Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Ethnicity and upper airway measurements: A study in South Indian population</title><author><name sortKey="Balakrishnan, Kalpana P" sort="Balakrishnan, Kalpana P" uniqKey="Balakrishnan K" first="Kalpana P" last="Balakrishnan">Kalpana P. Balakrishnan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Anesthesia, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chockalingam, Punitha A" sort="Chockalingam, Punitha A" uniqKey="Chockalingam P" first="Punitha A" last="Chockalingam">Punitha A. Chockalingam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Anesthesia, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28890556</idno><idno type="pmc">5579851</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579851</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5579851</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/ija.IJA_247_17</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D15</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D15</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ethnicity and upper airway measurements: A study in South Indian population</title><author><name sortKey="Balakrishnan, Kalpana P" sort="Balakrishnan, Kalpana P" uniqKey="Balakrishnan K" first="Kalpana P" last="Balakrishnan">Kalpana P. Balakrishnan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Anesthesia, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chockalingam, Punitha A" sort="Chockalingam, Punitha A" uniqKey="Chockalingam P" first="Punitha A" last="Chockalingam">Punitha A. Chockalingam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Anesthesia, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Indian Journal of Anaesthesia</title><idno type="ISSN">0019-5049</idno><idno type="eISSN">0976-2817</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background and Aims:</title><p>Most studies on upper airway are conducted based on airway measurements in the western population. We set out to find the normal values of upper airway measurements in South Indian population. The aim of this study was to perform various upper airway examinations and to set standards for normal measurements in the South Indian population as well as to analyse the data for predictors of difficult intubation.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Methods:</title><p>This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary cancer hospital in Southern India. Airway assessment parameters, including modified Mallampati classification (MPC), upper lip bite test (ULBT), sternomental distance, thyromental distance (TMD), and the inter-incisor distance were documented for 2004 patients meeting the inclusion criteria. Laryngoscopic view after induction was graded as per Cormack and Lehane's (CL) classification. Any CL ≥3 was considered to be difficult laryngoscopy. The collected data (2004 cases) was analyed with SPSS software version 17. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to determine cut-offs in the population. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value were computed.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>MPC, ULBT, and ratio of height to TMD (RHTMD) predicted difficult intubation with sensitivity of 40.86%, 45.53% and 64.60%, respectively and these were statistically significant with <italic>P</italic> < 0.001. Using the area under the curve of the ROC curve and discrimination analysis normal RHTMD in our population had a cut off value of 17.1.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The cut off value for RHTMD to predict difficult laryngoscopy in the South Indian population is 17.1.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huitink, Jm" uniqKey="Huitink J">JM Huitink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lie, Pp" uniqKey="Lie P">PP Lie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heideman, I" uniqKey="Heideman I">I Heideman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jansma, Ep" uniqKey="Jansma E">EP Jansma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greif, R" uniqKey="Greif R">R Greif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Schagen, N" uniqKey="Van Schagen N">N van Schagen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Myatra, Sn" uniqKey="Myatra S">SN Myatra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, A" uniqKey="Shah A">A Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kundra, P" uniqKey="Kundra P">P Kundra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patwa, A" uniqKey="Patwa A">A Patwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramkumar, V" uniqKey="Ramkumar V">V Ramkumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Divatia, Jv" uniqKey="Divatia J">JV Divatia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cattano, D" uniqKey="Cattano D">D Cattano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Panicucci, E" uniqKey="Panicucci E">E Panicucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paolicchi, A" uniqKey="Paolicchi A">A Paolicchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forfori, F" uniqKey="Forfori F">F Forfori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giunta, F" uniqKey="Giunta F">F Giunta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hagberg, C" uniqKey="Hagberg C">C Hagberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shiga, T" uniqKey="Shiga T">T Shiga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wajima, Z" uniqKey="Wajima Z">Z Wajima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Inoue, T" uniqKey="Inoue T">T Inoue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sakamoto, A" uniqKey="Sakamoto A">A Sakamoto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patel, Sr" uniqKey="Patel S">SR Patel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frame, Jm" uniqKey="Frame J">JM Frame</name></author><author><name sortKey="Larkin, Ek" uniqKey="Larkin E">EK Larkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Redline, S" uniqKey="Redline S">S Redline</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Farkas, Lg" uniqKey="Farkas L">LG Farkas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katic, Mj" uniqKey="Katic M">MJ Katic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forrest, Cr" uniqKey="Forrest C">CR Forrest</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alt, Kw" uniqKey="Alt K">KW Alt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bagic, I" uniqKey="Bagic I">I Bagic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baltadjiev, G" uniqKey="Baltadjiev G">G Baltadjiev</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schorr, F" uniqKey="Schorr F">F Schorr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kayamori, F" uniqKey="Kayamori F">F Kayamori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hirata, Rp" uniqKey="Hirata R">RP Hirata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Danzi Soares, Nj" uniqKey="Danzi Soares N">NJ Danzi-Soares</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gebrim, Em" uniqKey="Gebrim E">EM Gebrim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moriya, Ht" uniqKey="Moriya H">HT Moriya</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Enlow, Dh" uniqKey="Enlow D">DH Enlow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pfister, C" uniqKey="Pfister C">C Pfister</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, E" uniqKey="Richardson E">E Richardson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuroda, T" uniqKey="Kuroda T">T Kuroda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Badawi Fayad, J" uniqKey="Badawi Fayad J">J Badawi-Fayad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cabanis, Ea" uniqKey="Cabanis E">EA Cabanis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schmitt, Hj" uniqKey="Schmitt H">HJ Schmitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirmse, M" uniqKey="Kirmse M">M Kirmse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Radespiel Troger, M" uniqKey="Radespiel Troger M">M Radespiel-Troger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krage, R" uniqKey="Krage R">R Krage</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Rijn, C" uniqKey="Van Rijn C">C van Rijn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Groeningen, D" uniqKey="Van Groeningen D">D van Groeningen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loer, Sa" uniqKey="Loer S">SA Loer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarte, La" uniqKey="Schwarte L">LA Schwarte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schober, P" uniqKey="Schober P">P Schober</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schiff, Jh" uniqKey="Schiff J">JH Schiff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Welker, A" uniqKey="Welker A">A Welker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fohr, B" uniqKey="Fohr B">B Fohr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Henn Beilharz, A" uniqKey="Henn Beilharz A">A Henn-Beilharz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bothner, U" uniqKey="Bothner U">U Bothner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Aken, H" uniqKey="Van Aken H">H Van Aken</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Badheka, Jp" uniqKey="Badheka J">JP Badheka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doshi, Pm" uniqKey="Doshi P">PM Doshi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vyas, Am" uniqKey="Vyas A">AM Vyas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kacha, Nj" uniqKey="Kacha N">NJ Kacha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parmar, Vs" uniqKey="Parmar V">VS Parmar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shah, Pj" uniqKey="Shah P">PJ Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dubey, Kp" uniqKey="Dubey K">KP Dubey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yadav, Jp" uniqKey="Yadav J">JP Yadav</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dhanger, S" uniqKey="Dhanger S">S Dhanger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Sl" uniqKey="Gupta S">SL Gupta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vinayagam, S" uniqKey="Vinayagam S">S Vinayagam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bidkar, Pu" uniqKey="Bidkar P">PU Bidkar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elakkumanan, Lb" uniqKey="Elakkumanan L">LB Elakkumanan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Badhe, As" uniqKey="Badhe A">AS Badhe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Riad, W" uniqKey="Riad W">W Riad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaez, Mn" uniqKey="Vaez M">MN Vaez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raveendran, R" uniqKey="Raveendran R">R Raveendran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tam, Ad" uniqKey="Tam A">AD Tam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quereshy, Fa" uniqKey="Quereshy F">FA Quereshy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chung, F" uniqKey="Chung F">F Chung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Prakash, S" uniqKey="Prakash S">S Prakash</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, A" uniqKey="Kumar A">A Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhandari, S" uniqKey="Bhandari S">S Bhandari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mullick, P" uniqKey="Mullick P">P Mullick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, R" uniqKey="Singh R">R Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gogia, Ar" uniqKey="Gogia A">AR Gogia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bindra, A" uniqKey="Bindra A">A Bindra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prabhakar, H" uniqKey="Prabhakar H">H Prabhakar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fau Singh, Gp" uniqKey="Fau Singh G">GP Fau - Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh Gp Fau Ali, Z" uniqKey="Singh Gp Fau Ali Z">Z Singh Gp Fau - Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Z" uniqKey="Ali Z">Z Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fau Singhal, V" uniqKey="Fau Singhal V">V Fau - Singhal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singhal, V" uniqKey="Singhal V">V Singhal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liaskou, C" uniqKey="Liaskou C">C Liaskou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vouzounerakis, E" uniqKey="Vouzounerakis E">E Vouzounerakis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moirasgenti, M" uniqKey="Moirasgenti M">M Moirasgenti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trikoupi, A" uniqKey="Trikoupi A">A Trikoupi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Staikou, C" uniqKey="Staikou C">C Staikou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krobbuaban, B" uniqKey="Krobbuaban B">B Krobbuaban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diregpoke, S" uniqKey="Diregpoke S">S Diregpoke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumkeaw, S" uniqKey="Kumkeaw S">S Kumkeaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanomsat, M" uniqKey="Tanomsat M">M Tanomsat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Honarmand, A" uniqKey="Honarmand A">A Honarmand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Safavi, M" uniqKey="Safavi M">M Safavi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yaraghi, A" uniqKey="Yaraghi A">A Yaraghi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Attari, M" uniqKey="Attari M">M Attari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khazaei, M" uniqKey="Khazaei M">M Khazaei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zamani, M" uniqKey="Zamani M">M Zamani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Safavi, M" uniqKey="Safavi M">M Safavi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Honarmand, A" uniqKey="Honarmand A">A Honarmand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amoushahi, M" uniqKey="Amoushahi M">M Amoushahi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hirmanpour, A" uniqKey="Hirmanpour A">A Hirmanpour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Safavi, M" uniqKey="Safavi M">M Safavi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Honarmand, A" uniqKey="Honarmand A">A Honarmand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jabalameli, M" uniqKey="Jabalameli M">M Jabalameli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Banisadr, G" uniqKey="Banisadr G">G Banisadr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Safavi, M" uniqKey="Safavi M">M Safavi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Honarmand, A" uniqKey="Honarmand A">A Honarmand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zare, N" uniqKey="Zare N">N Zare</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krishna, H" uniqKey="Krishna H">H Krishna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, M" uniqKey="Agarwal M">M Agarwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dali, J" uniqKey="Dali J">J Dali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rampal, P" uniqKey="Rampal P">P Rampal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dua, C" uniqKey="Dua C">C Dua</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vannucci, A" uniqKey="Vannucci A">A Vannucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cavallone, Lf" uniqKey="Cavallone L">LF Cavallone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, Pa" uniqKey="Baker P">PA Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Depuydt, A" uniqKey="Depuydt A">A Depuydt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, Jm" uniqKey="Thompson J">JM Thompson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Selvi, O" uniqKey="Selvi O">O