Evaluation of Morphology and Anatomical Measurement of Nasopalatine Canal Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Identifieur interne : 003066 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 003065; suivant : 003067Evaluation of Morphology and Anatomical Measurement of Nasopalatine Canal Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Auteurs : Mehrdad Panjnoush ; Hamideh Norouzi ; Yasaman Kheirandish ; Ahmad Reza Shamshiri ; Niloufar MofidiSource :
- Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran) [ 1735-2150 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Precise radiographic assessment of the nasopalatine canal is required to prevent implant failure. The purpose of the current study was to determine the three dimensional (3D) morphology, as well as the dimensions of the nasopalatine canal using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, maxillary CBCT images from 300 patients (150 men, 150 women) were retrospectively evaluated. Sagittal and coronal views were reviewed to determine the nasopalatine canal morphology and dimensions. The difference in canal dimensions between men and women was evaluated using the Student’s t-test while the difference in canal morphology between the two sexes was assessed using Chi-square test.
A total of 199 (66.3%) patients had type A canal (cylindrical without a branch), 69 (23%) had type B canal (a canal with a branch in the upper part), and 32 (10.7 %) had type C canal (a canal with a branch in the middle part). Incisive foramen diameter was 4.7±1.11mm on the sagittal section. Alveolar bone width in the anterior part of the canal was 12.3±1.7mm in the upper one third, 10.7±1.7mm in the middle one third, and 9.8±1.4mm in the lower one third. The angle of canal with palate was 109.5±5.7°. On the coronal sections, canal length was 14.1±3.0mm, incisive foramen diameter was 4.6±1.0mm, and canal diameter in the nasal floor was 5.1±1.0mm.
Significant differences in canal morphology were observed among the patients and CBCT was useful in determining nasopalatine canal morphology and its dimensions before implant placement.
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PubMed: 28127321
PubMed Central: 5253222
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of Morphology and Anatomical Measurement of Nasopalatine Canal Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography</title><author><name sortKey="Panjnoush, Mehrdad" sort="Panjnoush, Mehrdad" uniqKey="Panjnoush M" first="Mehrdad" last="Panjnoush">Mehrdad Panjnoush</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1"> Assistant Professor, Head of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norouzi, Hamideh" sort="Norouzi, Hamideh" uniqKey="Norouzi H" first="Hamideh" last="Norouzi">Hamideh Norouzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2"> Dentist, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kheirandish, Yasaman" sort="Kheirandish, Yasaman" uniqKey="Kheirandish Y" first="Yasaman" last="Kheirandish">Yasaman Kheirandish</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF3"> Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shamshiri, Ahmad Reza" sort="Shamshiri, Ahmad Reza" uniqKey="Shamshiri A" first="Ahmad Reza" last="Shamshiri">Ahmad Reza Shamshiri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF4"> Assistant Professor, Department of Community Oral Health, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mofidi, Niloufar" sort="Mofidi, Niloufar" uniqKey="Mofidi N" first="Niloufar" last="Mofidi">Niloufar Mofidi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF5"> Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28127321</idno><idno type="pmc">5253222</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5253222</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5253222</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003066</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003066</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evaluation of Morphology and Anatomical Measurement of Nasopalatine Canal Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography</title><author><name sortKey="Panjnoush, Mehrdad" sort="Panjnoush, Mehrdad" uniqKey="Panjnoush M" first="Mehrdad" last="Panjnoush">Mehrdad Panjnoush</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1"> Assistant Professor, Head of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norouzi, Hamideh" sort="Norouzi, Hamideh" uniqKey="Norouzi H" first="Hamideh" last="Norouzi">Hamideh Norouzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2"> Dentist, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kheirandish, Yasaman" sort="Kheirandish, Yasaman" uniqKey="Kheirandish Y" first="Yasaman" last="Kheirandish">Yasaman Kheirandish</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF3"> Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shamshiri, Ahmad Reza" sort="Shamshiri, Ahmad Reza" uniqKey="Shamshiri A" first="Ahmad Reza" last="Shamshiri">Ahmad Reza Shamshiri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF4"> Assistant Professor, Department of Community Oral Health, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mofidi, Niloufar" sort="Mofidi, Niloufar" uniqKey="Mofidi N" first="Niloufar" last="Mofidi">Niloufar Mofidi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF5"> Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran)</title><idno type="ISSN">1735-2150</idno><idno type="eISSN">2008-2185</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives:</title><p>Precise radiographic assessment of the nasopalatine canal is required to prevent implant failure. The purpose of the current study was to determine the three dimensional (3D) morphology, as well as the dimensions of the nasopalatine canal using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>In this descriptive cross-sectional study, maxillary CBCT images from 300 patients (150 men, 150 women) were retrospectively evaluated. Sagittal and coronal views were reviewed to determine the nasopalatine canal morphology and dimensions. The difference in canal dimensions between men and women was evaluated using the Student’s t-test while the difference in canal morphology between the two sexes was assessed using Chi-square test.