Comparative study of two commercially pure titanium casting methods
Identifieur interne : 003018 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 003017; suivant : 003019Comparative study of two commercially pure titanium casting methods
Auteurs : Renata Cristina Silveira Rodrigues ; Adriana Claudia Lapria Faria ; Iara Augusta Orsi ; Maria Da Gloria Chiarello De Mattos ; Ana Paula Macedo ; Ricardo Faria RibeiroSource :
- Journal of Applied Oral Science [ 1678-7757 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
The interest in using titanium to fabricate removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks has increased, but there are few studies evaluating the effects of casting methods on clasp behavior.
This study compared the occurrence of porosities and the retentive force of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) removable partial denture circumferential clasps cast by induction/centrifugation and plasma/vacuum-pressure.
72 frameworks were cast from CP Ti (n=36) and Co-Cr alloy (n=36; control group). For each material, 18 frameworks were casted by electromagnetic induction and injected by centrifugation, whereas the other 18 were casted by plasma and injected by vacuum-pressure. For each casting method, three subgroups (n=6) were formed: 0.25 mm, 0.50 mm, and 0.75 mm undercuts. The specimens were radiographed and subjected to an insertion/removal test simulating 5 years of framework use. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's to compare materials and cast methods (α=0.05).
Three of 18 specimens of the induction/centrifugation group and 9 of 18 specimens of plasma/vacuum-pressure cast presented porosities, but only 1 and 7 specimens, respectively, were rejected for simulation test. For Co-Cr alloy, no defects were found. Comparing the casting methods, statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed only for the Co-Cr alloy with 0.25 mm and 0.50 mm undercuts. Significant differences were found for the 0.25 mm and 0.75 mm undercuts dependent on the material used. For the 0.50 mm undercut, significant differences were found when the materials were induction casted.
Although both casting methods produced satisfactory CP Ti RPD frameworks, the occurrence of porosities was greater in the plasma/vacuum-pressure than in the induction/centrifugation method, the latter resulting in higher clasp rigidity, generating higher retention force values.
Url:
DOI: 10.1590/S1678-77572010000500010
PubMed: 21085805
PubMed Central: 4246380
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PMC:4246380Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Comparative study of two commercially pure titanium casting
methods</title><author><name sortKey="Rodrigues, Renata Cristina Silveira" sort="Rodrigues, Renata Cristina Silveira" uniqKey="Rodrigues R" first="Renata Cristina Silveira" last="Rodrigues">Renata Cristina Silveira Rodrigues</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff01"> 1- DDS, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faria, Adriana Claudia Lapria" sort="Faria, Adriana Claudia Lapria" uniqKey="Faria A" first="Adriana Claudia Lapria" last="Faria">Adriana Claudia Lapria Faria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff02"> 2- DDS, MSc, Graduate student, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orsi, Iara Augusta" sort="Orsi, Iara Augusta" uniqKey="Orsi I" first="Iara Augusta" last="Orsi">Iara Augusta Orsi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff03"> 3- DDS, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Mattos, Maria Da Gloria Chiarello" sort="De Mattos, Maria Da Gloria Chiarello" uniqKey="De Mattos M" first="Maria Da Gloria Chiarello" last="De Mattos">Maria Da Gloria Chiarello De Mattos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff04"> 4- DDS, MSc, PhD, Full Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macedo, Ana Paula" sort="Macedo, Ana Paula" uniqKey="Macedo A" first="Ana Paula" last="Macedo">Ana Paula Macedo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff05"> 5- Electrical Engineer, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Ricardo Faria" sort="Ribeiro, Ricardo Faria" uniqKey="Ribeiro R" first="Ricardo Faria" last="Ribeiro">Ricardo Faria Ribeiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff04"> 4- DDS, MSc, PhD, Full Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21085805</idno><idno type="pmc">4246380</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4246380</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4246380</idno><idno type="doi">10.1590/S1678-77572010000500010</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003018</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003018</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Comparative study of two commercially pure titanium casting