Selvi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kahraman, T" uniqKey="Kahraman T">T Kahraman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Senturk, O" uniqKey="Senturk O">O Senturk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tulgar, S" uniqKey="Tulgar S">S Tulgar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Serifsoy, E" uniqKey="Serifsoy E">E Serifsoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ozer, Z" uniqKey="Ozer Z">Z Ozer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lundstr M, Lh" uniqKey="Lundstr M L">LH Lundstrøm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vester Andersen, M" uniqKey="Vester Andersen M">M Vester-Andersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="M Ller, Am" uniqKey="M Ller A">AM Møller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Charuluxananan, S" uniqKey="Charuluxananan S">S Charuluxananan</name></author><author><name sortKey="L Ermite, J" uniqKey="L Ermite J">J L’hermite</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wetterslev, J" uniqKey="Wetterslev J">J Wetterslev</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="N Rskov, Ak" uniqKey="N Rskov A">AK Nørskov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenstock, Cv" uniqKey="Rosenstock C">CV Rosenstock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wetterslev, J" uniqKey="Wetterslev J">J Wetterslev</name></author><author><name sortKey="Astrup, G" uniqKey="Astrup G">G Astrup</name></author><author><name sortKey="Afshari, A" uniqKey="Afshari A">A Afshari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lundstr M, Lh" uniqKey="Lundstr M L">LH Lundstrøm</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yentis, Sm" uniqKey="Yentis S">SM Yentis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ray, P" uniqKey="Ray P">P Ray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Le Manach, Y" uniqKey="Le Manach Y">Y Le Manach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riou, B" uniqKey="Riou B">B Riou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Houle, Tt" uniqKey="Houle T">TT Houle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Min, Jj" uniqKey="Min J">JJ Min</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, G" uniqKey="Kim G">G Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, E" uniqKey="Kim E">E Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jh" uniqKey="Lee J">JH Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Indian J Anaesth</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Indian J Anaesth</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJA</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Indian Journal of Anaesthesia</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0019-5049</issn><issn pub-type="epub">0976-2817</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28890556</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5579851</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJA-61-622</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/ija.IJA_247_17</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ethnicity and upper airway measurements: A study in South Indian population</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Balakrishnan</surname><given-names>Kalpana P</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chockalingam</surname><given-names>Punitha A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Department of Anesthesia, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Kalpana P Balakrishnan, #3B, Trellis, No 8, Southmada Street, Srinagar Colony. Saidapet, Chennai - 600 015, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="kalpana.balakrishnan@ gmail.com">kalpana.balakrishnan@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>622</fpage><lpage>628</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2017 Indian Journal of Anaesthesia</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Background and Aims:</title><p>Most studies on upper airway are conducted based on airway measurements in the western population. We set out to find the normal values of upper airway measurements in South Indian population. The aim of this study was to perform various upper airway examinations and to set standards for normal measurements in the South Indian population as well as to analyse the data for predictors of difficult intubation.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Methods:</title><p>This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary cancer hospital in Southern India. Airway assessment parameters, including modified Mallampati classification (MPC), upper lip bite test (ULBT), sternomental distance, thyromental distance (TMD), and the inter-incisor distance were documented for 2004 patients meeting the inclusion criteria. Laryngoscopic view after induction was graded as per Cormack and Lehane's (CL) classification. Any CL ≥3 was considered to be difficult laryngoscopy. The collected data (2004 cases) was analyed with SPSS software version 17. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to determine cut-offs in the population. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value were computed.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>MPC, ULBT, and ratio of height to TMD (RHTMD) predicted difficult intubation with sensitivity of 40.86%, 45.53% and 64.60%, respectively and these were statistically significant with <italic>P</italic> < 0.001. Using the area under the curve of the ROC curve and discrimination analysis normal RHTMD in our population had a cut off value of 17.1.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The cut off value for RHTMD to predict difficult laryngoscopy in the South Indian population is 17.1.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Airway measurements</kwd><kwd>difficult laryngoscopy</kwd><kwd>endotracheal intubation</kwd><kwd>ratio of height to thyromental distance</kwd><kwd>thyromental distance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Endotracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy continues to be the gold standard both in emergency and elective airway management. Despite the advances in airway management a recent prospective study on complications of airway management in routine anaesthesia emphasises that even death can occur as a complication.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] All India Difficult Airway Association (AIDDA) guidelines[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] recommend routine preoperative airway assessment to prevent complications but also state that none of the available tests are completely reliable, and thus one should be prepared for a difficult airway at all times. The Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines emphasise the importance of the first attempt at laryngoscopy with the aim of plan A being to “maximise the likelihood of successful intubation at the first attempt.” To follow these guidelines, we should be able to predict difficult intubation. However, the diagnostic value of upper airway examinations to predict diffcult laryngoscopy is limited due to low sensitivity and low positive predictive values (PPV).[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref><xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]</p><p>Most studies for prediction of difficult airway have been done in Caucasians, and the cut off set by them cannot be extrapolated to the Indian population.[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] According to anthropometric studies, there are racial differences in body habitus and craniofacial features.[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] Sleep studies have shown that different craniofacial characteristics predict upper airway collapsibility in different ethnic groups.