Golden proportion assessment between maxillary and mandibular teeth on Indian population
Identifieur interne : 002E71 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002E70; suivant : 002E72Golden proportion assessment between maxillary and mandibular teeth on Indian population
Auteurs : Naveen Gopi Chander ; Vaikunth Vijay Kumar ; Vedantham RangarajanSource :
- The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics [ 2005-7806 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
This study evaluated the existence of golden proportion between the widths of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in Indian population.
The clinical tooth width measurements were recorded with the digital vernier calipers on 576 patients of both sexes in the age group of 21 - 30 years. Flexible ruler was used to determine the width of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth on the patients by the same operator. The data obtained was statistically analyzed using paired student t-test (α=.05).
The golden proportion was not found between the width of the right central and lateral incisors in 53% of women and 47% of men. The results revealed the golden percentage was rather inconstant in terms of relative tooth width.
The golden proportion is an inappropriate method to relate the successive widths of the maxillary anterior teeth in Indian population.
Url:
DOI: 10.4047/jap.2012.4.2.72
PubMed: 22737310
PubMed Central: 3381205
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3381205Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Golden proportion assessment between maxillary and mandibular teeth on Indian population</title><author><name sortKey="Chander, Naveen Gopi" sort="Chander, Naveen Gopi" uniqKey="Chander N" first="Naveen Gopi" last="Chander">Naveen Gopi Chander</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, India.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Vaikunth Vijay" sort="Kumar, Vaikunth Vijay" uniqKey="Kumar V" first="Vaikunth Vijay" last="Kumar">Vaikunth Vijay Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Prosthodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College, Chennai, India.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rangarajan, Vedantham" sort="Rangarajan, Vedantham" uniqKey="Rangarajan V" first="Vedantham" last="Rangarajan">Vedantham Rangarajan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Prosthodontics, Sri Venkateshwara Dental College, Chennai, India.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22737310</idno><idno type="pmc">3381205</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3381205</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3381205</idno><idno type="doi">10.4047/jap.2012.4.2.72</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E71</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E71</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Golden proportion assessment between maxillary and mandibular teeth on Indian population</title><author><name sortKey="Chander, Naveen Gopi" sort="Chander, Naveen Gopi" uniqKey="Chander N" first="Naveen Gopi" last="Chander">Naveen Gopi Chander</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, India.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Vaikunth Vijay" sort="Kumar, Vaikunth Vijay" uniqKey="Kumar V" first="Vaikunth Vijay" last="Kumar">Vaikunth Vijay Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Prosthodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College, Chennai, India.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rangarajan, Vedantham" sort="Rangarajan, Vedantham" uniqKey="Rangarajan V" first="Vedantham" last="Rangarajan">Vedantham Rangarajan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Prosthodontics, Sri Venkateshwara Dental College, Chennai, India.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics</title><idno type="ISSN">2005-7806</idno><idno type="eISSN">2005-7814</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>PURPOSE</title><p>This study evaluated the existence of golden proportion between the widths of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in Indian population.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>The clinical tooth width measurements were recorded with the digital vernier calipers on 576 patients of both sexes in the age group of 21 - 30 years. Flexible ruler was used to determine the width of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth on the patients by the same operator. The data obtained was statistically analyzed using paired student t-test (α=.05).</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The golden proportion was not found between the width of the right central and lateral incisors in 53% of women and 47% of men. The results revealed the golden percentage was rather inconstant in terms of relative tooth width.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>The golden proportion is an inappropriate method to relate the successive widths of the maxillary anterior teeth in Indian population.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lombardi, Re" uniqKey="Lombardi R">RE Lombardi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ward, Dh" uniqKey="Ward D">DH Ward</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morley, J" uniqKey="Morley J">J Morley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eubank, J" uniqKey="Eubank J">J Eubank</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Levin, Ei" uniqKey="Levin E">EI Levin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Snow, Sr" uniqKey="Snow S">SR Snow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ricketts, Rm" uniqKey="Ricketts R">RM Ricketts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mizumoto, Y" uniqKey="Mizumoto Y">Y Mizumoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deguchi, T" uniqKey="Deguchi T">T Deguchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fong, Kw" uniqKey="Fong K">KW Fong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murthy, Bv" uniqKey="Murthy B">BV Murthy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramani, N" uniqKey="Ramani N">N Ramani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bukhary, Sm" uniqKey="Bukhary S">SM Bukhary</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, Ds" uniqKey="Gill D">DS Gill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tredwin, Cj" uniqKey="Tredwin C">CJ Tredwin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moles, Dr" uniqKey="Moles D">DR Moles</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ali Fayyad, M" uniqKey="Ali Fayyad M">M Ali Fayyad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jamani, Kd" uniqKey="Jamani K">KD Jamani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agrabawi, J" uniqKey="Agrabawi J">J Agrabawi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="George, S" uniqKey="George S">S George</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhat, V" uniqKey="Bhat V">V Bhat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Preston, Jd" uniqKey="Preston J">JD Preston</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mahshid, M" uniqKey="Mahshid M">M Mahshid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khoshvaghti, A" uniqKey="Khoshvaghti A">A Khoshvaghti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Varshosaz, M" uniqKey="Varshosaz M">M Varshosaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vallaei, N" uniqKey="Vallaei N">N