methods</title><author><name sortKey="Rodrigues, Renata Cristina Silveira" sort="Rodrigues, Renata Cristina Silveira" uniqKey="Rodrigues R" first="Renata Cristina Silveira" last="Rodrigues">Renata Cristina Silveira Rodrigues</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff01"> 1- DDS, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faria, Adriana Claudia Lapria" sort="Faria, Adriana Claudia Lapria" uniqKey="Faria A" first="Adriana Claudia Lapria" last="Faria">Adriana Claudia Lapria Faria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff02"> 2- DDS, MSc, Graduate student, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orsi, Iara Augusta" sort="Orsi, Iara Augusta" uniqKey="Orsi I" first="Iara Augusta" last="Orsi">Iara Augusta Orsi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff03"> 3- DDS, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Mattos, Maria Da Gloria Chiarello" sort="De Mattos, Maria Da Gloria Chiarello" uniqKey="De Mattos M" first="Maria Da Gloria Chiarello" last="De Mattos">Maria Da Gloria Chiarello De Mattos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff04"> 4- DDS, MSc, PhD, Full Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macedo, Ana Paula" sort="Macedo, Ana Paula" uniqKey="Macedo A" first="Ana Paula" last="Macedo">Ana Paula Macedo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff05"> 5- Electrical Engineer, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Ricardo Faria" sort="Ribeiro, Ricardo Faria" uniqKey="Ribeiro R" first="Ricardo Faria" last="Ribeiro">Ricardo Faria Ribeiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff04"> 4- DDS, MSc, PhD, Full Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Applied Oral Science</title><idno type="ISSN">1678-7757</idno><idno type="eISSN">1678-7765</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The interest in using titanium to fabricate removable partial denture (RPD)
frameworks has increased, but there are few studies evaluating the effects of casting
methods on clasp behavior.</p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>This study compared the occurrence of porosities and the retentive force of
commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) removable partial
denture circumferential clasps cast by induction/centrifugation and
plasma/vacuum-pressure.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>72 frameworks were cast from CP Ti (n=36) and Co-Cr alloy (n=36; control group).
For each material, 18 frameworks were casted by electromagnetic induction and
injected by centrifugation, whereas the other 18 were casted by plasma and
injected by vacuum-pressure. For each casting method, three subgroups (n=6) were
formed: 0.25 mm, 0.50 mm, and 0.75 mm undercuts. The specimens were radiographed
and subjected to an insertion/removal test simulating 5 years of framework use.
Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's to compare materials and cast methods
(α=0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Three of 18 specimens of the induction/centrifugation group and 9 of 18 specimens
of plasma/vacuum-pressure cast presented porosities, but only 1 and 7 specimens,
respectively, were rejected for simulation test. For Co-Cr alloy, no defects were
found. Comparing the casting methods, statistically significant differences
(p<0.05) were observed only for the Co-Cr alloy with 0.25 mm and 0.50 mm
undercuts. Significant differences were found for the 0.25 mm and 0.75 mm
undercuts dependent on the material used. For the 0.50 mm undercut, significant
differences were found when the materials were induction casted.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Although both casting methods produced satisfactory CP Ti RPD frameworks, the
occurrence of porosities was greater in the plasma/vacuum-pressure than in the
induction/centrifugation method, the latter resulting in higher clasp rigidity,
generating higher retention force values.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baltag, I" uniqKey="Baltag I">I Baltag</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, K" uniqKey="Watanabe K">K Watanabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miyakava, O" uniqKey="Miyakava O">O Miyakava</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blackman, R" uniqKey="Blackman R">R Blackman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barghi, N" uniqKey="Barghi N">N Barghi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tran, C" uniqKey="Tran C">C Tran</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bridgeman, Jt" uniqKey="Bridgeman J">JT Bridgeman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marker, Va" uniqKey="Marker V">VA Marker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hummel, Sk" uniqKey="Hummel S">SK Hummel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benson, Bw" uniqKey="Benson B">BW 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Appl Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Appl Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Applied Oral Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1678-7757</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1678-7765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru da Universidade de São