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] The anthropological literature emphasises that there is ethnic variation in morphology and morphometry of mandible and maxillary bones.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref><xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] Schmitt[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] has set a cut off of >25 for the ratio of height to thyromental distance (RHTMD) to predict difficult intubation but has stated that this may be specific to different ethnic groups. We hypothesised that airway measurements in the Indian population will be different from the Caucasians and decided to do the various upper airway examinations such as TMD, sternomental distance (SMD) and interincisor distance (IID) with the aim of setting standards of normal values in the Indian population. We also wanted to see the sensitivity and specificity of these measurements and determine cut-offs for our patients.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="sec1-2"><title>METHODS</title><p>Hospital scientific advisory committee approval and the ethical committee approval were obtained. We registered the study with Clinical Trials Registry of India with the registration number of CTRI/2017/06/008820. Assuming an incidence of difficult laryngoscopy of 9%, and a relative error of 20%, power of 80% and 5% level of significance the sample size required was 1981; hence we decided to sample 2000 patients. This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary referral cancer hospital in Southern India between January 2015 and June 2016. All patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation who were over 18 years of age and were the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status1 or 2 were included. Patients with airway anomalies and head and neck pathologies in the form of prior surgery, trauma or radiation were excluded. Verbal informed consent was taken from all patients recruited as per our ethics committee advice.</p><p>During pre-anaesthetic evaluation age, sex, height, weight and modified Mallampati classification (MPC) were recorded. Upper lip bite test (ULBT), where the patient was asked to bite the upper lip with lower incisors was graded as class I: lower incisors can bite the upper lip above the vermilion line, class II: lower incisors can bite the upper lip below the vermilion line, class III: lower incisors cannot bite the upper lip. We used a graduated metal scale to measure the (IID - the distance between the upper and lower incisors with mouth maximally open). SMD was the distance from the suprasternal notch to the mentum with head maximally extended with mouth closed) and TMD was the distance between thyroid notch and mentum with head maximally extended with mouth closed. RHTMD was computed. All measurements were done by the same group of four anaesthesiologists.</p><p>Before induction of anaesthesia, MPC was done in the supine posture with the observer facing the patient. In the operating theatre, the patients were positioned with a pillow of 10 cms thickness under the head to achieve the sniffing position. Each patient was monitored with an electrocardiogram, pulse oximeter and non-invasive arterial pressure. Patients inhaled 100% oxygen through a facemask for 3 min. Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) Fentanyl 2 μg/kg, followed by propofol 2 mg/kg IV. Vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg IV was used to facilitate muscle relaxation. Laryngoscopy was done after 3 min by an anaesthesiologist with more than 2 years of experience after post graduation, with an appropriately sized Macintosh laryngoscope and the view graded as per Cormack and Lehane (CL) grading system[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] The CL grading was also done after external laryngeal manoeuvre with backwards/upwards/rightward pressure (BURP). Any CL of 3 or more was considered difficult laryngoscopy and therefore potentially difficult intubation. The anaesthetist intubating the patient's trachea was blinded to the airway examination data.</p><p>The collected data (2004 cases) were analysed with SPSS software version [‘SPSS statistics for Windows. Version 17.0 Release 17.0 (SPSS inc., Chicago, Ill., USA)’] Descriptive statistics was done using appropriate measures of central tendency. Logistic regression was employed to elicit the odds ratio for difficult intubation. The factors were analysed separately and in combination and were also adjusted for age. To determine the discriminative power of each test and to get cut offs of each parameter for our population we did receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and the area under the curve (AUC) with 95% confidence interval was computed. To test the predictive power of each parameter for identifying difficult laryngoscopy, sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), PPV and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated using cross tabulation.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>3041 patients were recruited, and data were complete in 1927 patients. In 77 other patients, all data were available except for that on ULBT. We had 78.6% (1575) females and 21.4% (429) males of age range 50.21 ± 12.04 years. Any CL of ≥3 was considered a potentially difficult intubation. With this criterion, we had 12.8% incidence of difficult laryngoscopy (257 out of 2004 patients). The demographics details and of easy (CL 1 and 2) and difficult laryngoscopy (CL 3 and 4) are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>. We could intubate all our patients either with external laryngeal manoeuvre or guided by a bougie. Our incidence of difficult laryngoscopy with BURP was only 1.09%. Out of 481 patients with MPC ≥3, 105 (40.9%) had CL of ≥3 which was significant with <italic>P</italic> < 0.0001. MPC supine was higher than MPC by one grade in almost all patients but did not significantly contribute to the prediction. MPC, ULBT and RHTMD predicted difficult intubation with sensitivity of 40.8%, 45.5% and 64.6% [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>]. <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref> has the data for logistic regression of the parameters separately (univariate) and adjusted for age (multifactorial) and these were statistically significant with <italic>P</italic> < 0.001. To find the interplay between parameters and to narrow down the risk set for difficult laryngoscopy, every possible combination of parameters was analysed in univariate setting [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Demographics of easy and difficult intubation groups with patient characteristics</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJA-61-622-g001"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Predictive values for mallampatti classification, upper lip bite test, and ratio of height to thyromental distance and their combinations to predict the occurrence of a Grade 3 or 4 laryngoscopy according to the modified Cormack-Lehane classification</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJA-61-622-g002"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Univariate and multifactorial analysis of difficult intubation parameters by logistic regression</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJA-61-622-g003"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Combined analysis of parameters by logistic regression</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJA-61-622-g004"></graphic></table-wrap><p>Compared to the sensitivity of MPC (40.8%) or ULBT (45.5%) alone a combination of MPC and ULBT yielded a better sensitivity of 69.2%. While RHTMD had a good sensitivity of 64.6% combination of this with ULBT (30.4%) or MPC (28.7%) led to a decreased sensitivity. Combining all three parameters of MPC, ULBT and RHTMD gave a better sensitivity of 58.7% with an odds ratio of 6.081. All the combinations were statistically significant for prediction of difficult laryngoscopy with <italic>P</italic> < 0.0001. The NPV was high around 90% for all airway exams and their combinations. The ROC curve [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>] for the various airway data showed that only RHTMD had an AUC >0.5. The AUC for RHTMD was 0.641 and the corresponding cut off value for RHTMD was fixed at 16.4. All other data such as SMD, TMD and IID had AUC value <0.5 on the ROC and so we could not set any cut off value for these measurements. The upper cut off for RHTMD in our study was fixed at 17.13 (16.49 + 0.64 [95% confidence interval]).