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>A total of 199 (66.3%) patients had type A canal (cylindrical without a branch), 69 (23%) had type B canal (a canal with a branch in the upper part), and 32 (10.7 %) had type C canal (a canal with a branch in the middle part). Incisive foramen diameter was 4.7±1.11mm on the sagittal section. Alveolar bone width in the anterior part of the canal was 12.3±1.7mm in the upper one third, 10.7±1.7mm in the middle one third, and 9.8±1.4mm in the lower one third. The angle of canal with palate was 109.5±5.7°. On the coronal sections, canal length was 14.1±3.0mm, incisive foramen diameter was 4.6±1.0mm, and canal diameter in the nasal floor was 5.1±1.0mm.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions:</title><p>Significant differences in canal morphology were observed among the patients and CBCT was useful in determining nasopalatine canal morphology and its dimensions before implant placement.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Teughels, W" uniqKey="Teughels W">W Teughels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Merheb, J" uniqKey="Merheb J">J Merheb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quirynen, M" uniqKey="Quirynen M">M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Dent (Tehran)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Dent (Tehran)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JOD</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">JOD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1735-2150</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2008-2185</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tehran University of Medical Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28127321</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5253222</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jod-13-287</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Evaluation of Morphology and Anatomical Measurement of Nasopalatine Canal Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Panjnoush</surname><given-names>Mehrdad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Norouzi</surname><given-names>Hamideh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kheirandish</surname><given-names>Yasaman</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="C1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shamshiri</surname><given-names>Ahmad Reza</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mofidi</surname><given-names>Niloufar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="AFF1"><label>1</label> Assistant Professor, Head of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="AFF2"><label>2</label> Dentist, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="AFF3"><label>3</label> Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="AFF4"><label>4</label> Assistant Professor, Department of Community Oral Health, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="AFF5"><label>5</label> Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="C1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author: Y. Kheirandish, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, <email>kheirandish@sina.tums.ac.ir</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>287</fpage><lpage>294</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>2</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright© Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objectives:</title><p>Precise radiographic assessment of the nasopalatine canal is required to prevent implant failure. The purpose of the current study was to determine the three dimensional (3D) morphology, as well as the dimensions of the nasopalatine canal using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>In this descriptive cross-sectional study, maxillary CBCT images from 300 patients (150 men, 150 women) were retrospectively evaluated. Sagittal and coronal views were reviewed to determine the nasopalatine canal morphology and dimensions. The difference in canal dimensions between men and women was evaluated using the Student’s t-test while the difference in canal morphology between the two sexes was assessed using Chi-square test.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>A total of 199 (66.3%) patients had type A canal (cylindrical without a branch), 69 (23%) had type B canal (a canal with a branch in the upper part), and 32 (10.7 %) had type C canal (a canal with a branch in the middle part). Incisive foramen diameter was 4.7±1.11mm on the sagittal section. Alveolar bone width in the anterior part of the canal was 12.3±1.7mm in the upper one third, 10.7±1.7mm in the middle one third, and 9.8±1.4mm in the lower one third. The angle of canal with palate was 109.5±5.7°. On the coronal sections, canal length was 14.1±3.0mm, incisive foramen diameter was 4.6±1.0mm, and canal diameter in the nasal floor was 5.1±1.0mm.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions:</title><p>Significant differences in canal morphology were observed among the patients and CBCT was useful in determining nasopalatine canal morphology and its dimensions before implant placement.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Anatomy</kwd><kwd>Cone-Beam Computed Tomography</kwd><kwd>Dental Implants</kwd><kwd>Maxilla</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Nasopalatine canal usually lies in the palatal midline behind the maxillary central incisors. Recently, aesthetic issues have become very important in dental treatment plans and implant surgery and as far as patients are concerned, aesthetics play a more important role than implant function [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>].