Paulo</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21085805</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4246380</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1678-77572010000500010</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Comparative study of two commercially pure titanium casting
methods</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>RODRIGUES</surname><given-names>Renata Cristina Silveira</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>FARIA</surname><given-names>Adriana Claudia Lapria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>ORSI</surname><given-names>Iara Augusta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de MATTOS</surname><given-names>Maria da Gloria Chiarello</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MACEDO</surname><given-names>Ana Paula</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>RIBEIRO</surname><given-names>Ricardo Faria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff01"> 1- DDS, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff02"> 2- DDS, MSc, Graduate student, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff03"> 3- DDS, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff04"> 4- DDS, MSc, PhD, Full Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff05"> 5- Electrical Engineer, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c01"><bold>Corresponding address:</bold> Dra. Renata Cristina Silveira
Rodrigues - Departamento de Materiais Dentários e Prótese - Faculdade
de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - Av. do
Café, s/n - Monte Alegre - Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil - 14040-904 -
Phone: +55 (16) 3602-4005 - Fax: +55 (16) 3633-0999 - e-mail:
<email>renata@forp.usp.br</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub"><season>Sep-Oct</season><year>2010</year></pub-date><pmc-comment>Fake ppub date generated by PMC from publisher
pub-date/@pub-type='epub-ppub' </pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Sep-Oct</season><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>487</fpage><lpage>492</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>05</day><month>3</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>28</day><month>9</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>2</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The interest in using titanium to fabricate removable partial denture (RPD)
frameworks has increased, but there are few studies evaluating the effects of casting
methods on clasp behavior.</p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>This study compared the occurrence of porosities and the retentive force of
commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) removable partial
denture circumferential clasps cast by induction/centrifugation and
plasma/vacuum-pressure.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>72 frameworks were cast from CP Ti (n=36) and Co-Cr alloy (n=36; control group).
For each material, 18 frameworks were casted by electromagnetic induction and
injected by centrifugation, whereas the other 18 were casted by plasma and
injected by vacuum-pressure. For each casting method, three subgroups (n=6) were
formed: 0.25 mm, 0.50 mm, and 0.75 mm undercuts. The specimens were radiographed
and subjected to an insertion/removal test simulating 5 years of framework use.
Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's to compare materials and cast methods
(α=0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Three of 18 specimens of the induction/centrifugation group and 9 of 18 specimens
of plasma/vacuum-pressure cast presented porosities, but only 1 and 7 specimens,
respectively, were rejected for simulation test. For Co-Cr alloy, no defects were
found. Comparing the casting methods, statistically significant differences
(p<0.05) were observed only for the Co-Cr alloy with 0.25 mm and 0.50 mm
undercuts. Significant differences were found for the 0.25 mm and 0.75 mm
undercuts dependent on the material used. For the 0.50 mm undercut, significant
differences were found when the materials were induction casted.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Although both casting methods produced satisfactory CP Ti RPD frameworks, the
occurrence of porosities was greater in the plasma/vacuum-pressure than in the
induction/centrifugation method, the latter resulting in higher clasp rigidity,
generating higher retention force values.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Chromium alloys</kwd><kwd>Dental casting technique</kwd><kwd>Materials testing</kwd><kwd>Removable partial dentures</kwd><kwd>Titanium</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>State of São Paulo Research Foundation</funding-source><award-id>#98/13868-9</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Over the past decade, studies have reported the advantages of commercially pure titanium