</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Receiver operating characteristics curve</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJA-61-622-g005"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T5" position="float"><caption><p>Area under the ROC curve</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJA-61-622-g006"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Advances in various airway rescue devices have decreased the incidence of major airway complications, but recent reports have indicated that life-threatening airway complications still occur in patients undergoing anaesthesia.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] To decrease the airway related complications prediction of possible difficult intubation becomes essential.</p><p>The incidence of difficult intubation in the Indian population can be as high as 30%.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] Our incidence was similar to other studies in Indian population.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref><xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] Looking at our demographic data we had more females. This could be since our hospital receives more female patients compared to the males in a ratio of 3:2 and all head and neck cancers which are more common in males fell in the exclusion criteria. There are multiple studies stating male gender as a predictor of difficult intubation.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] Our study too had more males with difficult laryngoscopy. We had a total of 429 males with 22.8% (98) having difficult laryngoscopy compared to 1575 females with 10.09% (159) difficulty. We hypothesise that our difficult laryngoscopy incidence may have been higher if there were more males in the study population.</p><p>The demographics of difficult and easy intubation show that variables such as IID, body mass index (BMI) and age were significant contributors for difficult laryngoscopy. Age is an independent variable that can have effects on ease of laryngoscopy.[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] We found that as the age advanced to more than 50 years, the odds ratio increased to 12.5 meaning that there is a 12 fold increased odds of difficult laryngoscopy in this group. All the parameters (MPC, ULBT and RHTMD) were significant predictors of difficult laryngoscopy even after adjusting for age.</p><p>MPC supine considered to be better predictor of difficult intubation[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] did not improve the prediction in our set of patients.</p><p>The airway parameters studied like MPC, ULBT, and RHTMD may be useful as predictors of difficult laryngoscopy both individually and in combination. The combination of tests provided better prediction than single tests as has been documented earlier. RHTMD when combined with MPC and ULBT led to decreased sensitivity than RHTMD alone. This was due to our grouping preference, wherein we clustered as difficult laryngoscopy only if it was predicted by each of ULBT, MPC and RHTMD and we excluded cases when only two of the parameters predicted difficult intubation. Among the parameters studied we found MPC + ULBT had the highest sensitivity at 69.2% followed by RHTMD at 64.6%. This means that with a combination of MPC and ULBT can predict difficult laryngoscopy in 69% of patients with difficult laryngoscopy and RHTMD in 64%. Our specificity was highest for MPC at 78.4%, followed by ULBT meaning if MPC or ULBT are of lower grade it predicts an easy laryngoscopy. The NPV was more than 90% for all variables except ULBT showing the probability that if patients test negative, they will not have difficult laryngoscopy, meaning we can predict that they will have an easy laryngoscopy. The low individual sensitivities also meant the possibility of missing a difficult laryngoscopy unless a combination of tests is done.</p><p>We used ROC curve to set our cut offs. We took the value with highest TPR and FPR on the graph as our cut off [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>]. Our upper limit for RHTMD was 17.13 and was lower than in other Indian studies[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref><xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] but was similar to that reported by Liaskou <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] Schmitt proposed an RHTMD of 25 or more for prediction of difficult laryngoscopy in Caucasians. Krobbuaban <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] had a cut off of 23.5 in Thai patients. Honarmand <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] had a cut off of 22.7 in Iranian population, and Liaskou <italic>et al</italic>. had 18.4 cut off in Greek patients. There have been multiple publications from Isfahan, Iran with different values of cut off for RHTMD in the Iranian population, varying from 29.3.[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] 28.8,[<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>] to 21.06.[<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>] It is not clear if all the data were procured from the same ethnic group. In our study, the AUC for RHTMD was 0.641. The false positive value was 47% (1-Sp on ROC) denoting that if RHTMD >17.1 then the false positivity can be 47% - meaning laryngoscopy can be easy in these patients. In the Indian population, there were studies that used 25 as cut off[<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>] and others that used 23.5.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] All these studies did not have large numbers, one had recruited 200 cases and the other 250, however, they had good sensitivity and specificity for RHTMD. Another study[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] with 330 patients had a value of 24.9 ± 4 for RHTMD. The mean height in their study (159.4 ± 11.5) was higher than in our study (157.36 ± 9.46) and the TMD (6.5 ± 0.9) was much less than our patient population (9.03 ± 1.2). A recent systematic review[<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] has quoted normal TMD of 6–7.2 but mean TMD in our population was much higher than in the study by Schmitt <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] (7.9 ± 1. 2). Other studies with high TMD were Baker <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] with 6–8 cm and a study in Turkish population[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] quoting a cut off TMD of 8.2 cm. We hypothesised that in South Indian population the TMD is longer compared to height. RHTMD is considered a robust test as it allows for individual body proportions and is a reproducible test as all that is needed is a metal graduated scale, as compared to MPC.[<xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] However RHTMD in our population was much lower than in other Indian studies.