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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Spot-Bonding and Full-Bonding Techniques for Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) and Metallic Retainers</title><author><name sortKey="Scribante, Andrea" sort="Scribante, Andrea" uniqKey="Scribante A" first="Andrea" last="Scribante">Andrea Scribante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gandini, Paola" sort="Gandini, Paola" uniqKey="Gandini P" first="Paola" last="Gandini">Paola Gandini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tessera, Paola" sort="Tessera, Paola" uniqKey="Tessera P" first="Paola" last="Tessera">Paola Tessera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vallittu, Pekka K" sort="Vallittu, Pekka K" uniqKey="Vallittu P" first="Pekka K." last="Vallittu">Pekka K. Vallittu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-18-02096">Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland;<email>pekka.vallittu@utu.fi</email> (P.K.V.);<email>lippo.lassila@utu.fi</email> (L.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-18-02096">Welfare Division, 20100 Turku, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lassila, Lippo" sort="Lassila, Lippo" uniqKey="Lassila L" first="Lippo" last="Lassila">Lippo Lassila</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-18-02096">Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland;<email>pekka.vallittu@utu.fi</email> (P.K.V.);<email>lippo.lassila@utu.fi</email> (L.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sfondrini, Maria Francesca" sort="Sfondrini, Maria Francesca" uniqKey="Sfondrini M" first="Maria Francesca" last="Sfondrini">Maria Francesca Sfondrini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28976936</idno><idno type="pmc">5666778</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666778</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5666778</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijms18102096</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E41</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E41</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Spot-Bonding and Full-Bonding Techniques for Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) and Metallic Retainers</title><author><name sortKey="Scribante, Andrea" sort="Scribante, Andrea" uniqKey="Scribante A" first="Andrea" last="Scribante">Andrea Scribante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gandini, Paola" sort="Gandini, Paola" uniqKey="Gandini P" first="Paola" last="Gandini">Paola Gandini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tessera, Paola" sort="Tessera, Paola" uniqKey="Tessera P" first="Paola" last="Tessera">Paola Tessera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vallittu, Pekka K" sort="Vallittu, Pekka K" uniqKey="Vallittu P" first="Pekka K." last="Vallittu">Pekka K. Vallittu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-18-02096">Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland;<email>pekka.vallittu@utu.fi</email> (P.K.V.);<email>lippo.lassila@utu.fi</email> (L.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijms-18-02096">Welfare Division, 20100 Turku, Finland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lassila, Lippo" sort="Lassila, Lippo" uniqKey="Lassila L" first="Lippo" last="Lassila">Lippo Lassila</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijms-18-02096">Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland;<email>pekka.vallittu@utu.fi</email> (P.K.V.);<email>lippo.lassila@utu.fi</email> (L.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sfondrini, Maria Francesca" sort="Sfondrini, Maria Francesca" uniqKey="Sfondrini M" first="Maria Francesca" last="Sfondrini">Maria Francesca Sfondrini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096">Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</title><idno type="eISSN">1422-0067</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Fiber reinforced Composite (FRC) retainers have been introduced as an aesthetic alternative to conventional metallic splints, but present high rigidity. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate bending and fracture loads of FRC splints bonded with conventional full-coverage of the FRC with a composite compared with an experimental bonding technique with a partial (spot-) resin composite cover. Stainless steel rectangular flat, stainless steel round, and FRC retainers were tested at 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections and at a maximum load. Both at 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections, the lowest load required to bend the retainer was recorded for spot-bonded stainless steel flat and round wires and for spot-bonded FRCs, and no significant differences were identified among them. Higher force levels were reported for full-bonded metallic flat and round splints and the highest loads were recorded for full-bonded FRCs. At the maximum load, no significant differences were reported among spot- and full-bonded metallic splints and spot-bonded FRCs. The highest loads were reported for full bonded FRCs. The significant decrease in the rigidity of spot-bonded FRC splints if compared with full-bonded retainers suggests further tests in order to propose this technique for clinical use, as they allow physiologic tooth movement, thus presumably reducing the risk of ankylosis.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goldberg, A J" uniqKey="Goldberg A">A.J. Goldberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burstone, C J" uniqKey="Burstone C">C.J. Burstone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vallittu, P K" uniqKey="Vallittu P">P.K. Vallittu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lassila, V P" uniqKey="Lassila V">V.P. Lassila</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nayar, S" uniqKey="Nayar S">S. Nayar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ganesh, R" uniqKey="Ganesh R">R. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Mol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijms</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1422-0067</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28976936</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5666778</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms18102096</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijms-18-02096</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Spot-Bonding and Full-Bonding Techniques for Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) and Metallic Retainers</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2760-0124</contrib-id><name><surname>Scribante</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-18-02096">1</xref><xref rid="c1-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gandini</surname><given-names>Paola</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-18-02096">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tessera</surname><given-names>Paola</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-18-02096">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vallittu</surname><given-names>Pekka K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-18-02096">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijms-18-02096">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lassila</surname><given-names>Lippo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijms-18-02096">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sfondrini</surname><given-names>Maria Francesca</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijms-18-02096">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijms-18-02096"><label>1</label>Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;<email>paola.gandini@unipv.it</email> (P.G.);<email>paola.tessera01@universitadipavia.it</email> (P.T.);<email>francesca.sfondrini@unipv.it</email> (M.F.S.)</aff><aff id="af2-ijms-18-02096"><label>2</label>Department of Biomaterial Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre—TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland;<email>pekka.vallittu@utu.fi</email> (P.K.V.);<email>lippo.lassila@utu.fi</email> (L.L.)</aff><aff id="af3-ijms-18-02096"><label>3</label>Welfare Division, 20100 Turku, Finland</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijms-18-02096"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>andrea.scribante@unipv.it</email>; Tel.: +39-0382-516223</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>10</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>10</issue><elocation-id>2096</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>9</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Fiber reinforced Composite (FRC) retainers have been introduced as an aesthetic alternative to conventional metallic splints, but present high rigidity. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate bending and fracture loads of FRC splints bonded with conventional full-coverage of the FRC with a composite compared with an experimental bonding technique with a partial (spot-) resin composite cover. Stainless steel rectangular flat, stainless steel round, and FRC retainers were tested at 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections and at a maximum load. Both at 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections, the lowest load required to bend the retainer was recorded for spot-bonded stainless steel flat and round wires and for spot-bonded FRCs, and no significant differences were identified among them. Higher force levels were reported for full-bonded metallic flat and round splints and the highest loads were recorded for full-bonded FRCs. At the maximum load, no significant differences were reported among spot- and full-bonded metallic splints and spot-bonded FRCs. The highest loads were reported for full bonded FRCs. The significant decrease in the rigidity of spot-bonded FRC splints if compared with full-bonded retainers suggests further tests in order to propose this technique for clinical use, as they allow physiologic tooth movement, thus presumably reducing the risk of ankylosis.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>dentistry</kwd><kwd>orthodontics</kwd><kwd>prosthodontics</kwd><kwd>fiber reinforced composite</kwd><kwd>FRCs</kwd><kwd>three-point bending</kwd><kwd>bend</kwd><kwd>strength</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1-ijms-18-02096"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Fiber reinforced composites (FRCs) were introduced in dentistry over 40 years ago. The reinforcement of dental resins with short or long fibers has been described in alternative to the widely used particulate reinforcements [<xref rid="B1-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. FRCs allow a high strength/weight and stiffness/weight if compared with other materials [<xref rid="B3-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. Firstly, dental composites have been reinforced with polyethylene, carbon, and aramid fibers [<xref rid="B4-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. Subsequently, glass fibers [<xref rid="B5-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] have been introduced and, more recently, nanofilled glass FRCs [<xref rid="B6-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] have been presented.</p><p>FRCs showed meaningful improvements in properties over unreinforced resins, and usually the clinicians found them easy to manipulate and customize [<xref rid="B1-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. Consequently, during the last years, FRCs have been proposed for many clinical applications [<xref rid="B7-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. Fixed dental prostheses [<xref rid="B8-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>], root canal anchoring systems [<xref rid="B10-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B11-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="B12-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>], fillings and core-built ups [<xref rid="B13-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="B15-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="B16-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>], removable devices [<xref rid="B17-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>], periodontal and trauma splints [<xref rid="B19-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>], orthodontic retainers [<xref rid="B20-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>], and orthodontic anchorage units [<xref rid="B21-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] have been reported to be realized with FRCs. Even if FRCs’ high stiffness (33 and 44 N under 0.1 and 0.2 mm deflections, respectively) [<xref rid="B22-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] can be useful for prosthodontic uses, this characteristic could be unwanted for splint and retainer purposes. Some studies have demonstrated that FRC splints presented increased deflection values if compared with metallic wires [<xref rid="B22-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] and conventional stainless steel splints [<xref rid="B23-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B24-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. Excessive rigidity can be in contrast with physiologic tooth movement, thus increasing the risk of ankylosis [<xref rid="B25-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="B26-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>].</p><p>The rigidity of an FRC splint is due to composite and fiber characteristics [<xref rid="B27-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] and can be magnified by the FRC application technique. In fact after enamel etching, the tooth is dried and a thin layer of adhesive resin is applied. The FRC retainer is then located on the enamel surface and a small amount of resin paste is placed to cover the entire retainer and then light cured, as per the manufacturer’s instructions [<xref rid="B4-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B20-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. The total composite coverage of an FRC retainer is in contrast with conventional stainless steel splint preparation, which allows the retainer to be covered with resin only in correspondence of each tooth. This fabrication design could enhance the structural elasticity of metallic splints, due to the lack of composite coverage in the interproximal zones of the retainer [<xref rid="B28-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]. On the basis of these considerations, a spot-bonding technique, if applied to FRC splint construction, could decrease FRC rigidity, thus increasing similarity with stainless steel mechanical behaviour.</p><p>To our knowledge, bending and fracture loads of FRCs have been tested in the literature [<xref rid="B29-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="B30-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="B31-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>], but there is no report that has compared FRCs, prepared with the spot- or full-bonding technique.</p><p>Therefore, the purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate and compare stainless steel (round and rectangular) and FRC splints bonded with full- or spot-composite coverage. The load required to bend the retainer of various deflections was measured (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-18-02096-f001">Figure 1</xref>).</p><p>Strengths were measured at 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections and at a maximum load (<xref ref-type="table" rid="ijms-18-02096-t001">Table 1</xref>). The null hypothesis of the present report was that there is no significant difference in deflection values among the various groups tested.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-ijms-18-02096"><title>2. Results</title><p>The descriptive statistics of the loads (N) recorded in the 18 groups including the mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="ijms-18-02096-t002">Table 2</xref>.</p><p>The results of ANOVA indicated significant differences among the various groups (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001).</p><p>A post-hoc test pointed out that, both at 0.2 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-18-02096-f002">Figure 2</xref>—groups 1 to 6) and at 0.3 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-18-02096-f003">Figure 3</xref>—groups 7 to 12) deflections, the lowest strengths were recorded for spot-bonded stainless steel flat (groups 1 and 7) and round (groups 3 and 9) wires and for spot bonded FRCs (groups 5 and 11), and no significant differences were observed among them (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). Significantly higher force levels were reported for full bonded metallic flat (groups 2 and 8) and round (groups 4 and 9) splints if compared with spot bonded flat (groups 1 and 7) and round (groups 3 and 9) retainers, respectively (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). The highest strengths were recorded for full bonded FRCs (groups 6 and 12) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001).</p><p>On the other hand, at maximum load (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-18-02096-f004">Figure 4</xref>—groups 13 to 18), no significant differences were reported among spot- and full-bonded metallic flat and round splints (groups 13 to 16) and spot-bonded FRCs (group 17) (<italic>p</italic> > 0.05). Significantly higher loads were reported for full bonded FRCs (group 18) if compared with all other groups tested at maximum deflection (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001).</p></sec><sec id="sec3-ijms-18-02096"><title>3. Discussion</title><p>The null-hypothesis of the study has been rejected. Significant differences in deflection values were reported among the various groups tested.</p><p>Full-bonded groups showed significantly higher strength values than spot-bonded groups for flat splints, round splints, and FRCs, at both 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections. No significant differences among spot-bonded groups (both splints and FRCs) were reported. Therefore, in this study, the spot-bonded technique significantly decreased FRC rigidity, thus allowing a mechanical behaviour similar to flat and round stainless steel splints after 0.2 and 0.3 deflections. A possible reason could be related to the presence of a composite distributed all along the fiber in full bonded groups that could increase the rigidity if compared with the spot-bonded group, in which the composite structure is interrupted between teeth. Another explanation could be related to other variables, such as the internal arrangement of the FRCs. In fact, unidirectional or woven fiber orientation has been reported to influence their mechanical behaviour [<xref rid="B3-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B5-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B13-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. Moreover, the presence of micro- and nano-fillers could also change the FRC characteristics [<xref rid="B6-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. However, as the spot-bonding technique has not yet been tested, further tests are needed to understand the phenomenon.</p><p>Moreover, in the present report, at maximum load, no significant differences between spot and full bonded splints were recorded, whereas significantly higher load values were reported for full-bonded FRCs if compared with spot-bonded FRCs. Therefore, the maximum resistance before the fracture of flat and round splints has been shown to be similar. Maximum load values were reported in the full-bonded FRCs group.</p><p>Previous studies have evaluated the load values of conventional and nanofilled FRCs, showing values ranging from 10 to 50 N [<xref rid="B6-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B22-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="B23-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B30-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="B32-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B33-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]. These values are in agreement with the results reported in the present investigation with full-bonded FRCs. To our knowledge, there are no studies that measured the deflection values of FRCs prepared with the spot-bonded technique. In fact, in the literature, previous studies only evaluated spot-bonded metallic splints and full-bonded FRC retainers. To our knowledge, there are no studies that evaluated full-bonded metallic splints. In the present investigation, after 0.2 and 0.3 mm deflections, full-bonded stainless steel retainers showed significantly higher load values than spot-bonded splints (both metallic and FRC) and statistically lower load values than full-bonded FRCs. Therefore, full-bonded metallic splints (both flat and round) exhibited an intermediate mechanical behaviour between spot bonded retainers and full bonded FRCs. Moreover, at maximum load, full-bonded stainless steel retainers showed similar load values to spot-bonded splints (both metallic and FRC) and significantly lower load values than full-bonded FRCs.</p><p>The use of multi-stranded spot-bonded wires for the construction of the fixed retainers has been proposed based on their ability to allow the physiological movement of teeth. Moreover, a braided surface offers increased mechanical retention during bonding [<xref rid="B25-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]. Metallic splints presented some disadvantages, mainly related to their aesthetic and the necessity of removal if the patient has to undergo nuclear magnetic resonance exams. Moreover, they cannot be used in patients allergic to metals [<xref rid="B20-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. For these reasons, FRC retainers have been introduced as a completely aesthetic and metal-free alternative to conventional metallic splints [<xref rid="B34-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]. On the other hand, FRC splints present some disadvantages, in the form of higher costs and the difficulty to repair if debonded [<xref rid="B20-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. Moreover, the mechanical behaviour of FRC retainers has been reported to be significantly different when compared with metallic ones. Previous studies showed that full-bonded FRC retainers exhibited higher rigidity if compared with metallic wires [<xref rid="B22-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] and splints [<xref rid="B23-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B24-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B30-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]. This is in agreement with the present report, as full-bonded FRCs showed significantly higher deflection strengths if compared with flat and round metallic splints.</p><p>Some reports showed that the higher rigidity of full-bonded FRC splints could be associated with tooth ankylosis [<xref rid="B25-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="B26-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]. Therefore, the reduction of load values in spot-bonded FRC groups reported in the present investigation could prevent the risk of ankylosis assimilating FRCs behaviour to metallic splints, even if further studies are needed on this topic.</p><p>Other studies showed that the clinical durability of an FRC full-bonded splint is over 85% after one year [<xref rid="B20-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B34-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] and over 65% after two years [<xref rid="B35-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] from bonding. No significant differences were reported between the survival rates of metallic splints and FRC retainers [<xref rid="B20-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B34-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>,<xref rid="B35-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]. These studies support the clinical reliability of full-bonded FRC splints. However, no studies have tested the clinical reliability of spot-bonded FRCs.</p><p>When the FRC is left as such in the approximal areas of teeth, oxygen inhibits the free radical polymerization form the surface of the FRC. Therefore, the diameter of the well polymerized FRC is somewhat less than the actual outer diameter of the FRC. The thickness of the oxygen inhibition layer is ca. 0.1 mm which means that the effective diameter (polymerized part of the FRC) of the FRC is not 0.8 mm but ca. 0.6 mm. Such a reduction in the diameter of the retainer causes considerably lower strength and rigidity for the retainer. This may have had an influence on the results with the spot-bonding technique. Therefore, it is advised to add adhesive resin to the surface of an FRC at the approximal areas so that the oxygen inhibition of polymerization occurs in the adhesive rather that in the FRC [<xref rid="B36-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>,<xref rid="B37-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>].</p><p>Bond strengths of full-bonded FRCs have been reported both for new [<xref rid="B38-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>] and repaired [<xref rid="B39-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>] fibers. Also, the influence of different adhesive systems [<xref rid="B40-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>] and polymerization methods [<xref rid="B41-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>] has been tested. All these reports showed clinically acceptable bond strength values of conventional full-bonded FRCs, but no studies have been carried out for spot-bonded FRCs.</p><p>On the bases of the results of the present investigation, in order to reduce the rigidity of FRC splints, a spot-bonded preparation technique could be proposed. This is the first study that evaluated the spot-bonding technique for FRCs, and in the literature, no other studies have been conducted on such a concern. Therefore, before being routinely used, spot-bonded FRCs should also be tested for other important variables, such as other physical properties, mechanical behaviour, shear bond strength values, biocompatibility, and microbial colonization characteristics.</p></sec><sec id="sec4-ijms-18-02096"><title>4. Materials and Methods</title><p>Rectangular metallic splint wires (Bond-A-Braid, Reliance Orthodontic Products Inc., Itasca, IL, USA), round metallic splint wires (Penta-one 0155, Masel Orthodontics, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and FRCs (Everstick Ortho, StickTech, Turku, Finland) were tested in the present investigation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="ijms-18-02096-t001">Table 1</xref>).</p><p>After a sample size calculation test, all materials were divided into coded groups of 10 specimens each (length: 28 mm), according to different bonding techniques:
<list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>-SFS: Stainless steel Flat Spot-bonded</p></list-item><list-item><p>-SFF: Stainless steel Flat Full-bonded</p></list-item><list-item><p>-SRS: Stainless steel Round Spot-bonded</p></list-item><list-item><p>-SRF: Stainless steel Round Full-bonded</p></list-item><list-item><p>-FS: FRC Spot-bonded</p></list-item><list-item><p>-FF: FRC Full-bonded</p></list-item></list></p><p>All specimens were then prepared to be bonded to an acrylic mandible model, simulating a canine-to-canine splint. Element 3.1 was removed from the model before bonding, in order to allow the force to be directly applied to the retainer (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijms-18-02096-f001">Figure 1</xref>). The span length between element 3.2 and 4.1 was 8 mm. The two metallic splints (flat and round) and the FRCs were bonded to the elements 3.3, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 of the mandible model with a one-step, self-etch 7th generation bonding agent (G-aenial Bond, GC America, Alsip, IL, USA) and fixed with flow composite (G-aenial Universal Flo, GC America, Alsip, IL, USA). The composite coverage was complete in the full-bonded splints (Codes: SFS, SRS and FS). In the spot-bonded groups (Codes: SFF, SRF and FF), the composite covered the retainer only in correspondence of each tooth, leaving the splint exposed in interproximal spaces.</p><p>All specimens were light-cured (wavelength range of 430–480 nm and light intensity of 1200 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>) by hand with a halogen curing unit (Elipar S10, 3M, Monrovia, CA, USA) for 40 s.</p><p>All the stainless steel wires and FRC samples were subsequently tested according to a modified three-point bending test in order to measure the load required to bend the retainer. The load was applied with a universal testing machine (Lloyd LRX; Lloyd Instruments, Fareham, UK) to the middle of the distance between elements 3.2 and 4.1. The strength values were recorded with Nexygen MT software (Lloyd Instruments). The crosshead speed was 1.0 mm per minute [<xref rid="B22-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="B32-ijms-18-02096" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]. Ten specimens for each coded groups were tested at deflections of 0.2 mm (groups 1 to 6), 0.3 mm (groups 7 to 12), and at maximum load (groups 13 to 18). Loads were recorded in newton.</p><p>Statistical analysis was performed with a software (R version 3.1.3, R Development Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Wien, Austria). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum, median, maximum, lower confidence interval, and upper confidence interval) were calculated for all the 18 groups tested. The normality of the data was calculated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. As the data were demonstrated to be normal (gaussian distribution), a parametric test was performed. A multi-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. Subsequently, a Tukey test was applied as post-hoc, to determine whether there were significant differences among the deflection values of the various groups. Significance for all statistical tests was predetermined at <italic>p</italic> < 0.05.</p></sec><sec id="sec5-ijms-18-02096"><title>5. Conclusions</title><p>The present study demonstrated that both at 0.2 and at 0.3 mm deflections, the lowest loads required to bend the retainer were recorded for spot-bonded stainless steel flat and round wires and for spot-bonded FRCs. Moreover, at maximum load, no significant differences were reported among spot- and full-bonded metallic splints and spot-bonded FRCs.</p><p>The significant decrease in the rigidity of spot-bonded FRC splints if compared with full-bonded retainers suggests further tests in order to propose this technique for clinical use.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>We thank GC America, Masel Orthodontics, Reliance Orthodontic Products, and StickTech—GC Group for providing the materials tested in the present study.</p></ack><notes><title>Author Contributions</title><p>Andrea Scribante: Statistics and manuscript preparation; Paola Gandini: Overall orthodontic supervision; Paola Tessera: Tests execution; Pekka K. 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deflection.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-02096-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijms-18-02096-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Box plot of load values (N) of the various groups tested at maximum deflection.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijms-18-02096-g004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="ijms-18-02096-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-18-02096-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Materials tested.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Name</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat Stainless Steel Wire</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round Stainless Steel Wire</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fiber Reinforced Composite</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bond-a-Braid</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Penta One 0155</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC Ortho</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manufacturer</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reliance</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Masel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">StickTech</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Material</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E-glass fiber 15 μm</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dimensions</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.673 mm (w) × 0.268 mm (h)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diameter: 0.394 mm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diameter: 0.75 mm</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unit Amount</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 wires</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 wires</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000 fibers</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Design</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ribbon arch</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coaxial</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unidirectional fibre bundle</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijms-18-02096-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijms-18-02096-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics (N) of the load values of the 18 groups tested (each group consisted of 10 specimens).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Code</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Material</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shape</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bonding</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Deflection (mm)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Min</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mdn</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Max</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lower CI</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper CI</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Post-Hoc *</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.57</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.93</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.94</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.48</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.91</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.41</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B, I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.59</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.46</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.79</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.88</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.83</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.90</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.93</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.71</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.67</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.37</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.69</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.63</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.28</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A, C</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.70</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.75</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.72</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.53</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.64</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.45</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, G, H</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.63</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.59</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.65</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A, C</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.37</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.84</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.64</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.53</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B, I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.89</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.66</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.74</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.33</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.93</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.29</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.09</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B, C, J</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.37</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.51</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.62</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.80</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.63</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.89</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.78</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.29</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.52</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.42</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.49</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D, E, H</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.44</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.88</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.62</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.64</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, G, I</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.33</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.66</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, I, J</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.67</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.40</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.45</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.47</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.77</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, I, J</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SRF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Round</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.38</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.71</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.26</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, I, J</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spot bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.55</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.48</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.74</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.75</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F, G</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FF</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRC</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full bonded</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Load</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.86</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.56</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.81</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.51</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.42</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*: Mean with same letters are not significantly different.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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