(CP Ti) and its alloys, and have investigated the possibility of its use in the
fabrication of removable partial denture (RPD) metal frameworks<sup><xref rid="r02" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="r13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="r15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="r16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="r20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>.</p><p>Characteristics like low density, high melting temperature and reactivity at high
temperatures are factors that increase difficulties in the CP Ti casting process, thus
limiting its use<sup><xref rid="r08" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="r10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="r14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="r17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="r18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="r22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>. Despite new casting
machines for CP Ti, some technological problems, such as porosity and inadequate mold
filling, remains<sup><xref rid="r05" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>-<xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="r09" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>.</p><p>Because of metal low density, porosities can be identified in CP Ti by conventional
radiographic imaging, permitting to control framework quality<sup><xref rid="r04" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="r21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>. This control
is extremely important, since voids and pores may affect fatigue resistance of RPD
frameworks subjected to repeated load cycles during chewing and to frequent insertion
and removal.</p><p>There are few studies about the different CP Ti casting methods<sup><xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="r17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>. Some authors have observed that centrifugation exerts greater force,
producing better castability results<sup><xref rid="r19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="r24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>. Others have shown that the type of
casting machine does not significantly influence the internal porosity in CP Ti
castings<sup><xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>. The correlation
between casting methods and RPD mechanical properties is yet to be studied.</p><p>The present study investigated the hypothesis that the casting method (1- electric arc
plasma in a vacuum and argon-inert atmosphere with injection of the metal/alloy into the
mold by vacuum pressure; and 2- induction in a vacuum and argon-inert atmosphere with
injection by centrifugation) does not influence the occurrence of porosities and the
retentive force of titanium clasps to be used in RPD frameworks. Co-Cr alloy, the
material of choice to make these frameworks, was used as control.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title><p>Three metallic matrices representing a partially edentulous mandibular right hemi-arch
segment were made of a Co-Cr alloy (Remanium GM380; Dentaurum, Pforzheim, Germany) to
perform the insertion/removal simulation test. Remaining teeth in the hemi-arch segment
were: 2<sup>nd</sup> premolar and 2<sup>nd</sup> molar; 1<sup>st</sup> molar was
missing. On these matrices, the molar and premolar teeth were modified with a
2.0-mm-deep occlusal rest, distal and mesial, respectively. In addition, mesial and
lingual guide-planes were prepared on the molar teeth and distal and lingual
guide-planes on the premolar teeth (two-thirds the crown length), to standardize the
path of insertion and removal. The matrices presented undercuts corresponding to 0.25
mm, 0.50 mm and 0.75 mm. The methodology used in the present study was similar to that
described by Rodrigues, et al.<sup><xref rid="r15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="r16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> (2008,2002).</p><p>To reproduce the metallic matrices in refractory material, six silicone molds were
fabricated (Elite Double; Zhermack S.p.A., Rovigo, Italy) (n=2 for each undercut), on
which casts were poured with Rematitan Plus investment (CP Ti) and Castorit-super C
(Co-Cr alloy).</p><p>Investment casts were placed on the dental surveyor, following the path of insertion
determined by the guide-planes, and prefabricated patterns of circumferential clasps
were placed on the casts (Rewax, Renfert GmbH, Hilzingen, Germany). A pin (5.0-mm wide
and 60-mm long; Plastifama Ind. e Com. de Plásticos Ltda., São Paulo, SP,
Brazil) was positioned on the clasp set, using the surveyor, to fix specimens to the
testing machine. The pin was fixed using sculpture wax (Sybron-Kerr, Romulus, MI, USA),