Vallaei</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ward, Dh" uniqKey="Ward D">DH Ward</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gillen, Rj" uniqKey="Gillen R">RJ Gillen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, Rs" uniqKey="Schwartz R">RS Schwartz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hilton, Tj" uniqKey="Hilton T">TJ Hilton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, Db" uniqKey="Evans D">DB Evans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosenstiel, Sf" uniqKey="Rosenstiel S">SF Rosenstiel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ward, Dh" uniqKey="Ward D">DH Ward</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rashid, Rg" uniqKey="Rashid R">RG Rashid</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vegter, F" uniqKey="Vegter F">F Vegter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hage, Jj" uniqKey="Hage J">JJ Hage</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bell, Ra" uniqKey="Bell R">RA Bell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Latta, Gh" uniqKey="Latta G">GH Latta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weaver, Jr" uniqKey="Weaver J">JR Weaver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Conkin, Je" uniqKey="Conkin J">JE Conkin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Basting, Rt" uniqKey="Basting R">RT Basting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Da Trindade Rde, C" uniqKey="Da Trindade Rde C">C da Trindade Rde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fl Rio, Fm" uniqKey="Fl Rio F">FM Flòrio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Wazzan, Ka" uniqKey="Al Wazzan K">KA Al Wazzan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, I" uniqKey="Ahmad I">I Ahmad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koury, Me" uniqKey="Koury M">ME Koury</name></author><author><name sortKey="Epker, Bn" uniqKey="Epker B">BN Epker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Scolozzi, P" uniqKey="Scolozzi P">P Scolozzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Momjian, A" uniqKey="Momjian A">A Momjian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Courvoisier, D" uniqKey="Courvoisier D">D Courvoisier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simon, J" uniqKey="Simon J">J Simon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Javaheri, Ds" uniqKey="Javaheri D">DS Javaheri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shahnavaz, S" uniqKey="Shahnavaz S">S Shahnavaz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jahanbin, A" uniqKey="Jahanbin A">A Jahanbin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Basafa, M" uniqKey="Basafa M">M Basafa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alizadeh, Y" uniqKey="Alizadeh Y">Y Alizadeh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Decker, Jd" uniqKey="Decker J">JD Decker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sarver, Dm" uniqKey="Sarver D">DM Sarver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ackerman, Mb" uniqKey="Ackerman M">MB Ackerman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marquardt, Sr" uniqKey="Marquardt S">SR Marquardt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Howells, Dj" uniqKey="Howells D">DJ Howells</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, Wc" uniqKey="Shaw W">WC Shaw</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Amoric, M" uniqKey="Amoric M">M Amoric</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Phillips, C" uniqKey="Phillips C">C Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trentini, Cj" uniqKey="Trentini C">CJ Trentini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Douvartzidis, N" uniqKey="Douvartzidis N">N Douvartzidis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wolfart, S" uniqKey="Wolfart S">S Wolfart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thormann, H" uniqKey="Thormann H">H Thormann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freitag, S" uniqKey="Freitag S">S Freitag</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kern, M" uniqKey="Kern M">M Kern</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hasanreisoglu, U" uniqKey="Hasanreisoglu U">U Hasanreisoglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berksun, S" uniqKey="Berksun S">S Berksun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aras, K" uniqKey="Aras K">K Aras</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arslan, I" uniqKey="Arslan I">I Arslan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Castro, Mv" uniqKey="De Castro M">MV de Castro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, Nc" uniqKey="Santos N">NC Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ricardo, Lh" uniqKey="Ricardo L">LH Ricardo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ong, E" uniqKey="Ong E">E Ong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Ra" uniqKey="Brown R">RA Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richmond, S" uniqKey="Richmond S">S Richmond</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wolfart, S" uniqKey="Wolfart S">S Wolfart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quaas, Ac" uniqKey="Quaas A">AC Quaas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freitag, S" uniqKey="Freitag S">S Freitag</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kropp, P" uniqKey="Kropp P">P Kropp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerber, Wd" uniqKey="Gerber W">WD Gerber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kern, M" uniqKey="Kern M">M Kern</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shell, Tl" uniqKey="Shell T">TL Shell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woods, Mg" uniqKey="Woods M">MG Woods</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Adv Prosthodont</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Adv Prosthodont</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JAP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2005-7806</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2005-7814</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22737310</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3381205</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4047/jap.2012.4.2.72</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Golden proportion assessment between maxillary and mandibular teeth on Indian population</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Chander</surname><given-names>Naveen Gopi</given-names></name><degrees>MDS</degrees><degrees>DNB</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Vaikunth Vijay</given-names></name><degrees>MDS</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rangarajan</surname><given-names>Vedantham</given-names></name><degrees>MDS</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, India.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Prosthodontics, Priyadarshini Dental College, Chennai, India.</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Department of Prosthodontics, Sri Venkateshwara Dental College, Chennai, India.</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Naveen Gopi Chander. Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600089, India. Tel. 91 98407 49441: <email>drgopichander@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>5</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>5</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>06</day><month>10</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>17</day><month>2</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day><month>2</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012 The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>PURPOSE</title><p>This study evaluated the existence of golden proportion between the widths of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in Indian population.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>The clinical tooth width measurements were recorded with the digital vernier calipers on 576 patients of both sexes in the age group of 21 - 30 years. Flexible ruler was used to determine the width of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth on the patients by the same operator. The data obtained was statistically analyzed using paired student t-test (α=.05).</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The golden proportion was not found between the width of the right central and lateral incisors in 53% of women and 47% of men. The results revealed the golden percentage was rather inconstant in terms of relative tooth width.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>The golden proportion is an inappropriate method to relate the successive widths of the maxillary anterior teeth in Indian population.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Esthetic ratio</kwd><kwd>Golden proportion</kwd><kwd>Golden ratio</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>The principles that make up esthetics are subtle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Methodical analysis has revealed that principles can be applied to evaluate and alter dental esthetics with predictability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Each principle can be considered, recognized, assessed and developed individually in esthetic management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Among the esthetic principles, the proportion can be predicted with a formula that defines the ratio of the component from one constituent to the next. The golden proportion (1.618 : 1.0) is a mathematically constant ratio that defines the dimensions between larger and a smaller length. This specific relation is unique, perfect, ideal, and desirable. It has been used from studying beauty to design esthetic restorations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> It is also a valuable tool for the evaluation of symmetry, dominance, and proportion in the diagnosis of tooth arrangement and in the application of esthetic dental treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> On the contrary, the researchers found that usage of the golden proportion is theoretical and its application is challenging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The studies have shown both the presence and the disapproval of golden proportion. The uncertainty of golden proportion in esthetic analysis and in smile design intended this study to evaluate the existence or presence of golden proportion in Indian population.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>The selected population was approved by a five member panel comprising of 2 restorative dentists, two patients and one resident for esthetics for standardization. The sample size for this study consisted of 576 volunteers, 305 females and 271 males, ranging in age from 21 to 30 years. A random population of acceptable esthetics was selected. The selection criteria required the subjects to have all of their natural anterior teeth with no history of orthodontic treatment, tooth size alteration, spacing and restorations. The volunteers were of Indian origin, their consent and ethical clearances were obtained from the institution ethical committee for the study. The teeth evaluated for maximum width on the incisal edge. Entire procedure was made simple as the patient restorations were evaluated in normal clinical situations rather than in complex environment. The flat end of digital caliper is used to measure the widths of the maxillary central, lateral and canine, mandibular central, lateral and canine. The width of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth arch width was measured using a flexible ruler. The widths of the teeth were measured at the mesio-distal contact points of teeth (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>). Anterior teeth width was measured from distal contact point of 13 to distal contact point of 23 in maxilla and distal contact point of 33 to distal contact point of 43 in mandibular teeth using flexible ruler (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>). Each measurement was made thrice by the same operator and the repetitive value was used for accuracy and calibration of results.</p><p>The golden proportion for each subject was assessed by multiplying the width of the larger component by 62% and compared the width of the smaller component for proportion to be analyzed. The width of central incisor was multiplied by 62% and compared with the width of the adjacent lateral incisor. Similarly the width of the lateral incisor, canine and the maxillary and mandibular teeth were evaluated for golden proportion. The measurements were recorded and statistically analyzed.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>RESULTS</title><p>Data obtained were entered into Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed statistically using SPSS statistical package version No. 10. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the frequency of participants having various ratios of golden proportions based on sex. Chi square analysis was used to find if there exists any association between sex and various ratios of golden proportions. Alpha error was set at 5%, and <italic>P</italic> value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p>The data revealed no statistical significance in the ratio of golden proportions based on gender. The data obtained from this study is summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>. The mean ratio existed between maxillary and mandibular teeth ranged from 73% to 84%. The ratio of 1.2 and 1.3 were more common than 1.618 which is observed in 1% of the samples.</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>The golden proportion (1.618 : 1.0) describes the ratio between the dimensions of a larger and a smaller length. Various researchers have opined for and against the use of this mathematic proportions in dentistry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Levin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> observed the golden proportion between the width of central incisor, lateral incisor and the canine. George and Bhat<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> found that the golden proportion is reliable predictors for determining the width of the maxillary central incisors in the south Indian population. Preston<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> found 17% of his study samples had golden proportion between the width of the maxillary central and lateral incisors. Lombardi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> recommended a repeated ratio concept in contrast to golden proportion. Mahshid et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> reported that the golden proportion did not exist between the widths of the maxillary anterior teeth and it was substantiated by Ward,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Gillen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Rosenstiel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The variation of thoughts among researchers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and lack of similar study on Indian population aimed this study to evaluate the existence of golden proportion between anterior teeth in the Indian population.