</p><p>Failure in implantology may cause challenging situations that require implant removal and tissue augmentation [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. Implant contact with neurovascular tissue could result in the loss of osseointegration or development of sensory disorders. Considering these complications, nasopalatine canal morphology and dimensions should be evaluated carefully before dental implant placement [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>].</p><p>In order to minimize complications following implant placement in the incisor area, three-dimensional (3D) configuration of nasopalatine canal, its position in relation to the surrounding structures, alveolar bone morphology, and incisors’ morphological changes in the alveolar bone should be evaluated carefully [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. In addition, when selecting the implant site, important anatomical structures such as nasopalatine canal, incisive and mental foramina, inferior alveolar canal, nasal fossa, and maxillary sinuses should be considered.</p><p>Conventional radiographic techniques such as panoramic and intraoral X-rays do not provide any information about buccolingual width of the alveolar bone, anatomical structures’ condition, or the 3D structure of the selected implant site [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. In addition, modern implant systems depend on advanced imaging modalities, which are helpful in both diagnosing and treatment planning fields. Radiographic evaluation before surgery determines bone quality and quantity in the selected area and is a useful guide for selecting the proper site, number, size, and angle of implants [<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>].</p><p>Implants might be placed in soft tissues, including neurovascular bundle of the nasopalatine canal, which may lead to loss of osseointegration. In order to avoid these complications, an accurate evaluation of the nasopalatine canal and its surrounding bone is necessary, and the distance between the implant site and the adjacent anatomical landmarks should be measured precisely [<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>].</p><p>Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is recommended for 3D visualization of various structures, which are difficult to detect on panoramic and intra-oral views [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. On the other hand, there are no obvious differences between linear measurements on CBCT and direct measurements of maxillofacial structures, which is the gold standard [<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>].</p><p>The purpose of this study was to determine the three dimensional morphology and dimensions of nasopalatine canal using CBCT in patients referred to an oral and maxillofacial radiology center.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>In this descriptive cross sectional study, CBCT scans from 300 consecutive patients (150 men, 150 women) referred to an oral and maxillofacial radiology center were selected and evaluated. Patients suffering from periodontal diseases and bone loss were excluded from the study. Poor quality CBCT images and those with technical problems were also excluded.</p><p>The CBCT images were obtained using standard exposure parameters and patient positioning protocols (field of view= 8×8cm, resolution= 0.16mm, 80–84kvp, 10–12mA) with a CBCT unit (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland). Romexis version 2.9.1 software (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) was used to reformat the scans in order to visualize the 3D structure of the canals. This software enables detailed dimensional measurements of canal dimensions. All images were observed and evaluated by an expert radiologist.</p><p>Incisive foramen dimensions, alveolar bone width in the anterior region of the canal (upper, middle, and lower thirds), and the angle between the canal and palate were measured on sagittal CBCT cross-sections (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>). In addition, nasopalatine canal length, incisive foramen diameter, and canal diameter in the floor of the nasal fossa were measured on the coronal cross sections (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>). Finally, the canal morphology was classified based on the evaluation of different views (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>) [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>].</p><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 1:</label><caption><p>Measurement of incisive foramen diameter (a), buccal bone anterior to nasopalatine canal (b) and nasopalatine canal angle with palatal bone (c) in sagittal section</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JOD-13-287-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2:</label><caption><p>Measurement of nasopalatine canal length (a), incisive foramen diameter (b) and width in nasal floor area (c) in coronal section</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JOD-13-287-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3:</label><caption><p>Nasopalatine canal classification according to morphology: (a) cylindrical canal without any branches (b), a canal with a branch in the upper part and (c) a canal with a branch in the middle part</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JOD-13-287-g003"></graphic></fig><p>Statistical analysis: We used SPSS software version 18 (SPSS Inc., IL, USA) for statistical analysis. The mean and standard deviation of the diameter of incisive foramen in the sagittal plane, alveolar bone width anterior to the canal (upper, middle, and lower thirds), the angle between the canal and palate, nasopalatine canal length, incisive foramen diameter in the coronal plane, and the canal diameter in the floor of nasal fossa on CBCT scans were reported based on the patients’ sex and dentition status. In addition, the frequency of the types of nasopalatine canal morphology was determined according to patient sex. Quantitative variables related to canal in men and women and dentulous and edentulous patients were evaluated using Student’s t-test. To assess the prevalence of different canal types in men and women, Chi-square test was applied. In addition, the relationship between the quantitative variables and the patients’ age was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. A P-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>RESULTS</title><p>The mean age of patients was 43.17±11.00 years (range 16–68 years). The mean age of males was 43.61±12.06 years and that of females was 42.72±9.86 years. There were 263 (87.7%) dentulous and 37 (12.3%) edentulous patients. One hundred thirty-two men (88%) were dentulous and 18 (12%) were edentulous, while 131 (87.3%) women were dentulous and 19 (12.7%) were edentulous. One hundred ninety-nine patients (66.3%) had type A canal morphology (cylindrical without a branch), 69 (23%) had type B canal morphology (a canal with a branch in the upper part), and 32 (10.7%) had type C canal (a canal with a branch in the middle part). Nasopalatine canal morphology and its variations in men and women are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4</xref>. There was a statistically significant difference in nasopalatine canal type between males and females (P=0.05).</p><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4:</label><caption><p>Nasopalatine canal morphology and its variation in males and females</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JOD-13-287-g004"></graphic></fig><p>Type A canal was seen more frequently in men while types B and C were more prevalent in women. In addition, the means and standard deviations of incisive foramen sagittal and coronal diameters, alveolar bone width anterior to the canal in the upper, middle, and lower thirds, nasopalatine canal angulation with palatal bone, nasopalatine canal length and its diameter in the nasal fossa floor according to the patients’ sex and dentition condition are reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>, respectively.</p><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1:</label><caption><p>Mean and standard deviation of measurements related to nasopalatine canal according to patients’ gender</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total (n=300)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Males (n=150)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Females (n=150)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mean of differences (SE)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P-value</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incisive foramen sagittal diameter</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.70±1.11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.92±1.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.49±0.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43 (0.13)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alveolar bone width anterior to canal in upper one third</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.32±1.74</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.8±1.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.9±1.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 (0.19)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">< 0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alveolar bone width anterior to canal in middle one third</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.65±1.68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5±2.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.8±1.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27 (0.19)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alveolar bone width anterior to canal in lower one third</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.78±1.44</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.5±1.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/0±1.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50 (0.16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nasopalatine canal angle with palate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109.51±5.70</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109.3±5.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109.7±5.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44 (0.66)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nasopalatine canal length</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.09±3.03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.4±3.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.8±3.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 (0.35)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incisive foramen coronal diameter</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.57±0.99</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5±1.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6±1.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09 (0.11)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canal diameter in nasal fossa floor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.08±0.96</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0±1.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2±0.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21 (0.11)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2:</label><caption><p>mean and standard deviation of measurements related to nasopalatine canal according to teeth situation</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total (n=300)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Dentulous (n=263)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Edentulous (n=37)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Mean of differences (SE)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P-value</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incisive foramen sagittal diameter</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.70±1.11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.62 ± 1.09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.24 ± 1.04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62 (0.19)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alveolar bone width anterior to canal in upper one third</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.32±1.74</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.43±1.79</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.54±1.04</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89 (0.30)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alveolar bone width anterior to canal in middle one third</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.65±1.68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.76±1.72</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.92±1.18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84 (0.29)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alveolar bone width anterior to canal in lower one third</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.78±1.44</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.97±1.41</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.46±0.76</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.51 (0.24)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nasopalatine canal angle with palate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109.51±5.70</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109.57±5.78</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109.04±5.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54 (1.00)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nasopalatine canal length</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.09±3.03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.07±3.05</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.22±2.91</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15 (0.53)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incisive foramen coronal diameter</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.57±0.99</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.58±0.99</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.51±0.97</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08 (0.17)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canal diameter in nasal fossa floor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.08±0.96</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1±0.95</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.92±1.03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18 (0.17)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>We did not detect any statistically significant relationships between the incisive foramen sagittal diameter and age (r=0.02, P=0.77), alveolar bone width anterior to the canal in the upper third and age (r=−0.004, P=0.95), alveolar bone width anterior to the canal in the middle third and age (r=−0.09, P=0.12), nasopalatine canal angle with palatal bone and age (r=0.02, P=0.80), nasopalatine canal length and age (r=−0.04, P=0.45), incisive foramen coronal diameter and age (r=−0.05, P=0.42), or canal diameter in the nasal fossa floor and age (r=−0.08, P=0.19). However, there was a weak, statistically significant inverse relationship between age and alveolar bone width anterior to the canal in the lower third (r=−0.14, P=0.02) such that alveolar bone width anterior to the canal in the lower third decreased with aging. Generally, there was no significant relationship with age (P>0.05).</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Development of CBCT has brought great changes in dentistry. While the patients are exposed to a slightly higher radiation dose with this modality, it provides detailed quantitative and qualitative information that are not otherwise available via conventional methods and this makes the increased radiation dose justifiable. Nevertheless, future studies to evaluate the effects of this technique on improved diagnostic accuracy and development of treatment plans are necessary as patients should not be subjected to increased radiation if this imaging modality does not improve diagnostic accuracy. Cone beam computed tomography dose is three to seven times higher than that of conventional radiography and it is more time consuming. However, due to the advantages of CBCT in implant fields, it is strongly recommended. The risks and benefits of each imaging modality should be considered carefully, particularly in the youth, as any additional exposure leads to unfavorable effects on growing tissues [<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. In a study by Farman [<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>], ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle was the fundamental criterion in choosing CBCT and other diagnostic radiographic modalities. It is necessary to define principles for CBCT in this regard.It should be noted that CBCT radiation dose has decreased significantly without any considerable effects on the image quality.</p><p>Due to the close anatomical relation between the nasopalatine canal and the maxillary central incisor roots, precise radiographic evaluation of the canal before implant placement is of utmost importance. However, only few studies have been conducted on variations in canal anatomy, morphology and dimensions [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>].</p><p>Various surgical techniques are performed to avoid nasopalatine canal perforation during implant insertion [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>–<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]. Three dimensional methods such as computed tomography can be used for evaluation of the anterior segment of the maxilla and canal morphology [<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. According to the classification for nasopalatine canal morphology in three groups of A to C [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>], type A nasopalatine canal morphology was the most frequent type in our study. Bornstein et al, [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] evaluated the dimensions and anatomical features of nasopalatine canal and its corresponding alveolar buccal plate using CBCT and found type A canal morphology in 45% of the patients. Similarly, in a study by Song et al, [<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] type A nasopalatine canal morphology was seen in 42.9% of the subjects. It is notable that they found four separate canals in some samples. We found type A canal morphology in 66.6% of the patients, type B in 23.1%, and type C in 10.4%, which was similar to the findings of other studies [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]. In the current study, patient sex had a significant effect on canal morphology as type A canal was more common in men and types B and C were more common in women. However, in a study by Thakur et al, [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] there was no significant relationship between patient sex and canal morphology. This was probably due to racial differences and their smaller sample size (n=100) compared to our study.</p><p>In our study, canal length was 14.1±3.0mm on the coronal section. In the study by Song et al, [<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] the mean canal length was 11.5mm, while it was 10.99mm in the study by Bornstein et al [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. A study by Mraiwa et al, [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] found the mean canal length to be 8.1mm. The effect of sex on nasopalatine canal length was not significant in our study while it was significant in the studies by Thakur et al, [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] and Bornstein et al [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. Different methods of canal length measurement might be responsible for these contradictory results, as we used coronal sections in our study while they measured canal length on sagittal sections [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>].</p><p>Our results showed that incisive foramen sagittal diameter and alveolar bone width anterior to the canal in the upper and lower thirds were significantly different between men and women. But there were no significant differences in alveolar bone width anterior to the canal in the middle third, canal angulation with palate, canal length, incisive foramen coronal diameter, and canal diameter in the floor of the nasal fossa between men and women. There were significant differences in incisive foramen sagittal diameter and alveolar bone width anterior to the canal in the upper, middle and lower thirds between dentulous and edentulous patients; while, there were no significant differences in canal angulation with horizontal plane, canal length, incisive foramen coronal diameter and canal diameter in the floor of nasal fossa between these two groups. In evaluations on semi-edentulous and edentulous patients with a mean age of 55 years using spiral computed tomography, age, patient sex, and dentition status did not have any significant effects on nasopalatine canal or its corresponding buccal bone [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]. The authors related these results to the small sample size. In the study by Bornstein et al, [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] men had a longer nasopalatine canal and age had a significant inverse effect on canal length such that older patients had shorter canals. Similar results have been reported in other studies, which obtained computed tomography scans before implant placement [<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>–<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. Mardinger et al, [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] also showed that nasopalatine canal dimensions increased with aging. In a study by Liang et al, [<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] anatomical variations of nasopalatine canal were evaluated and they reported that canal diameter increased with age in men. On the sagittal view, due to bone loss around incisive foramen, foramen location is more vertical in the nasal fossa of edentulous patients compared to that of dentulous patients. The results from the current study showed that the sagittal diameter of the incisive foramen in edentulous patients was significantly greater than that of the dentulous patients (5.24mm compared to 4.62mm). Bony changes around the incisive canal in the oral cavity are due to tooth loss and it seems that these bony changes modify canal dimensions within the incisive canal. After the loss of the anterior teeth, alveolar bone resorbs primarily from the labial side because the labial cortex of incisors is narrow. Therefore, the location of the alveolar bone cortex in the anterior region changes in the palatal side. On the other hand, incisive canal shows minimal changes in horizontal direction after anterior tooth loss. This can be the result of significantly lower alveolar bone width in the anterior region of edentulous maxilla compared to dentulous maxilla [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]. In the current study, no significant relation was detected between age and nasopalatine canal dimensions except that with aging, alveolar bone width anterior to the canal in the lower third decreased significantly. The differences observed between the results of different studies might have been due to differences in mean patient age or the difference in the distribution of edentulous or dentulous patients. Our results showed a considerable variability in nasopalatine canal morphology among patients, and that CBCT was a valuable imaging modality for determining canal morphology and dimensions before implant placement. It seems that evaluation of canal location and its dimensional properties using CBCT could provide detailed information, which can be used in clinical situations. The observer’s performance, reference point selection, mouse sensitivity, and software capabilities in this technique can all affect the accuracy of length measurements. In addition, in order to obtain a proper image, radiologist’s skills, appropriate imaging technique, correct patient positioning, and proper exposure settings should be taken into consideration. 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