which served as feeding sprue for the molten alloy. The molds were completed with the
investments described above, according to the material to be used.</p><p>Seventy-two specimens were casted from CP Ti (n=36; Tritan grade I; Dentaurum,
Pforzheim, Germany) and Co-Cr alloy (n=36; Magnum H50N, MESA, Brescia, Italy). For each
material, 18 specimens were casted by plasma/vacuum-pressure and the other 18 by
induction/centrifugation, divided into 3 subgroups (n=6), according to undercuts
corresponding to 0.25 mm, 0.50 mm and 0.75 mm.</p><p>Plasma/vacuum-pressure castings were made in the Discovery Plasma machine (EDG
Equipamentos e Controles Ltda., São Carlos, SP, Brazil), which uses plasma as the
means for energy transmission to cast most metals and metallic alloys, such as CP Ti and
Co-Cr. The casting unit is formed by two interconnected chambers. The cast metal is
injected into the mold by the vacuum-pressure system, in which the mold (ring) is
subject to a pressure of 2.0 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> (1471.12 torr) in the upper part and
vacuum in the lower part.</p><p>The machine used for induction/centrifugation castings was the Neutrodyn Easyti
(MANFREDI S.r.l., Torino, Italy), by electromagnetic induction, under a vacuum and
argon-inert atmosphere, using a vacuum level of -0.82 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> (-600 torr) and
argon pressure of 0.20 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> (150 torr).</p><p>After casting, the specimens were subject to air-particle abrasion with aluminum oxide
100 mm (80 psi - 5.62 kgf/cm<sup>2</sup>). Co-Cr specimens were subjected to
standardized electrolytic polishing in a VRC apparatus (R.R. Equipamentos para
Prótese Dentária Ltda., São Paulo, SP, Brazil), using the
electrolytic solution Lustrabem (R.R. Equipamentos para Prótese Dentária
Ltda.). For CP Ti specimens, standardized chemical polishing was used, with specimens
immersed in Kroll solution (10 mL HF, 30 mL HNO<sub>3</sub> and 50 mL water) for 1
min.</p><p>Before the simulation test, all specimens were radiographically examined to detect
possible casting defects that could compromise subsequent use. Radiographic exams were
made using a laboratory unit (X-Control; Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany), set at 70 kV
and 8 mA, for a 1.5-s exposure time at 200 mm from the specimen. Polapan 57 high-speed
panchromatic black and white film (Polaroid Corp., Cambridge, USA) was used, with an
area of 4x5 in, self-developed for 20 s. After film development, image fixation fluid
was applied. Each test group (alloy/retention level/casting system), i.e., 6 specimens
<italic>per</italic> film, was radiographed along with a scaled X-ray device for CP
Ti x-rays (Dentaurum).</p><p>The radiographs were analyzed to evaluate if the specimens could be used or not. It had
been established that specimens presenting defects on clasp retentive arms would be
discarded and replaced.</p><p>In order to perform the simulation test, a testing apparatus designed at the Department
of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics of the Ribeirão Preto Dental School,
University of São Paulo, was used. The apparatus allowed for the insertion of the
metallic framework into its terminal position on the Co-Cr matrices and its subsequent
removal, thus simulating the placement and removal of an RPD.</p><p>To analyze the data obtained during the simulation test, intervals corresponding to 0,
½, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years were established. A total of 7,205 cycles were performed,
representing the simulated insertion and removal of the RPD over 5 years, estimating
that the patient would perform four complete cycles per day. The test was performed with
40 cycles/min at a constant speed of 35.79 mm/s<sup><xref rid="r16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>. The value established for each time interval corresponded to the
arithmetic average of 10 consecutive insertion/removal cycles. The force required for
each specimen removal was captured and stored using data acquisition software (LabVIEW
5.0.1, National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA).</p><p>For the simulation test, using SPSS 12.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA),
sample error was distributed and showed normal and homogeneous distribution; ANOVA was
then performed. Tukey's complementary test was used to compare casting methods for the
same material, and the materials casted by the two methods, with the same undercuts. The
significance level was set at 5%.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>RESULTS</title><p>The radiographs of the Co-Cr test specimens did not allow the visualization of defects
that would contraindicate the use of such specimens for the insertion/removal simulation
test. Three of the 18 CP Ti specimens casted by induction presented porosities whereas,
for the plasma cast group, porosities were detected in nine of the 18 specimens.
