restoration were successfully completed on a Down's syndrome patient. According to a 2003 study by Lopez et al. [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>], placement of 67 implants in 18 patients with cerebral palsy, head injuries, pyknodysostosis, Down's syndrome, Rieger syndrome, and dementia resulted in only 4 implant failures in 3 patients during the osseointegration stage, with no other recorded failure upon completion of fixed prosthesis oral rehabilitation.</p><p>Implant treatment has continued to evolve, broadening the range of indications for its use. Studies have reported no differences in implant treatment outcomes between medically compromised and healthy patients, and even patients aged 79 years or older can undergo implant treatment if medically stable [<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. There are virtually no absolute medical contraindications for implant treatment, although individualized medical management is required for conditions that may increase the risk of treatment failure or complications throughout all stages of implant treatment [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. There have also been advances in implant surgery techniques. Since the introduction of the 2-stage surgical procedure by Branemark et al. [<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>], use of a 1-stage surgical procedure that skips the second-stage surgery for implant exposure is also known to produce excellent outcomes [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. Even in cases where immediate placement is performed without a post-extraction healing period, a similar level of treatment outcomes was seen, as compared to cases with delayed placement [<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>].</p><p>In 2008, Isaksson et al. [<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] reported that treatment using implant-supported prostheses in 35 patients incapable of oral self-care was performed without any cases of fixture mobility or prosthesis fracture among 229 implants, while there were only 15 cases of intraoral fixture exposure, 1 of purulent exudate, and 2 of peri-implant gingival hyperplasia. In 2009, Kim et al. [<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] found that there were no significant associations between psychiatric diseases and implant complication and failure rates. Based on these study results, it is assumed that treatment using implants is feasible for mentally disabled patients with poor oral hygiene.</p><p>The 19 patients in the present study had mental disabilities that compromised compliance with treatment, but appropriate implant fixture installation was possible under general anesthesia. In 1 patient, implant placement was performed with 2 rounds of general anesthesia, but a third implant surgery was performed under intravenous sedation. This was based on good treatment compliance observed in the postoperative outpatient examination room. Moreover, 15 of 19 patients were able to undergo implant prosthetic treatment without general anesthesia. Accordingly, the surgeon should decide the need for general anesthesia by identifying the level of treatment compliance following the implant placement procedure.</p><p>The number of times that general anesthesia was performed was reduced by performing immediate placement, in which all procedures from extraction to implant placement was performed under a single round of general anesthesia, or by using a 1 step-procedure during implant placement [<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]. To accomplish this, it was necessary to evaluate bone quality via computed tomography (CT) when establishing a preoperative treatment plan. However, it is often difficult to acquire radiographic images in patients who lack treatment compliance. Successful CT imaging using deep sedation with propofol, with consultation from a dental anesthesiologist, has been reported [<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]. A more precise preoperative plan can reduce the number of times that general anesthesia is performed. Among 13 patients in whom the failure criteria were applied, 3 of 59 implants failed. Of these, 1 implant was removed 3 weeks after placement, as osseointegration could not be achieved. However, reinstallation 4 months later was successful; the patient has used that implant and others for a prolonged period without any specific problems (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>). The other 2 cases of failure occurred in the left maxillary second premolar and first molar in a patient with a history of treatment for left maxillary sinusitis. These were considered implant failures based on marginal bone loss of approximately 2.0 mm at these sites in the first year after loading; however, the implants remain in use 2 years since completion of the procedure, without specific problems such as implant mobility or complaint of discomfort. In the present study, the cumulative survival rate of implants was found to be 98.4% and 94.9% during pre- and post-prosthodontic treatment phases, respectively. These results exceeded the cumulative survival rates of 91.4% and 80.5% during pre- and post-prosthodontic treatment phases reported in 2005 by Ekfeldt et al., after placement of 35 implants in 14 patients with neurological impairments [<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]. The cumulative survival rates found in the present study were similar to those from studies in the general population. A study by Romeo et al. in 2004 reported a cumulative survival rate of 95.6-96.1% for single tooth implants and implant-supported fixed partial dentures in a 7-year survey in the general population [<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]. High implant success rates similar to those in healthy patients were achieved in the present study because the patients had no other known risk factors for implant failure, such as osteoporosis or a smoking habit; moreover, the surgeon was able perform procedures in a stable environment since almost all implants were performed under general anesthesia. Therefore, even in patients with impediments to general dental treatment due to lack of compliance, prognoses similar to those in the general population may be expected if implant placement and implant-supported prosthetic treatments are performed under general anesthesia.</p><p>One patient who had been visiting the hospital for the longest period after completion of treatment (9 years and 8 months) was confirmed to have no discomfort associated with the implant. Comparing this patient's panoramic radiographs taken at the first visit and the most recent visit, any radiologic problems could be found, and this indicates good oral rehabilitation had been achieved (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>). 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xlink:href="jdapm-17-205-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><title>A panoramic view of a patient under follow-up for the longest period after completion of implant treatment. When comparing images before (left) and after (right) completion of treatment, there was no loss of marginal bone or radiolucent lesion around the implants.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jdapm-17-205-g002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Criteria for the assessment of implant survival rate derived by Albrektsson and Sennerby [<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] and Albrektsson and Isidor [<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jdapm-17-205-i001"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="100%" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) An individual, unattached implant is mobile when tested clinically.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) A radiograph demonstrates certain evidence of peri-implant radiolucency.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Individual implant performance is characterized by signs and symptoms such as pain, infection, neuropathy, paresthesia, or violation of the mandibular canal.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) A marginal bone resorption of >1.5 mm occurs in the first year after implantation.</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>The occurrence of any of the above is considered an implant failure.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Details of patient distribution and treatment</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jdapm-17-205-i002"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="6%" span="1"></col><col width="6%" span="1"></col><col width="6%" span="1"></col><col width="14%" span="1"></col><col width="12%" span="1"></col><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="8%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Patient No.</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Gender</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Age (y)</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Disability</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Cause of edentulism</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Implant Surgery</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Prosthetic Treatment</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Follow-up (Month)</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Implant Location</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Prosthesis</th></tr><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Anesthetic methods</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Number of G/A or IV/S</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Anesthetic methods</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Number of G/A or IV/S</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="8" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="8" colspan="1">M</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="8" colspan="1">39</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="8" colspan="1">Autism</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="8" colspan="1">Periodontitis<break></break>Dental Caries</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="8" colspan="1">G/A<sup>1</sup></td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="8" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="8" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="8" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="8" colspan="1">56.9</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#15</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#16</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#25</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">FB<sup>4</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#27</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#36</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#37</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#45</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#46</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="7" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="7" colspan="1">F</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="7" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="7" colspan="1">Mental Retardation</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Dental Caries</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="3" colspan="1">119.8</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#31</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#41</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#42</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Dental Caries</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112.9</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#15</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#36<sup>*</sup></td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112.9</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#37</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Periodontitis</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IV/S<sup>2</sup></td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108.3</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#36</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">M</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="5" colspan="1">31</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">Mental Retardation</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">Maxillary<break></break>Sinusitis<break></break>Periodontitis</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="5" colspan="1">27.6</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#24</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#25<sup>**</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#26<sup>**</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#46</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#47</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">M</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">31</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Autism</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Dental Caries</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">31.4</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#46</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#47</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mental Retardation</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dental Caries</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.0</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#26</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="11" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="11" colspan="1">F</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="11" colspan="1">34</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="11" colspan="1">Cerebral Palsy</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="11" colspan="1">Periodontitis</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="11" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="11" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="11" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="11" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="11" colspan="1">69.1</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#14</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#15</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#23</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">FB</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#25</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#31</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">FB</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#32</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#42</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#33</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">FB</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#36</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#43</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">FB</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#46</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">F</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">36</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mental Retardation</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Periodontitis</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.0</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#12</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crown Fracture</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.6</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#21</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">8</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">F</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">42</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mental Retardation</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Root Fracture</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">28.6</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#45</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">FB</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#46</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">9</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">F</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="6" colspan="1">27</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Mental Retardation</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Periodontitis<break></break>Dental Caries</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="6" colspan="1">71.1</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#12</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#13</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#34</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#35</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#43</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">FB</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#45</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mental Retardation Seizure</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dental Caries</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.7</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#21</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">11</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">F</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">29</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Brain Disorder</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Periodontitis<break></break>Dental Caries</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">28.7</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#36</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#37</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">12</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">F</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="3" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Mental Retardation<break></break>Seizure</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Root Fracture</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">28.6</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#11</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#21</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root Fracture</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.1</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#12</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">13</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">F</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">31</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mental Retardation</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Periodontitis</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">20.5</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#45</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#46</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">14</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">F</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="3" colspan="1">62</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Cerebral Palsy</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Periodontitis<break></break>Dental Caries</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="3" colspan="1">12.4</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#44</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#45</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#46</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="10" colspan="1">15</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="10" colspan="1">M</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="10" colspan="1">62</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="10" colspan="1">Schizophrenia</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Periodontitis<break></break>Dental Caries</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="10" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="6" colspan="1">31.1</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#14</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#24</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#34</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#44</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#46</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#47</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Periodontitis<break></break>Dental Caries</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="4" colspan="1">31.0</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#15</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">FB</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#17</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#35</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">FB</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#37</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">16</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">M</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="4" colspan="1">32</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Mental Retardation</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Periodontitis</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="4" colspan="1">15.8</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#24</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#26</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#46</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SC</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#47</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Autism</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Periodontitis</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#37</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not known</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">18</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">F</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">55</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Schizophrenia</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Periodontitis</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.9</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#15</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Not known</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#16</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mental Retardation</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root Fracture</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/A</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td valign="middle" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">#21</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not yet completed</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup>General Anesthesia, <sup>2</sup>Intravenous Sedation, <sup>3</sup>Single implant-supported crown(s), <sup>4</sup>Implant-supported fixed bridge.</p><p><sup>*</sup>The implant was spontaneously lost within the osseointegration phase and placed again later, <sup>**</sup>The implants were classified as failed by criteria, but still in use.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Distribution of implants according to length and diameter</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jdapm-17-205-i003"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="20%" span="1"></col><col width="16%" span="1"></col><col width="16%" span="1"></col><col width="16%" span="1"></col><col width="16%" span="1"></col><col width="16%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Length (mm)</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Diameter (mm)</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Total</th></tr><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">3.3–3.5</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">3.75–3.8</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">4–4.5</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">4.8–5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="bottom" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8–8.5</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td valign="bottom" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.5–12</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Cumulative survival rate of implants</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jdapm-17-205-i004"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="20%" span="1"></col><col width="20%" span="1"></col><col width="20%" span="1"></col><col width="20%" span="1"></col><col width="20%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Time</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">No. of implants</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">No. of failed</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">Time not passed</th><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(238,238,221)">CSR (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Placement to Loading</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loading to 1 year</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2<sup>*</sup></td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.9</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 to 2 year</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.9</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 to 3 year</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.9</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Longer than 3 year</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.9</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>*</sup>More than 1.5 mm of marginal bone loss was observed within 1 year after the loading.</p><p>CSR: Cumulative survival rate</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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