</p><p>The results of the study indicated that golden proportion did not exist in majority of the Indian population. The ratio of 1.2 and 1.3 were more commonly observed in 43% and 42% of individuals than 1.618. The ratio of 1.5 and 1.6 were found in 5% and 1% of the study group evaluated. The 1.2 ratio which was commonly observed is substantiated by Rosensteil et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Javaheri and Shahnavaz,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Jahanbin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Decker,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Sarver and Ackerman,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Marguardt,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Howells and Shaw,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Amoric,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Phillips et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Wolfart et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> consider golden proportion to be a superior aspect of esthetics but the proportion is more artistic, theoretical and impractical in nature. It is also inappropriate to anticipate for every patient to possess this precise relationship because human are individuals with unique facial and dental features. Being one of the microesthetics factors of esthetics it is not a major consideration whereas the other macroesthetic factors and principles play a significant role in determining esthetics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></p><p>The adherence to a particular proportion for all patients universally is impractical.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The results of this study showed varied existence of specific ratio of 1.2 in 43% of study samples and 1.3 and 42% of samples. No major differences in proportion existed between the sexes and in the symmetry of maxillary and mandibular teeth. Findings of this study were substantiated by other investigations of de Castro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Ong et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Wolfart et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Shell and Woods<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> done on non-Indian population. The results of this study have inferred that golden proportion is negligible and not seen in majority of Indian population.</p><p>Unlike other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> the sample size selected for the study is superior but larger group is required to obtain definitive conclusions on Indian population which varies with cultural diversity. Though the width measurements were made to clinical precision there might be a 0.5 mm variation exist in the proximal contact area measurement which can be a binding limitation in this study. From the results obtained and within the limitations of the study the following were appraised. Ethnic differences should be considered for esthetics and proportion studies especially with Indian population which varies with cultural diversity. The golden proportion was not found between maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in majority of Indian population and the ratio of 1.2 and 1.3 is more commonly seen in Indian population. There were no major changes seen in the proportions between sexes and symmetry of teeth in Indian population.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>This study inferred that golden proportion between the widths of maxillary and mandibular teeth was not observed in the majority of Indian population.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lombardi</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The principles of visual perception and their clinical application to denture esthetics</article-title><source>J Prosthet Dent</source><year>1973</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>358</fpage><lpage>382</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">4570911</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ward</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Proportional smile design using the recurring esthetic dental (red) proportion</article-title><source>Dent Clin North Am</source><year>2001</year><volume>45</volume><fpage>143</fpage><lpage>154</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11210692</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Morley</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Eubank</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Macroesthetic elements of smile design</article-title><source>J Am Dent Assoc</source><year>2001</year><volume>132</volume><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11194397</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Levin</surname><given-names>EI</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dental esthetics and the golden proportion</article-title><source>J Prosthet Dent</source><year>1978</year><volume>40</volume><fpage>244</fpage><lpage>252</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">279670</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Snow</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Esthetic smile analysis of maxillary anterior tooth width: the golden percentage</article-title><source>J Esthet Dent</source><year>1999</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>177</fpage><lpage>184</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10825874</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ricketts</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The biologic significance of the divine proportion and Fibonacci series</article-title><source>Am J Orthod</source><year>1982</year><volume>81</volume><fpage>351</fpage><lpage>370</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6960724</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mizumoto</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Deguchi</surname><given-names>T</given-names><suffix>Sr</suffix></name><name><surname>Fong</surname><given-names>KW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Assessment of facial golden proportions among young Japanese women</article-title><source>Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop</source><year>2009</year><volume>136</volume><fpage>168</fpage><lpage>174</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19651345</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Murthy</surname><given-names>BV</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramani</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of natural smile: Golden proportion, RED or Golden percentage</article-title><source>J Conserv Dent</source><year>2008</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20142879</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bukhary</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><name><surname>Gill</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name><name><surname>Tredwin</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Moles</surname><given-names>DR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The influence of varying