However, only specimens presenting defects in retention arm clasps were rejected,
representing one induction casted specimen (5.55%) against seven plasma casted specimens
(38.88%). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> show the retention force values observed in all test
conditions.</p><fig id="f01" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Retention force (N) of Co-Cr metallic frameworks for undercut (mm) x casting
method (induction/centrifugation or plasma/vacuum-pressure) x time of
insertion/removal simulation (months)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-18-05-0487-g01"></graphic></fig><fig id="f02" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Retention force (N) of CP Ti metallic frameworks for undercut (mm) x casting
method (induction/centrifugation or plasma/vacuum-pressure) x time of
insertion/removal simulation (months)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-18-05-0487-g02"></graphic></fig><p>Comparison between the cast methods by Tukey's post-hoc test revealed that Co-Cr alloy
specimens presented significant differences (p<0.05) for both 0.25 mm (I:
30.06±4.50 N; P: 20.11±2.90 N) and 0.50 mm (I: 30.04±5.97 N; P:
22.25±5.72 N), while there were no statistically significant differences
(p>0.05) for 0.75 mm group (I: 27.79±7.20 N; P: 31.21±4.45 N). No
significant differences (p>0.05) were found between CP Ti specimens casted by
induction or plasma in any of the different undercuts evaluated: 0.25 mm (I:
14.57±2.06 N; P: 14.81±2.94 N), 0.50 mm (I: 19.65±1.33 N; P:
15.15±3.12 N), and 0.75 mm (I: 15.85±0.921 N; P: 16.08±2.50 N).</p><p>Co-Cr and CP Ti was compared in the same undercut and casting method, and significant
differences were observed for 0.25 mm (p<0.0001) and 0.75 mm (p<0.0001) undercuts,
whereas for the 0.50 mm undercut, only Co-Cr specimens cast by induction was
significantly different (p<0.0001).</p><p>Regarding the behavior of the metallic structures over time, it was observed that the
Co-Cr alloy showed uneven values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>), and
induction casted frameworks always showed greater force values compared to those of
plasma casted frameworks, except for the 0.75-mm undercut. For CP Ti frameworks, more
homogeneous values were observed over time, with force tending to decrease throughout
the test (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Since the first studies on CP Ti use in prosthodontics in the early 1980's, numerous
equipments and materials have been designed to make CP Ti an alternative to conventional
alloys. Despite its remarkable biocompatibility and its desirable physical and
mechanical properties, difficulties in casting still pose limits to its use<sup><xref rid="r01" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="r10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="r14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="r18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="r22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>.</p><p>Porosities in CP Ti castings are the most frequently reported defects<sup><xref rid="r06" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="r09" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="r23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="r25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup>, and they are easily detected by
conventional dental radiographs. Several factors can lead to porosities in CP Ti
castings, such as: pressure difference between fusion and mold chambers, gas diffusion
into the mold chamber during plasma casting, investment material permeability,
reactivity between titanium and the investment material, and the significant difference
between casting and mold temperatures, causing rapid solidification of the metal and
lessening the likelihood of gas escape<sup><xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>.</p><p>The low density of CP Ti allowed for easy identification of porosities. Nonetheless, no
defects were identified in Co-Cr alloy specimens, possibly due to the fact that the 70
kV tension was not sufficient. Therefore, these alloys require the use of medical or
industrial devices with higher tension<sup><xref rid="r12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>.</p><p>In the present study, the casting pressure used in the vacuum-pressure machine
(Discovery Plasma), according to the manufacturer, is 1471.12 torr. This pressure may
possibly have caused the great number of porosities when this method is used, since the
higher the injection pressure, the higher the liquid metal turbulence, leading to
greater gas incorporation. Such porosities may occur also due to gas incorporation
during the casting process. In this process, argon passes from the casting chamber to
the mold chamber and thus incorporates into the material, producing porosities. The
difference between casting and mold temperatures causes rapid solidification and cooling
of the metal, which does not allow enough time for gases to escape<sup><xref rid="r09" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>.</p><p>A possible reason why centrifugation castings produced fewer porosities is that argon
can escape more rapidly due to the great centrifuge force, which is 40-60 times greater
than the force produced by pressure difference<sup><xref rid="r23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>.</p><p>In addition, it must be considered that the radiographic detection of porosities is
recommended for casting quality control, but three-dimensional defects are represented
in two dimensions. Thus, the use of a scale could provide information about how deep is
the defect, as done in the present study<sup><xref rid="r06" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="r09" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="r23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="r25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup>.</p><p>Porosities represent problems in the castings because there is a reduction in framework
thickness, an especially important aspect for RPD frameworks since voids reduce metal
cross-section and cause stress concentration, increasing the risk to fracture.</p><p>In the present study, Co-Cr specimens were subject to standardized electrolytic
polishing and CP Ti specimens, to a standardized chemical polishing. These procedures
were elected in order to avoid the variation that mechanical polishing could generate.
The superficial porosities could be exposed by any of these procedures, and care must be
taken to evaluate the final state of each framework. As all the frameworks were
previously evaluated radiographically, no defects were exposed by polishing, and none of
the frameworks were rejected after polishing.</p><p>One of properties of titanium that has created interest for RPDs is its low modulus of
elasticity, which allows for the positioning of clasps in more cervical and thus more
esthetic areas, without producing excessive loads on abutment teeth<sup><xref rid="r03" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="r11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="r14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="r17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>.</p><p>In the present study, CP Ti clasps with undercuts of 0.50 mm and 0.75 mm had a retentive
force similar to that of plasma cast Co-Cr clasps with undercuts of 0.25 mm and 0.50 mm,
respectively. These findings corroborate results reported by other authors<sup><xref rid="r03" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="r14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>. Co-Cr clasps casted by induction showed greater retentive force
throughout the study, thus presenting greater rigidity than plasma casted frameworks.
Comparing CP Ti and Co-Cr clasps for the same undercuts, it was observed that CP Ti
clasps always showed smaller retentive force, but more homogeneous values throughout the
test. On the other hand, Co-Cr clasps showed higher levels of retentive force and higher
force variation throughout the insertion/removal simulation test.</p><p>Casting methods were compared for each undercut. For Co-Cr specimens with undercut 0.25
mm, it was observed that induction casted specimens had greater retentive force values
than those casted by plasma. During the simulation test, induction casted frameworks
showed a tendency to increase retentive force from the beginning toward the end of the
test, whereas those casted by plasma had more homogeneous values. CP Ti specimens had
similar values for both methods, with a general tendency to reduce force values from
beginning to end.</p><p>Regarding the 0.50 mm undercut, induction cast Co-Cr specimens also had greater
retentive force compared to plasma casted specimens. Yet, both methods showed a general
tendency to increase values throughout the simulation test. CP Ti specimens showed no
significant differences in retentive forces for induction casted specimens when compared
to those casted by plasma, despite greater values for induction casted clasps. CP Ti
showed a general tendency to reduce force from beginning to end.</p><p>Only the 0.75 mm experimental condition allowed for the detection of permanent
deformation in some of tested clasps, demonstrated by complete lost of retention
throughout the simulation test. For Co-Cr clasps, induction casted specimens had an
evident loss of retentive force, probably due to greater initial rigidity, whereas those
casted by plasma showed more homogeneous values throughout the test. CP Ti clasps showed
a reduction in retentive force values throughout the simulation test, for both casting
methods.</p><p>Concerning clasp retentive force, it was observed that frameworks casted by induction
and centrifugation showed greater rigidity throughout the insertion/removal simulation
test. These data are especially important considering Co-Cr clasps, since the smaller
rigidity observed in plasma castings could provide the advantage of transmitting less
load to the abutment tooth. Thus, based on these results, it is suggested that clasps
casted by plasma/vacuum-pressure are more suitable. However, it must be taken into
consideration the fact that these specimens had smaller retentive force, which could
compromise clinical behavior. Confirmatory clinical studies are needed to ensure this
possibility.</p><p>Comparing clasps with the same undercut, it was observed that CP Ti clasps always showed
smaller retentive force and more uniform force values throughout the test, whereas Co-Cr
clasps showed greater force values and suffered greater variation. However, it must be
considered the need for tests under different conditions than those used in the present
study. For instance, tests in wet environments, non-rigid system with periodontal
ligament simulation could allow for better evaluation of the retentive capacity in
metallic frameworks.</p><p>Based on these observations, it is evident that there is a need to evaluate various
aspects before CP Ti can become a material of choice in the fabrication of RPD metallic
frameworks. Hence, Co-Cr alloys remain the ideal material.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>Within the limitations of the present study and based on the obtained results, it is
possible to conclude that:</p><p>Casting methods interfere with the properties of the studied materials (CP Ti and Co-Cr
alloy);</p><p>CP Ti specimens cast by plasma/vacuum-pressure showed more porosities than those casted
by induction/centrifugation. For Co-Cr castings, the occurrence of porosities could not
be observed with either casting method;</p><p>Specimens cast by plasma/vacuum-pressure showed greater flexibility and those casted by
induction/centrifugation showed greater rigidity. Consequently, retentive forces were
generally greater for induction/centrifugation casted specimens than for those obtained
by plasma/vacuum-pressure.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</title><p>This study was supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP),
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