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref><xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</p><p>We also considered CL grading as a predictor of difficult intubation, without any external laryngeal pressure. With BURP the occurrence of difficult laryngoscopy was reduced to 22 out of 2004 patients (1.09%) which is similar to the Danish[<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>] cohort study. This was a very low prevalence of difficult intubation in the population studied and so the PPV was also low. Yentis[<xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>] in an editorial has questioned the usefulness of predictive tests. In any predictive examination accuracy is better if the results are binary and clear cut, like an easy or difficult intubation, but in the clinical scenario, there is a lot of overlap; an intubation deemed difficult by CL view becomes easy with BURP or by the use of a bougie. To replicate the clinical scenario, it has been proposed that a grey zone exists and the actual values are on either side of the binary division.[<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] While many airway examinations are statistically significant by ROC analysis, using the grey zone approach shows large inconclusive zones that possibly explain the inconsistent results in predicting diffcult laryngoscopy.[<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</p><p>The limitations of our study were that it was skewed towards females. AUC for RHTMD was 0.641, any AUC of <0.7 is considered poor and this was a major limitation. We did not evaluate other predictors such as IID, BMI and comorbidities. We found that many patients could not understand ULBT and there were limitations in collecting data from edentulous patients.</p><p>We consider the prospective nature and number of cases recruited as major strengths of the study. We feel that the very low prevalence of difficult laryngoscopy in our study (CL ≥3 with BURP - 1.09%) and possible areas of grey zones that are not quantified led to poor outcomes of predictive values and state that 17.1 is the cut off value for RHTMD in the population studied. We found that MPC, ULBT, and RHTMD predicted difficult intubation even after adjustments for age.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-5"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Our upper limit for normal RHTMD in the South Indian population is 17.1. More studies in South Indian population are needed to confirm our finding and set standards for all airway measurements.</p><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Financial support and sponsorship</title><p>Nil.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-2" sec-type="COI-statement"><title>Conflicts of interest</title><p>There are no conflicts of interest.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We wish to acknowledge Dr. Thendral Edwin, Dr. V. V. Meenakshi, Dr. Nivedhya raghavan Dr. Prasanna Vani and Dr. Radhika Dash.</p></ack><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huitink</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Lie</surname><given-names>PP</given-names></name><name><surname>Heideman</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Jansma</surname><given-names>EP</given-names></name><name><surname>Greif</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>van Schagen</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>A prospective, cohort evaluation of major and minor airway management complications during routine anaesthetic care at an academic medical centre</article-title><source>Anaesthesia</source><year>2017</year><volume>72</volume><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27665740</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Myatra</surname><given-names>SN</given-names></name><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kundra</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Patwa</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramkumar</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Divatia</surname><given-names>JV</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>All India Difficult Airway Association 2016 guidelines for the management of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation in adults</article-title><source>Indian J Anaesth</source><year>2016</year><volume>60</volume><fpage>885</fpage><lpage>98</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28003690</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cattano</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Panicucci</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Paolicchi</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Forfori</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Giunta</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Hagberg</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Risk factors assessment of the difficult airway: An italian survey of 1956 patients</article-title><source>Anesth Analg</source><year>2004</year><volume>99</volume><fpage>1774</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15562070</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shiga</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Wajima</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Inoue</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Sakamoto</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Predicting difficult intubation in apparently normal patients: A meta-analysis of bedside screening test performance</article-title><source>Anesthesiology</source><year>2005</year><volume>103</volume><fpage>429</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16052126</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name><name><surname>Frame</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Larkin</surname><given-names>EK</given-names></name><name><surname>Redline</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Heritability of upper airway dimensions derived using acoustic pharyngometry</article-title><source>Eur Respir J</source><year>2008</year><volume>32</volume><fpage>1304</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18579548</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Farkas</surname><given-names>LG</given-names></name><name><surname>Katic</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Forrest</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><name><surname>Alt</surname><given-names>KW</given-names></name><name><surname>Bagic</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Baltadjiev</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races</article-title><source>J Craniofac Surg</source><year>2005</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>615</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16077306</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schorr</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Kayamori</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Hirata</surname><given-names>RP</given-names></name><name><surname>Danzi-Soares</surname><given-names>NJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Gebrim</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>Moriya</surname><given-names>HT</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Different craniofacial characteristics predict upper airway collapsibility in japanese-brazilian and white men</article-title><source>Chest</source><year>2016</year><volume>149</volume><fpage>737</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26291487</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Enlow</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name><name><surname>Pfister</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Richardson</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuroda</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>An analysis of black and caucasian craniofacial patterns</article-title><source>Angle