maxillary lateral incisor dimensions on perceived smile aesthetics</article-title><source>Br Dent J</source><year>2007</year><volume>203</volume><fpage>687</fpage><lpage>693</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18084214</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ali Fayyad</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Jamani</surname><given-names>KD</given-names></name><name><surname>Agrabawi</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Geometric and mathematical proportions and their relations to maxillary anterior teeth</article-title><source>J Contemp Dent Pract</source><year>2006</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17091141</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>George</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhat</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inner canthal distance and golden proportion as predictors of maxillary central incisor width in south Indian population</article-title><source>Indian J Dent Res</source><year>2010</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>491</fpage><lpage>495</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21187611</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Preston</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The golden proportion revisited</article-title><source>J Esthet Dent</source><year>1993</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>247</fpage><lpage>251</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7993669</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mahshid</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Khoshvaghti</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Varshosaz</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Vallaei</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of "golden proportion" in individuals with an esthetic smile</article-title><source>J Esthet Restor Dent</source><year>2004</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>185</fpage><lpage>192</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15597640</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ward</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Proportional smile design using the recurring esthetic dental (red) proportion</article-title><source>Dent Clin North Am</source><year>2001</year><volume>45</volume><fpage>143</fpage><lpage>154</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11210692</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gillen</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Schwartz</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Hilton</surname><given-names>TJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>DB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>An analysis of selected normative tooth proportions</article-title><source>Int J Prosthodont</source><year>1994</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>410</fpage><lpage>417</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7802908</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rosenstiel</surname><given-names>SF</given-names></name><name><surname>Ward</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name><name><surname>Rashid</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dentists' preferences of anterior tooth proportion-a web-based study</article-title><source>J Prosthodont</source><year>2000</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>136</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11179463</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vegter</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Hage</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical anthropometry and canons of the face in historical perspective</article-title><source>Plast Reconstr Surg</source><year>2000</year><volume>106</volume><fpage>1090</fpage><lpage>1096</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11039382</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bell</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The geometric theory of selection of artificial teeth: is it valid?</article-title><source>J Am Dent Assoc</source><year>1978</year><volume>97</volume><fpage>637</fpage><lpage>640</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">363761</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Latta</surname><given-names>GH</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Weaver</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Conkin</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The relationship between the width of the mouth, interalar width, bizygomatic width, and interpupillary distance in edentulous patients</article-title><source>J Prosthet Dent</source><year>1991</year><volume>65</volume><fpage>250</fpage><lpage>254</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2051360</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Basting</surname><given-names>RT</given-names></name><name><surname>da Trindade Rde</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Flòrio</surname><given-names>FM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Comparative study of smile analysis by subjective and computerized methods</article-title><source>Oper Dent</source><year>2006</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>652</fpage><lpage>659</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17153972</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Al Wazzan</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The relationship between intercanthal dimension and the widths of maxillary anterior teeth</article-title><source>J Prosthet Dent</source><year>2001</year><volume>86</volume><fpage>608</fpage><lpage>612</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11753312</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmad</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Geometric considerations in anterior dental aesthetics: restorative principles</article-title><source>Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent</source><year>1998</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>813</fpage><lpage>822</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10093545</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Koury</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></name><name><surname>Epker</surname><given-names>BN</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Maxillofacial esthetics: anthropometrics of the maxillofacial region</article-title><source>J Oral Maxillofac Surg</source><year>1992</year><volume>50</volume><fpage>806</fpage><lpage>820</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1634972</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Scolozzi</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Momjian</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Courvoisier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dentofacial deformities treated according to a dentoskeletal analysis based on the divine proportion: are the resulting faces de facto "divinely" proportioned?</article-title><source>J Craniofac Surg</source><year>2011</year><volume>22</volume><fpage>147</fpage><lpage>150</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21187759</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Simon</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Using the golden proportion in aesthetic treatment: a case report</article-title><source>Dent Today</source><year>2004</year><volume>23</volume><fpage>82</fpage><fpage>84</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15495450</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Javaheri</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name><name><surname>Shahnavaz</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Utilizing the concept of the golden proportion</article-title><source>Dent Today</source><year>2002</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>101</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12073486</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jahanbin</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Basafa</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Alizadeh</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of the Divine Proportion in the facial profile of young females</article-title><source>Indian J Dent Res</source><year>2008</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>292</fpage><lpage>296</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19075430</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Decker</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The divine proportion</article-title><source>Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop</source><year>2004</year><volume>126</volume><fpage>19A</fpage><lpage>20A</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sarver</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name><name><surname>Ackerman</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies</article-title><source>Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop</source><year>2003</year><volume>124</volume><fpage>116</fpage><lpage>127</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12923505</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marquardt</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Marquardt on the Golden Decagon and human facial beauty. Interview by Dr. Gottlieb</article-title><source>J Clin Orthod</source><year>2002</year><volume>36</volume><fpage>339</fpage><lpage>347</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12101544</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Howells</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Shaw</surname><given-names>WC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The validity and reliability of ratings of dental and facial attractiveness for epidemiologic use</article-title><source>Am J Orthod</source><year>1985</year><volume>88</volume><fpage>402</fpage><lpage>408</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3864374</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Amoric</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The golden number: applications to cranio-facial evaluation</article-title><source>Funct Orthod</source><year>1995</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8613109</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Trentini</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Douvartzidis</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The effect of treatment on facial attractiveness</article-title><source>J Oral Maxillofac Surg</source><year>1992</year><volume>50</volume><fpage>590</fpage><lpage>594</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1593319</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wolfart</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Thormann</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Freitag</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Assessment of dental appearance following changes in incisor proportions</article-title><source>Eur J Oral Sci</source><year>2005</year><volume>113</volume><fpage>159</fpage><lpage>165</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15819823</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hasanreisoglu</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Berksun</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Aras</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Arslan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>An analysis of maxillary anterior teeth: facial and dental proportions</article-title><source>J Prosthet Dent</source><year>2005</year><volume>94</volume><fpage>530</fpage><lpage>538</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16316799</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>de Castro</surname><given-names>MV</given-names></name><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>NC</given-names></name><name><surname>Ricardo</surname><given-names>LH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Assessment of the "golden proportion" in agreeable smiles</article-title><source>Quintessence Int</source><year>2006</year><volume>37</volume><fpage>597</fpage><lpage>604</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16922018</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ong</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Richmond</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Peer assessment of dental attractiveness</article-title><source>Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop</source><year>2006</year><volume>130</volume><fpage>163</fpage><lpage>169</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16905059</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wolfart</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Quaas</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Freitag</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kropp</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Gerber</surname><given-names>WD</given-names></name><name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Subjective and objective perception of upper incisors</article-title><source>J Oral Rehabil</source><year>2006</year><volume>33</volume><fpage>489</fpage><lpage>495</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16774506</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shell</surname><given-names>TL</given-names></name><name><surname>Woods</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Facial aesthetics and the divine proportion: a comparison of surgical and non-surgical class II treatment</article-title><source>Aust Orthod J</source><year>2004</year><volume>20</volume><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16429875</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Mesio-distal width of maxillary and mandibular central incisor.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jap-4-72-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Mesio-distal width of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jap-4-72-g002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Frequency and percentage of ratio in the study sample</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jap-4-72-i001"></graphic><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Chi square value = 2.88, <italic>P</italic> = 0.7 (Not significant)</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002E71 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002E71 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= EdenteV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:3381205
|texte= Golden proportion assessment between maxillary and mandibular teeth on Indian population
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:22737310" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a EdenteV2
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |