Validation of an experimental polyurethane model for biomechanical studies on implant supported prosthesis - tension tests
Identifieur interne : 003021 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 003020; suivant : 003022Validation of an experimental polyurethane model for biomechanical studies on implant supported prosthesis - tension tests
Auteurs : Mariane Miyashiro ; Valdey Suedam ; Rafael Tobias Moretti Neto ; Paulo Martins Ferreira ; José Henrique RuboSource :
- Journal of Applied Oral Science [ 1678-7757 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
The complexity and heterogeneity of human bone, as well as ethical issues,
frequently hinder the development of clinical trials. The purpose of this
Forty-five polyurethane test specimens were divided into 3 groups of 15 specimens each, according to the ratio (A/B) of polyurethane reagents (PU-1: 1/0.5, PU-2: 1/1, PU-3: 1/1.5).
Tension tests were performed in each experimental group and the modulus of elasticity values found were 192.98 MPa (SD=57.20) for PU-1, 347.90 MPa (SD=109.54) for PU-2 and 304.64 MPa (SD=25.48) for PU-3.
The concentration of choice for building the experimental model was 1/1.
Url:
DOI: 10.1590/S1678-77572011000300012
PubMed: 21625741
PubMed Central: 4234337
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Validation of an experimental polyurethane model for biomechanical
studies on implant supported prosthesis - tension tests</title><author><name sortKey="Miyashiro, Mariane" sort="Miyashiro, Mariane" uniqKey="Miyashiro M" first="Mariane" last="Miyashiro">Mariane Miyashiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff01"> DDS, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suedam, Valdey" sort="Suedam, Valdey" uniqKey="Suedam V" first="Valdey" last="Suedam">Valdey Suedam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff02"> DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moretti Neto, Rafael Tobias" sort="Moretti Neto, Rafael Tobias" uniqKey="Moretti Neto R" first="Rafael Tobias" last="Moretti Neto">Rafael Tobias Moretti Neto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff03"> DDS, MSc, PhD student, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Paulo Martins" sort="Ferreira, Paulo Martins" uniqKey="Ferreira P" first="Paulo Martins" last="Ferreira">Paulo Martins Ferreira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff04"> DDS, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubo, Jose Henrique" sort="Rubo, Jose Henrique" uniqKey="Rubo J" first="José Henrique" last="Rubo">José Henrique Rubo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff04"> DDS, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21625741</idno><idno type="pmc">4234337</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4234337</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4234337</idno><idno type="doi">10.1590/S1678-77572011000300012</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003021</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003021</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Validation of an experimental polyurethane model for biomechanical
studies on implant supported prosthesis - tension tests</title><author><name sortKey="Miyashiro, Mariane" sort="Miyashiro, Mariane" uniqKey="Miyashiro M" first="Mariane" last="Miyashiro">Mariane Miyashiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff01"> DDS, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suedam, Valdey" sort="Suedam, Valdey" uniqKey="Suedam V" first="Valdey" last="Suedam">Valdey Suedam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff02"> DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moretti Neto, Rafael Tobias" sort="Moretti Neto, Rafael Tobias" uniqKey="Moretti Neto R" first="Rafael Tobias" last="Moretti Neto">Rafael Tobias Moretti Neto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff03"> DDS, MSc, PhD student, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Paulo Martins" sort="Ferreira, Paulo Martins" uniqKey="Ferreira P" first="Paulo Martins" last="Ferreira">Paulo Martins Ferreira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff04"> DDS, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubo, Jose Henrique" sort="Rubo, Jose Henrique" uniqKey="Rubo J" first="José Henrique" last="Rubo">José Henrique Rubo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff04"> DDS, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Applied Oral Science</title><idno type="ISSN">1678-7757</idno><idno type="eISSN">1678-7765</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>The complexity and heterogeneity of human bone, as well as ethical issues,
frequently hinder the development of clinical trials. The purpose of this
<italic>in vitro</italic> study was to determine the modulus of elasticity of a
polyurethane isotropic experimental model via tension tests, comparing the results
to those reported in the literature for mandibular bone, in order to validate the
use of such a model in lieu of mandibular bone in biomechanical studies.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Forty-five polyurethane test specimens were divided into 3 groups of 15 specimens
each, according to the ratio (A/B) of polyurethane reagents (PU-1: 1/0.5, PU-2:
1/1, PU-3: 1/1.5).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Tension tests were performed in each experimental group and the modulus of
elasticity values found were 192.98 MPa (SD=57.20) for PU-1, 347.90 MPa
(SD=109.54) for PU-2 and 304.64 MPa (SD=25.48) for PU-3.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The concentration of choice for building the experimental model was 1/1.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adell, R" uniqKey="Adell R">R Adell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lekholm, U" uniqKey="Lekholm U">U Lekholm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rockler, B" uniqKey="Rockler B">B Rockler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Br Nemark, Pi" uniqKey="Br Nemark P">PI Brånemark</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barros, Rrm" uniqKey="Barros R">RRM Barros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Novaes, Ab" uniqKey="Novaes A">AB Novaes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papalexiou, V" uniqKey="Papalexiou V">V Papalexiou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Souza, Sls" uniqKey="Souza S">SLS Souza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taba, M" uniqKey="Taba 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Appl Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Appl Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Applied Oral Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1678-7757</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1678-7765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru da Universidade de São
Paulo</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21625741</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4234337</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1678-77572011000300012</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Validation of an experimental polyurethane model for biomechanical
studies on implant supported prosthesis - tension tests</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MIYASHIRO</surname><given-names>Mariane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>SUEDAM</surname><given-names>Valdey</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MORETTI NETO</surname><given-names>Rafael Tobias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>FERREIRA</surname><given-names>Paulo Martins</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>RUBO</surname><given-names>José Henrique</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff01"><label>1</label> DDS, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff02"><label>2</label> DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff03"><label>3</label> DDS, MSc, PhD student, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff04"><label>4</label> DDS, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c01"><bold>Corresponding address: </bold>Prof. Dr. José Henrique Rubo - Faculdade
de Odontologia de Bauru - USP - Departamento de Prótese - Al. Dr.
Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75 - 17012901 - Bauru - SP - Brasil - e-mail:
<email>jrubo@fob.usp.br</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub"><season>May-Jun</season><year>2011</year></pub-date><pmc-comment>Fake ppub date generated by PMC from publisher
pub-date/@pub-type='epub-ppub' </pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>May-Jun</season><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>244</fpage><lpage>248</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>01</day><month>7</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>27</day><month>4</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>5</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited. </license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>The complexity and heterogeneity of human bone, as well as ethical issues,
frequently hinder the development of clinical trials. The purpose of this
<italic>in vitro</italic> study was to determine the modulus of elasticity of a
polyurethane isotropic experimental model via tension tests, comparing the results
to those reported in the literature for mandibular bone, in order to validate the
use of such a model in lieu of mandibular bone in biomechanical studies.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Forty-five polyurethane test specimens were divided into 3 groups of 15 specimens
each, according to the ratio (A/B) of polyurethane reagents (PU-1: 1/0.5, PU-2:
1/1, PU-3: 1/1.5).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Tension tests were performed in each experimental group and the modulus of
elasticity values found were 192.98 MPa (SD=57.20) for PU-1, 347.90 MPa
(SD=109.54) for PU-2 and 304.64 MPa (SD=25.48) for PU-3.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The concentration of choice for building the experimental model was 1/1.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Polyurethanes</kwd><kwd>Validation studies</kwd><kwd>Dental implants</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>State of São Paulo Research Foundation/
FAPESP</funding-source><award-id>2006/57414-8</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Peri-implant bone resorption has been implicated in the success/failure of
osseointegrated implants. Research on the maintenance of osseointegration under forces
transmitted by occlusal load is as important as the study of the initial process of bone
formation in different implant surfaces<sup><xref rid="r02" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="r04" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="r21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>. Oh, et al.<sup><xref rid="r18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> (2002), in a literature review of the
contributing factors to early peri-implant bone loss, pointed to occlusal overload as
the most likely cause of this problem. Occlusal overload beyond the threshold of bone
homeostasis leads to progressive marginal bone resorption, and eventual osseointegration
failure<sup><xref rid="r01" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="r14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="r17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="r20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="r22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="r25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup>.</p><p>In order to correlate the forces transmitted by occlusal overload to the degree of bone
remodeling in the tissues surrounding osseointegrated implants, the mechanostat theory
proposed by Frost<sup><xref rid="r08" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> (1990) may be used
to determine the maximum tension bearable by bone. In his theory, Frost proposes that
bone mechanical adaptation is governed by a mechanical strain threshold, which he called
the minimum effective strain (MeS). If local strains within the bone are above MeS, the
adaptative response occurs, but if they are below that threshold, bone remains
stable<sup><xref rid="r06" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>.</p><p>Several methods of investigation and biomechanical analyses have been developed for the
study of implant supported prostheses. According to Spiekermann, et al.<sup><xref rid="r26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> (1995), <italic>in vitro</italic>techniques such as finite element analysis and strain-gauge testing can be used to
measure bone strain. The use of such methods requires previous knowledge of the density
and modulus of elasticity of bone. However, according to Katz<sup><xref rid="r11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> (1995), bone is not homogenous and its physical
properties vary greatly according to species, age, gender, type of bone (e.g. femoral,
mandibular, cortical, cancellous), and even according to the bone site from where the
sample is taken. O'Mahony, et al.<sup><xref rid="r19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>(2000) also observed modulus of elasticity heterogeneity among different mandibular
regions.</p><p>Based on these findings, Mish, et al.<sup><xref rid="r15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> (2000) measured the modulus of elasticity of trabecular bone, with
and without cortical plates, and concluded that human mandibular trabecular bone
presents a significantly higher modulus of elasticity in the anterior mandibular region,
and that the absence of cortical plates decreases bone modulus of elasticity. Tamatsu,
et al.<sup><xref rid="r27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> (1996), studying the modulus
of elasticity of small bone specimens from four dry adult human mandibles, found that
elastic properties varied with both site and orientation of the specimen, reflecting the
complexity of the mandibular bone structure.</p><p>Fresh mandibular specimens are inadequate for <italic>in vitro</italic> biomechanical
studies, as they show great variability for modulus of elasticity and density and
anisotropy. Moreover, fresh mandibular specimens have a natural viscosity that hinders
the attachment of strain gauges. Because of these characteristics, the application of
artificial test materials for <italic>in vitro</italic> biomechanical research has been
reported in the literature<sup><xref rid="r03" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="r05" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="r09" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="r10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="r12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="r16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="r24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="r28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> and
mathematical models have been developed to simulate the bone remodeling process under
mechanical stimulus in implant supported prosthesis<sup><xref rid="r13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>.</p><p><italic>In vitro</italic> studies require isotropic specimens with elastic
characteristics similar to those found in the target mandibular region. The homogeneity
of polyurethane (PU) could favor its use in biomechanical studies of force distribution
on implant supported prostheses aimed at establishing correlations between strains
generated in the periimplant region and physiological strains as proposed by Frost's
theory. Based on these grounds, the purpose of this study was to validate the use of an
experimental polyurethane model in <italic>in vitro</italic> biomechanical studies of
implant-supported prostheses.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title><sec><title>Test Specimens</title><p>Forty-five barbell-shaped, polyurethane (Axson; Cergy, France) test specimens (18 mm
in length and 3.0 mm in diameter) were used in this study. A 2-part male/female
stainless steel (1010/20) mold was used to shape the specimens. Polyurethane
specimens were obtained by mixing 2 reagents, A and B (A: Polyol - catalyst and B:
Diisocyanate - base). A/B ratio was previously determined in each group. The mixture,
still in its viscous form, was injected into the mold with a hypodermic syringe. As
soon as hardening was complete, specimens were removed from the mold, according to
the manufacturer's instructions.</p></sec><sec><title>Study groups</title><p>Specimens were initially divided into 3 groups of 15 specimens each according to the
ratio of polyurethane reagents (A/B, with A: polyol and B: diisocyanate). Following
destructive tension testing, some specimens were excluded due to the fact that they
failed under considerably low forces, what was attributed to the internal bubbles
observed under visual analysis, which could have weakened them. As a result, the
number of specimens in each group was PU-1=11, PU-2=14 and PU-3=15.</p></sec><sec><title>Testing</title><p>Tension testing was performed for the measurement of the modulus of elasticity in
each specimen. Each one of the specimens was fixed to a Kratos Universal Testing
Machine (Model K - 2000 MP; Kratos Equipamentos Industriais Ltda., São Paulo,
SP, Brazil), where a 500 Kgf load cell pulled the specimen at a crosshead speed of
1.0 mm/min until rupture occurred (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).
The modulus of elasticity was then calculated based on the generated tension and the
linear deformation of the specimen. Generated tension was calculated as follows:</p><fig id="f01" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Polyurethane bell-shaped specimen positioned for tension tests</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-19-03-0244-g01"></graphic></fig><mml:math id="e01"><mml:mstyle mathcolor="#000000" mathsize="12.0pt" mathvariant="normal"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mfrac><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">So</mml:mi></mml:mfrac></mml:mstyle></mml:mstyle></mml:math><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>Where: T = tension [Pa];</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>P = load [N];</p></list-item><list-item><p>So = original cross section [m].</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>Deformation was calculated as follows:</p></list-item></list><mml:math id="e02"><mml:mstyle mathcolor="#000000" mathsize="12.0pt" mathvariant="normal"><mml:mo mathvariant="normal">ɛ</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">(</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi><mml:mo mathvariant="italic">−</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Lo</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">)</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">Lo</mml:mi></mml:mfrac></mml:mstyle><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mo>Δ</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">Lo</mml:mi></mml:mfrac></mml:mstyle></mml:mstyle></mml:math><p>Where: ε = deformation [nondimensional];</p><p>Lo = reference initial length (load zero) [m];</p><p>L = reference length for load P [m].</p><p>Finally, the modulus of elasticity was calculated as follows:</p><mml:math id="e03"><mml:mstyle mathcolor="#000000" mathsize="12.0pt" mathvariant="normal"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">E</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mfrac><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi><mml:mo mathvariant="normal">ɛ</mml:mo></mml:mfrac></mml:mstyle><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">(</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mo mathvariant="normal">×</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Lo</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">)</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">(</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">So</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mo mathvariant="normal">×</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"></mml:mspace><mml:mo>Δ</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">L</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">)</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mstyle></mml:mstyle></mml:math><p>Where: Ε = modulus of elasticity [Pa].</p><p>The values of P and ∆L were calculated according to the elastic deformation of
the specimen, represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> by the
curve of generated tension <italic>versus</italic> linear deformation during the
tension test. Area I corresponds to specimen accommodation, area II to elastic
deformation, area III to plastic deformation and area IV corresponds to fracture of
the specimen. Area II was selected to calculate the modulus of elasticity of each
specimen.</p><fig id="f02" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Tension x deformation curve of polyurethane specimen subjected to tension
test</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-19-03-0244-g02"></graphic></fig><p>ANOVA was performed to determine statistically significant differences among groups,
and the Tukey's test (p≤0.05) was used to show differences among groups.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>RESULTS</title><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> shows the modulus of elasticity (MPa) of
each specimen, means and standard deviation for each group. Maximum and minimum tension
forces (Fmax/Fmin) were 323.59 N/110.97 N for PU-1; 384.77 N/233.87 N for PU-2; and
384.91 N/263.86 N for PU-3. Mean modulus of elasticity values and standard deviation for
groups PU-1, PU-2 and PU-3.</p><fig id="f03" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Modulus of elasticity means values (MPa) according to mixture concentration. Bars
represent standard deviation. *p<0.05 as compared to groups 2 and 3.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-19-03-0244-g03"></graphic></fig><p>There was statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2, as well as
between groups 1 and 3 (p<0.05; ANOVA, Tukey's test). No statistically significant
difference was observed between groups 2 and 3 (p>0.05).</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Using PU to build test specimens presented difficulties related to material viscosity,
bubble formation, the time length of the process and the heterogeneity found in some
reagent mixtures. The greatest difficulties were encountered in PU-1 as it was more
prone to bubble formation than the other groups. In addition, the altered reagent
proportion caused some of the specimens of this group to be rubbery. On the other hand,
polymerization time was shorter for PU-1 than for the other groups, indicating a greater
amount of catalyst in its composition. These facts together contributed to the lowest
mean modulus of elasticity 192.98 MPa (SD=57.20) seen in PU- 1, as compared to PU-2 and
PU-3. The best handling conditions were found in PU-2 whose polymerization time was
adequate and similar to that in PU-1, whereas the modulus of elasticity was higher
347.90 MPa (SD=109.54) than in PU-1. PU-3 showed the longest curing time, probably
because this group had the smallest amount of catalyst in the mixture, which contributed
for difficulties to build the specimens.</p><p>The tests in PU-3 showed mean modulus of elasticity and standard deviation values of
304.64 MPa (SD=25.48). The broad variance of measured values of modulus of elasticity in
group PU2 compared to groups PU 1 and PU 3 can be explained by the low concentration of
base (diisocyanate -PU1) and low concentration of catalyst (polyol - PU-3) resulting in
a more brittle material.</p><p>Mean modulus of elasticity varied according to the concentration of PU reagents. ANOVA
showed difference among groups and the Tukey's test showed no statistically significant
difference between PU-2 and PU-3. Therefore, the increase in the B reagent concentration
cannot be said to be directly proportional to the increase in modulus of elasticity.</p><p>The modulus of elasticity is extremely important to the validation of the material used
in the building of experimental models as the comparison between the values obtained
with those reported in the literature for mandibular bone is the basis for building
reproducible, easy-to-handle models of isotropic characteristics.</p><p>O'Mahony, et al.<sup><xref rid="r19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> (2000) found
different modulus of elasticity in different mandibular regions, which ranged from 47 to
2.283 MPa. Mish, et al.<sup><xref rid="r15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> (2000)
reported modulus of elasticity values ranging from 24.9 to 240.0 MPa, with a mean value
of 96.2 MPa (SD=40.6) in the mandibular trabecular bone with its cortical plates.
Without cortical plates, elasticity ranged from 3.5 to 125.6 MPa, with a mean value of
56.0 MPa (SD=29.6).</p><p>Tamatsu, et al.<sup><xref rid="r27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> (1996), observed
that the modulus of elasticity of the mandible varied with bone site and orientation,
and that the mandibular bone presented anisotropic characteristics, reflecting the
complexity of its structure. In their study, these authors obtained the following
modulus of elasticity values: 16.9 GPa (SD=2.7); 15.4 GPa (SD=4.9) and 13.9 GPa (SD=3.4)
in the lower, medium and upper incisal regions, respectively; 19.4 GPa (SD=2.5), 18.8
GPa (SD=3.5) and 12.6 GPa (SD=4.2) in the lower, medium and upper premolar region,
respectively. Scwartz-Dabney and Dechow<sup><xref rid="r23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> (2002), also noted a great variation in modulus of elasticity
according to the mandibular region, confirming the bone heterogeneity seen by
Katz<sup><xref rid="r11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> (1995) and O'Mahony, et
al.<sup><xref rid="r19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> (2000).</p><p>By comparing the modulus of elasticity values observed in this study to those reported
in the literature for mandibular bone, where modulus of elasticity is known to be
greatly variable, the mean modulus of elasticity values reported here are consistent
with those found in the literature<sup><xref rid="r15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="r19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>. According to the highest value of
modulus of elasticity found in group PU 2 and based on handling conditions, where the
group PU-3 showed the longest curing time what contributed for difficulties to build the
specimens, PU-2 was the group chosen for the building of the experimental model.
Altering the reagents ratio also resulted in excessively rubbery specimens. The reagent
ratio suggested by the manufacturer (1:1) proved to be the most adequate for obtaining
the target modulus of elasticity. Thus, the use of this material in further experimental
studies was considered adequate.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>Based on the results obtained under the proposed conditions, it seems valid to conclude
that:</p><p>Modulus of elasticity values varied according to reagent concentration in the test
groups studied. However, the increase in concentration of reagent B was not directly
proportional to the increase in modulus of elasticity;</p><p>The 1:1 concentration for reagents A and B (PU-2) showed the best mechanical and
handling characteristics, and should be the concentration of choice for building of
experimental models to be used in upcoming biomechanical studies of implant-supported
prostheses in the mandibular region.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</title><p>This investigation was supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation/
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