Orthod</source><year>1982</year><volume>52</volume><fpage>279</fpage><lpage>87</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6961829</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Badawi-Fayad</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cabanis</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Three-dimensional procrustes analysis of modern human craniofacial form</article-title><source>Anat Rec (Hoboken)</source><year>2007</year><volume>290</volume><fpage>268</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17525943</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schmitt</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Kirmse</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Radespiel-Troger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Ratio of patient's height to thyromental distance improves prediction of difficult laryngoscopy</article-title><source>Anaesth Intensive Care</source><year>2002</year><volume>30</volume><fpage>763</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12500514</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Krage</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>van Rijn</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>van Groeningen</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Loer</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Schwarte</surname><given-names>LA</given-names></name><name><surname>Schober</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Cormack-lehane classification revisited</article-title><source>Br J Anaesth</source><year>2010</year><volume>105</volume><fpage>220</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20554633</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schiff</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name><name><surname>Welker</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Fohr</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Henn-Beilharz</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bothner</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Aken</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Major incidents and complications in otherwise healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: Results based on 1.37 million anaesthetic procedures</article-title><source>Br J Anaesth</source><year>2014</year><volume>113</volume><fpage>109</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24801456</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Badheka</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>Doshi</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name><name><surname>Vyas</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Kacha</surname><given-names>NJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Parmar</surname><given-names>VS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Comparison of upper lip bite test and ratio of height to thyromental distance with other airway assessment tests for predicting difficult endotracheal intubation</article-title><source>Indian J Crit Care Med</source><year>2016</year><volume>20</volume><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26955210</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Dubey</surname><given-names>KP</given-names></name><name><surname>Yadav</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Predictive value of upper lip bite test and ratio of height to thyromental distance compared to other multivariate airway assessment tests for difficult laryngoscopy in apparently normal patients</article-title><source>J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol</source><year>2013</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>191</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23878440</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dhanger</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Vinayagam</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Bidkar</surname><given-names>PU</given-names></name><name><surname>Elakkumanan</surname><given-names>LB</given-names></name><name><surname>Badhe</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Diagnostic accuracy of bedside tests for predicting difficult intubation in indian population: An observational study</article-title><source>Anesth Essays Res</source><year>2016</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26957691</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Riad</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Vaez</surname><given-names>MN</given-names></name><name><surname>Raveendran</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Tam</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name><name><surname>Quereshy</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name><name><surname>Chung</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Neck circumference as a predictor of difficult intubation and difficult mask ventilation in morbidly obese patients: A prospective observational study</article-title><source>Eur J Anaesthesiol</source><year>2016</year><volume>33</volume><fpage>244</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26351829</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Prakash</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhandari</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Mullick</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Gogia</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Difficult laryngoscopy and intubation in the Indian population: An assessment of anatomical and clinical risk factors</article-title><source>Indian J Anaesth</source><year>2013</year><volume>57</volume><fpage>569</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24403616</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bindra</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Prabhakar</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Fau - Singh</surname><given-names>GP</given-names></name><name><surname>Singh Gp Fau - Ali</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Ali</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Fau - Singhal</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Singhal</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Is the modified Mallampati test performed in supine position a reliable predictor of difficult tracheal intubation?</article-title></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liaskou</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Vouzounerakis</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Moirasgenti</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Trikoupi</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Staikou</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Anatomic features of the neck as predictive markers of difficult direct laryngoscopy in men and women: A prospective study</article-title><source>Indian J Anaesth</source><year>2014</year><volume>58</volume><fpage>176</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24963183</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Krobbuaban</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Diregpoke</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumkeaw</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Tanomsat</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The predictive value of the height ratio and thyromental distance: Four predictive tests for difficult laryngoscopy</article-title><source>Anesth Analg</source><year>2005</year><volume>101</volume><fpage>1542</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16244029</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Honarmand</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Safavi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Yaraghi</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Attari</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Khazaei</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Zamani</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Comparison of five methods in predicting difficult laryngoscopy: Neck circumference, neck circumference to thyromental distance ratio, the ratio of height to thyromental distance, upper lip bite test and mallampati test</article-title><source>Adv Biomed Res</source><year>2015</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>122</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26261824</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Safavi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Honarmand</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Amoushahi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prediction of difficult laryngoscopy: Extended mallampati score versus the MMT, ULBT and RHTMD</article-title><source>Adv Biomed Res</source><year>2014</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>133</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24949304</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hirmanpour</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Safavi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Honarmand</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Jabalameli</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Banisadr</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The predictive value of the ratio of neck circumference to thyromental distance in comparison with four predictive tests for difficult laryngoscopy in obstetric patients scheduled for caesarean delivery</article-title><source>Adv Biomed Res</source><year>2014</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>200</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25337530</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref24"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Safavi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Honarmand</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Zare</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A comparison of the ratio of patient's height to thyromental distance with the modified mallampati and the upper lip bite test in predicting difficult laryngoscopy</article-title><source>Saudi J Anaesth</source><year>2011</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>258</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21957403</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Krishna</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Agarwal</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Dali</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Rampal</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Dua</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prediction of difficult laryngoscopy in indian population: Role of ratio of patient's height to thyromental distance</article-title><source>J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol</source><year>2005</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>257</fpage><lpage>60</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vannucci</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Cavallone</surname><given-names>LF</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Bedside predictors of difficult intubation: A systematic review</article-title><source>Minerva Anestesiol</source><year>2016</year><volume>82</volume><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25990431</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref27"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Depuydt</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Thyromental distance measurement – Fingers don’t rule</article-title><source>Anaesthesia</source><year>2009</year><volume>64</volume><fpage>878</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19604192</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref28"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Selvi</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Kahraman</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Senturk</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Tulgar</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Serifsoy</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Ozer</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of the reliability of preoperative descriptive airway assessment tests in prediction of the cormack-lehane score: A prospective randomized clinical study</article-title><source>J Clin Anesth</source><year>2017</year><volume>36</volume><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28183567</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref29"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lundstrøm</surname><given-names>LH</given-names></name><name><surname>Vester-Andersen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Møller</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Charuluxananan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>L’hermite</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Wetterslev</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Poor prognostic value of the modified mallampati score: A meta-analysis involving 177 088 patients</article-title><source>Br J Anaesth</source><year>2011</year><volume>107</volume><fpage>659</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21948956</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref30"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nørskov</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosenstock</surname><given-names>CV</given-names></name><name><surname>Wetterslev</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Astrup</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Afshari</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Lundstrøm</surname><given-names>LH</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Diagnostic accuracy of anaesthesiologists’ prediction of difficult airway management in daily clinical practice: A cohort study of 188 064 patients registered in the danish anaesthesia database</article-title><source>Anaesthesia</source><year>2015</year><volume>70</volume><fpage>272</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25511370</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref31"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yentis</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Predicting difficult intubation – Worthwhile exercise or pointless ritual?</article-title><source>Anaesthesia</source><year>2002</year><volume>57</volume><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11871945</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref32"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ray</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Le Manach</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Riou</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Houle</surname><given-names>TT</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Statistical evaluation of a biomarker</article-title><source>Anesthesiology</source><year>2010</year><volume>112</volume><fpage>1023</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20234303</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref33"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Min</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The diagnostic validity of clinical airway assessments for predicting difficult laryngoscopy using a grey zone approach</article-title><source>J Int Med Res</source><year>2016</year><volume>44</volume><fpage>893</fpage><lpage>904</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27268499</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002D151 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002D151 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= EdenteV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |