The accuracy of single emulsion radiographic film in linear measurement of spiral tomography
Identifieur interne : 002B81 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002B80; suivant : 002B82The accuracy of single emulsion radiographic film in linear measurement of spiral tomography
Auteurs : Arash Dabbaghi ; Ali Shokraneh ; Nastaran FarhadiSource :
- Dental Research Journal [ 1735-3327 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Conventional tomography used for evaluation of the small areas of the jaws provides acceptable information. It has some advantages of availability, less radiation dose and cost in comparison to computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT. Double emulsion film usually used for taking tomograms requires less exposure than single emulsion film; on the other hand, the latter provides more sharpness and spatial resolution. The aim of this study was to compare diagnostic accuracy of these two kinds of films in the spiral tomography.
In an experimental study, 20 lines (10 lines anterior and 10 lines posterior to the mental foramen) were selected on two dry human mandibles and tomographic images were taken from each line with and without metal marker by single and double emulsion films. For quantitative assessment, the mandibular width and length was identified and measured on 80obtained tomograms. Afterwards, the mandibles were sectioned on each line and their actual width and height were measured. For each line, the data of tomograms were subtracted from gold standard as measurement error. These errors were divided into three groups: Greater than +1 mm, between +1 mm and −1 mm and less than −1 mm. Obtained data were analyzed by Pearson Chi-square test (α=0/05).
There was no significant difference between the single and double emulsion films, with and without markers in the measurement of both height and width of mandible (
The single emulsion film is not recommended to be used for taking the spiral tomogram.
Url:
PubMed: 23946736
PubMed Central: 3731960
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3731960Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The accuracy of single emulsion radiographic film in linear measurement of spiral tomography</title><author><name sortKey="Dabbaghi, Arash" sort="Dabbaghi, Arash" uniqKey="Dabbaghi A" first="Arash" last="Dabbaghi">Arash Dabbaghi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shokraneh, Ali" sort="Shokraneh, Ali" uniqKey="Shokraneh A" first="Ali" last="Shokraneh">Ali Shokraneh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Torabinejad Dental research Center and Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farhadi, Nastaran" sort="Farhadi, Nastaran" uniqKey="Farhadi N" first="Nastaran" last="Farhadi">Nastaran Farhadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Dental Implant Research Center and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23946736</idno><idno type="pmc">3731960</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3731960</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3731960</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002B81</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002B81</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The accuracy of single emulsion radiographic film in linear measurement of spiral tomography</title><author><name sortKey="Dabbaghi, Arash" sort="Dabbaghi, Arash" uniqKey="Dabbaghi A" first="Arash" last="Dabbaghi">Arash Dabbaghi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shokraneh, Ali" sort="Shokraneh, Ali" uniqKey="Shokraneh A" first="Ali" last="Shokraneh">Ali Shokraneh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Torabinejad Dental research Center and Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farhadi, Nastaran" sort="Farhadi, Nastaran" uniqKey="Farhadi N" first="Nastaran" last="Farhadi">Nastaran Farhadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Dental Implant Research Center and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Dental Research Journal</title><idno type="ISSN">1735-3327</idno><idno type="eISSN">2008-0255</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>Conventional tomography used for evaluation of the small areas of the jaws provides acceptable information. It has some advantages of availability, less radiation dose and cost in comparison to computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT. Double emulsion film usually used for taking tomograms requires less exposure than single emulsion film; on the other hand, the latter provides more sharpness and spatial resolution. The aim of this study was to compare diagnostic accuracy of these two kinds of films in the spiral tomography.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>In an experimental study, 20 lines (10 lines anterior and 10 lines posterior to the mental foramen) were selected on two dry human mandibles and tomographic images were taken from each line with and without metal marker by single and double emulsion films. For quantitative assessment, the mandibular width and length was identified and measured on 80obtained tomograms. Afterwards, the mandibles were sectioned on each line and their actual width and height were measured. For each line, the data of tomograms were subtracted from gold standard as measurement error. These errors were divided into three groups: Greater than +1 mm, between +1 mm and −1 mm and less than −1 mm. Obtained data were analyzed by Pearson Chi-square test (α=0/05).</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>There was no significant difference between the single and double emulsion films, with and without markers in the measurement of both height and width of mandible (<italic>P</italic> > 0.05).</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The single emulsion film is not recommended to be used for taking the spiral tomogram.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="White, S" uniqKey="White S">S White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pharoah, M" uniqKey="Pharoah M">M Pharoah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schropp, L" uniqKey="Schropp L">L Schropp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wenzel, A" uniqKey="Wenzel A">A Wenzel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kostopoulos, L" uniqKey="Kostopoulos L">L Kostopoulos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rockenbach, Mi" uniqKey="Rockenbach M">MI Rockenbach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sampaio, Mc" uniqKey="Sampaio M">MC Sampaio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, Lj" uniqKey="Costa L">LJ Costa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, Np" uniqKey="Costa N">NP Costa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dalili, Kajan Z" uniqKey="Dalili K">Kajan Z Dalili</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bavagharian, F" uniqKey="Bavagharian F">F Bavagharian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Atrkar, Roshan Z" uniqKey="Atrkar R">Roshan Z Atrkar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Klinge, B" uniqKey="Klinge B">B Klinge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petersson, A" uniqKey="Petersson A">A Petersson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maly, P" uniqKey="Maly P">P Maly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lindh, C" uniqKey="Lindh C">C Lindh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petersson, A" uniqKey="Petersson A">A Petersson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klinge, B" uniqKey="Klinge B">B Klinge</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bouserhal, C" uniqKey="Bouserhal C">C BouSerhal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Steenberghe, D" uniqKey="Van Steenberghe D">D van Steenberghe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosmans, H" uniqKey="Bosmans H">H Bosmans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanderink, Gc" uniqKey="Sanderink G">GC Sanderink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quirynen, M" uniqKey="Quirynen M">M Quirynen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, R" uniqKey="Jacobs R">R Jacobs</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lecomber, Ar" uniqKey="Lecomber A">AR Lecomber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoneyama, Y" uniqKey="Yoneyama Y">Y Yoneyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lovelock, Dj" uniqKey="Lovelock D">DJ Lovelock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hosoi, T" uniqKey="Hosoi T">T Hosoi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adams, Am" uniqKey="Adams A">AM Adams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chau, Ac" uniqKey="Chau A">AC Chau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fung, K" uniqKey="Fung K">K Fung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tammisalo, E" uniqKey="Tammisalo E">E Tammisalo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hallikainen, D" uniqKey="Hallikainen D">D Hallikainen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kanerva, H" uniqKey="Kanerva H">H Kanerva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tammisalo, T" uniqKey="Tammisalo T">T Tammisalo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ekestubbe, A" uniqKey="Ekestubbe A">A Ekestubbe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grondahl, K" uniqKey="Grondahl K">K Gröndahl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grondahl, Hg" uniqKey="Grondahl H">HG Gröndahl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ekestubbe, A" uniqKey="Ekestubbe A">A Ekestubbe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thilander, A" uniqKey="Thilander A">A Thilander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grondahl, K" uniqKey="Grondahl K">K Gröndahl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grondahl, Hg" uniqKey="Grondahl H">HG Gröndahl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clark, De" uniqKey="Clark D">DE Clark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Danforth, Ra" uniqKey="Danforth R">RA Danforth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barnes, Rw" uniqKey="Barnes R">RW Barnes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burtch, Ml" uniqKey="Burtch M">ML Burtch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kassebaum, Dk" uniqKey="Kassebaum D">DK Kassebaum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nummikoski, Pv" uniqKey="Nummikoski P">PV Nummikoski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Triplett, Rg" uniqKey="Triplett R">RG Triplett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Langlais, Rp" uniqKey="Langlais R">RP Langlais</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hanazawa, T" uniqKey="Hanazawa T">T Hanazawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sano, T" uniqKey="Sano T">T Sano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seki, K" uniqKey="Seki K">K Seki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okano, T" uniqKey="Okano T">T Okano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tyndall, Da" uniqKey="Tyndall D">DA Tyndall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks, Sl" uniqKey="Brooks S">SL Brooks</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peltola, Js" uniqKey="Peltola J">JS Peltola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mattila, M" uniqKey="Mattila M">M Mattila</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Butterfield, Kj" uniqKey="Butterfield K">KJ Butterfield</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dagenais, M" uniqKey="Dagenais M">M Dagenais</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clokie, C" uniqKey="Clokie C">C Clokie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bushong, Sc" uniqKey="Bushong S">SC Bushong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Faridah, Y" uniqKey="Faridah Y">Y Faridah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdullah, B" uniqKey="Abdullah B">B Abdullah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ng, Kh" uniqKey="Ng K">Kh Ng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Talaeipour, A" uniqKey="Talaeipour A">A Talaeipour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sahba, Ss" uniqKey="Sahba S">SS Sahba</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arimura, H" uniqKey="Arimura H">H Arimura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okawa, T" uniqKey="Okawa T">T Okawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okamoto, M" uniqKey="Okamoto M">M Okamoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ikari, T" uniqKey="Ikari T">T Ikari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamori, N" uniqKey="Nakamori N">N Nakamori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kubota, H" uniqKey="Kubota H">H Kubota</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdullah, Bj" uniqKey="Abdullah B">BJ Abdullah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaur, H" uniqKey="Kaur H">H Kaur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ng, Kh" uniqKey="Ng K">KH Ng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Dent Res J (Isfahan)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Dent Res J (Isfahan)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">DRJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Dental Research Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1735-3327</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2008-0255</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23946736</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3731960</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">DRJ-10-197</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The accuracy of single emulsion radiographic film in linear measurement of spiral tomography</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dabbaghi</surname><given-names>Arash</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shokraneh</surname><given-names>Ali</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Farhadi</surname><given-names>Nastaran</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Torabinejad Dental research Center and Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Dental Implant Research Center and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Nastaran Farhadi, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran. E-mail: <email xlink:href="nastaranfarhadi@yahoo.com">nastaranfarhadi@yahoo.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Mar-Apr</season><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>197</fpage><lpage>201</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><month>9</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><month>1</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Dental Research Journal</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>Conventional tomography used for evaluation of the small areas of the jaws provides acceptable information. It has some advantages of availability, less radiation dose and cost in comparison to computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT. Double emulsion film usually used for taking tomograms requires less exposure than single emulsion film; on the other hand, the latter provides more sharpness and spatial resolution. The aim of this study was to compare diagnostic accuracy of these two kinds of films in the spiral tomography.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>In an experimental study, 20 lines (10 lines anterior and 10 lines posterior to the mental foramen) were selected on two dry human mandibles and tomographic images were taken from each line with and without metal marker by single and double emulsion films. For quantitative assessment, the mandibular width and length was identified and measured on 80obtained tomograms. Afterwards, the mandibles were sectioned on each line and their actual width and height were measured. For each line, the data of tomograms were subtracted from gold standard as measurement error. These errors were divided into three groups: Greater than +1 mm, between +1 mm and −1 mm and less than −1 mm. Obtained data were analyzed by Pearson Chi-square test (α=0/05).</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>There was no significant difference between the single and double emulsion films, with and without markers in the measurement of both height and width of mandible (<italic>P</italic> > 0.05).</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The single emulsion film is not recommended to be used for taking the spiral tomogram.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Emulsion</kwd><kwd>tomography</kwd><kwd>X-ray film</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Imaging techniques are very important in the treatment of dental problems. Concurrent with improvement of dentistry science, there is demand for the techniques providing more information about patient's status. For e.g., with the development of implantology as a routine part of dentistry, the cross-sectional images such as conventional tomography, multi detector computed tomography (MDCT), and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) have been popularized.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]</p><p>With outspread of the advanced imaging techniques such as the MDCT and CBCT, the use of the conventional tomography has been decreased. Furthermore, the tomographic machines that were easily available are being replaced by CBCT machines. However, the tomographic images are very suitable and practical in evaluation of high contrast anatomy such as temporomandibular joint and implant.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>]</p><p>Although the MDCT and CBCT eliminate superimpositions and provide the cross-sections with the higher contrast resolution and accuracy,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>] they cannot completely replace the conventional tomography because of the higher radiation dose and cost.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">11</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">12</xref>] In addition, many studies have been shown the conventional tomography has the acceptable accuracy in comparison with the CBCT and computed tomography (CT).[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">13</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">14</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">16</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>] Therefore, the CT is the most suitable technique in the evaluation of the both mandible and maxilla simultaneously and the conventional tomography is the best choice in scanning of the small areas of the both jaws on the account of its accessibility and information reliability.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]</p><p>According to the number of emulsion layer in the film, it is divided to single and double emulsion. Routinely, the tomographic images are taken with the double emulsion films.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>] These films require the lower exposure, but have the less sharpness and spatial resolution.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">20</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>] Recently, with the extension of popularity of the digital images between the dentists, there is tendency to use the single emulsion film in the dental radiographies. This type of film has the similarity to the digital images from the point of seeming sharper and transparent.</p><p>After comprehensive search, we did not find any study conveyed on the diagnostic accuracy of usage of the single emulsion film in the conventional tomography taking into consideration of the high exposure and cost. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of the tomograms taking by the double and single emulsion films.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>In an experimental study, one complete and one semi-mandible that were edentulous and had not severe alveolar bone resorption, torus mandibularis, exostosis, and any other bone anomalies were selected. Twenty lines with 5 mm spacing (10 lines anterior and 10 lines posterior to the mental foramen) from the crest of the edentulous ridge to the inferior border of the mandible were determined. In order to help reproducibility of the imaging, buccal and lingual plates of these lines were drawn with ink-marker on the bone [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1a</xref>]. These lines were drawn by help of laser ray of the tomographic machine. From each line, two tomograms were taken by the spiral tomographic machine (Cranex Tome, Soredex, Finland) once by the single emulsion film (Agfa, Mortsel, Belgium) and another by the double emulsion one (Agfa, Mortsel, Belgium) using medium speed cassette (Kodak Lanex, Eastman Kodak Company, USA). All of the lines were adjusted in the machine's midline respectively, to be sure that each tomographic section is exactly matched to its line. Then, the tomographic images were taken. For minimizing radiologist's error in the determination of reference point and decreasing interpretation difficulties, the radiographs were taken once with the markers (bands in 1 mm width from the leaded sheets of the periapical films) and again without them. These markers were placed on the lines drawn on the bones, fixed line by line and the tomograms were obtained from each line by its band. All the tomograms were processed in the dark room with the same developer and fixer solution (Champion, X-ray Iran Co., Iran).</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>(a) The lines were drawn with ink marker on the bone; (b) bone sections for actual size determination</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-10-197-g001"></graphic></fig><p>Therefore, four groups of the tomograms were taken in this rule: Group A, the single emulsion film with the markers (20 tomograms), Group B, the double emulsion film with the markers (20 tomograms), Group C, the single emulsion film without the markers (20 tomograms) and Group D, the double emulsion films without the markers (20 tomograms).</p><p>Mandibular height (the longest line connecting the superior border of the mandibular crest to the inferior border) and width (the perpendicular bisector line to the mandibular height connecting the lingual border to the buccal border) were described as variables for quantitative analysis. All tomograms were analyzed by two radiologists who first interpreted images without the markers and then with them. From at least the three tomographic cross-sections in the each tomographic image taken, one section that had best quality according to radiologists’ opinion was selected and traced. The tomographic cross-sections were traced and the height and width of each line were drawn. Another person who was blind to the radiographic techniques measured the width and height of each line by digital caliper (Mitutoya MTI Corporation, Japan) at nearest 0.001 mm and the measurement from the both radiologists tracing were recorded. All measurements were divided to magnification factor of the machine (1.5 for Cranex Tome), for elimination of magnification effect of the tomographic machines. Mean value was taken as a result.</p><p>In order to obtain actual size (gold standard), the samples were sectioned at the level of 20 lines previously drawn [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1b</xref>] and measured by the digital caliper. For each line, the data of the tomograms were subtracted from the gold standard as measurement error. These errors were divided into three groups: G<sub>i</sub>, error more than +1 mm, G<sub>ii</sub>, error between +1 and −1 mm, G<sub>iii</sub>, error less than −1 mm. As data were non-parametric, Pearson Chi-square test was performed with the statistical difference set at 0.05 for all statistical analyses (SPSS 10.0 for Windows, SPSS Inc, Chiago, IL). Furthermore, in order to assess inter observer reliability, the Cohen's kappa statistics was used.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>According to the width of mandible, there was no significant difference between the single and double emulsion films in the both marked (<italic>P</italic> = 1) and unmarked images (<italic>P</italic> = 0.63). Furthermore, from the viewpoint of the mandibular height, there was no statistical significant difference between the both types of the films in the marked (<italic>P</italic> = 0.81) and unmarked (<italic>P</italic> = 1) tomograms. The results were summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Distribution of tomograms measurement error according to height and width</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-10-197-g002"></graphic></table-wrap><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Distribution of measurement error between −1 mm and +1 mm for four groups</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-10-197-g003"></graphic></fig><p>In addition, inter-observer agreement was excellent for the assessment of tomographic images, showing a kappa value of 0.83.</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>The radiographic films basically have two parts: Base and emulsion. The base provides solid structure that the emulsions lie on it. The emulsion is the heart of the film and sensitive to X-ray and light. Most of the films, used in the radiography, are the double emulsion films. This type of film has the two emulsion layers cover the both sides of the base. The films used in the mammography, CT and magnetic resonance imaging have one layer emulsion and so called the single emulsion film.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>] For the reason of decreasing the patient exposure in the extra-oral radiographies, combination of the film, and intensifier screen is used.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>] In order to optimize the speed, the film-screens usually have two emulsions. Mainly, the purpose of this film usage is to increase efficiency. It is possible by application of two intensifier screens that expose the films from the both sides. This can amplify the speed twice of that could be attain by the single emulsion film and results in decreasing the exposure and patient dose.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>]</p><p>One of the limitations of the double emulsion films with the two intensifier screens is crossing over. When light scintillates from the intensifying screen, not only exposes the adjacent emulsion, but also exposes the opposite one. This effect is named crossing over that results in decreasing the sharpness and resolution and increasing the blurring.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>] In addition, the presence of the images on the both sides of the film results in the image unsharpness. It is due to the image size on the farther emulsion is greater than the closer one, results from the divergency of X-ray. This effect is named parallax and can reduce the resolution and blur the images.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>] In addition, the use of double emulsion films increases radiographic noise due to decrease of exposure and therefore, decrease of photon numbers on the surface unit.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>]</p><p>Routinely, the double emulsion films were used for the taking tomography. Recently, application of the single emulsion films with visual attraction is increasing. Among the studies that compared these two kinds of films, most of them were focused on the exposure rate and almost all regardless of evaluating the measurement of the accuracy of both films, the main target of the present study. For example, Talaeipour, <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>] compared the target organ absorbed dose in the panoramic radiography using these films. They demonstrated the single emulsion film requires twice exposure of the double emulsion to provide equal optical density. They also stated the high optical quality and transparency, the two characters of the single emulsion film, are the reasons that radiologists tend to use this kind of film. Arimura, <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">22</xref>] evaluated the radiographic noise of the both films and reported the double emulsion film showed the higher noise than the single one in the same condition. In another study,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">23</xref>] investigators evaluated the ability of the detection of the impacted fish bone by lateral neck radiography taken by the single and double emulsion films. They concluded the ability of imaging of the fish bone increase 50% by the single emulsion film. They also reported there was no significant difference between the cost and radiation dose of the both films. Faridah <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">20</xref>] compared the single emulsion-single screen system that routinely used in the mammography with the standard film-screen system. They claimed this combination results in the higher image quality and ability to detect the fracture, but the less speed and contrast with the higher entrance skin dose compared to the double emulsion film.</p><p>In the present study, the measurement error is divided into the three groups, because the error between −1 mm and +1 mm in the tomography is suitable and venial in the practical dentistry. The results of this study showed in the height measurement approximately 60% of the tomograms and in the width measurement over 85% of the tomograms had the error in the range of −1 mm to +1 mm [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2</xref>].</p><p>According to this division, there was the tendency to underestimate in the single and double emulsion films with the markers in the evaluation of the both variables. The under estimation amount for height variable was 30% for the both films. Furthermore, for width variable it was 10% and 15% for single and double emulsion films respectively. The both films had the high accuracy in the evaluation of the mandibular width with the markers and 100% of the measurement error was in the range of −1 mm to +1 mm. The tomograms had the tendency to over-estimate the measurement of the height variable in the images with the markers.</p><p>In addition, the both types of the films showed the higher accuracy in the evaluation of the width variable rather than the height. It might to be the result of distinct cortical border in the both sides of the width of mandible. Whereas, in the measuring the mandibular height, there was not the obvious cortical border for the detection of the alveolar crest. Therefore, the least error was reported for the measurement of the mandibular width in the images with the markers and the most for the height evaluation in the single emulsion film without the markers.</p><p>Furthermore, in the present study, the tomograms are prepared with and without the metal markers. The presence of these markers might decrease the observers’ error and facilitate the variable measurement. In the other hand, it is not practical to place the 20 metal markers on the 20 lines simultaneously. It is due to the possibility of artifact formation. Therefore, only one marker was used line by line. Finally, the results showed there was no significant difference between the accuracy of the linear measurements of the marked and unmarked images.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-5"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>The spiral tomography from the dry human mandibles showed the single and double emulsion films had the equal accuracy in the linear measurement. Therefore, in terms of the high exposure and cost, the single emulsion film is not recommended to be used in the conventional tomography.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> This project was financially supported by the Research Deputy of Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> None declared</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Pharoah</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Oral Radiology Principles and interperetation</article-title><year>2009</year><edition>6th ed</edition><publisher-loc>St. Louis</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Mosby Co</publisher-name><fpage>56</fpage><comment>62,597,607</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schropp</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Wenzel</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kostopoulos</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Impact of conventional tomography on prediction of the appropriate implant size</article-title><source>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod</source><year>2001</year><volume>92</volume><fpage>458</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11598584</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rockenbach</surname><given-names>MI</given-names></name><name><surname>Sampaio</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>LJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>NP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of mandibular implant sites: Correlation between panoramic and linear tomography</article-title><source>Braz Dent J</source><year>2003</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>209</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15057399</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dalili</surname><given-names>Kajan Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Bavagharian</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Atrkar</surname><given-names>Roshan Z</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Spiral tomography for measuring bone width at different levels from the crest to the inferior border of the mandible <italic>in vitro</italic></article-title><source>Oral Radiol</source><year>2006</year><volume>22</volume><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>61</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Klinge</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Petersson</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Maly</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Location of the mandibular canal: Comparison of macroscopic findings, conventional radiography, and computed tomography</article-title><source>Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants</source><year>1989</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>327</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2639861</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lindh</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Petersson</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Klinge</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Measurements of distances related to the mandibular canal in radiographs</article-title><source>Clin Oral Implants Res</source><year>1995</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>103</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7578787</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>BouSerhal</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>van Steenberghe</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Bosmans</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Sanderink</surname><given-names>GC</given-names></name><name><surname>Quirynen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Jacobs</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Organ radiation dose assessment for conventional spiral tomography: A human cadaver study</article-title><source>Clin Oral Implants Res</source><year>2001</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11168275</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lecomber</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name><name><surname>Yoneyama</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Lovelock</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Hosoi</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Comparison of patient dose from imaging protocols for dental implant planning using conventional radiography and computed tomography</article-title><source>Dentomaxillofac Radiol</source><year>2001</year><volume>30</volume><fpage>255</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11571544</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chau</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Fung</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Comparison of radiation dose for implant imaging using conventional spiral tomography, computed tomography, and cone-beam computed tomography</article-title><source>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod</source><year>2009</year><volume>107</volume><fpage>559</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19168378</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tammisalo</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Hallikainen</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Kanerva</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Tammisalo</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Comprehensive oral X-ray diagnosis: Scanora multimodal radiography. A preliminary description</article-title><source>Dentomaxillofac Radiol</source><year>1992</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1397455</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ekestubbe</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Gröndahl</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Gröndahl</surname><given-names>HG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Quality of preimplant low-dose tomography</article-title><source>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod</source><year>1999</year><volume>88</volume><fpage>738</fpage><lpage>44</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10625858</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ekestubbe</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Thilander</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Gröndahl</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Gröndahl</surname><given-names>HG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Absorbed doses from computed tomography for dental implant surgery: Comparison with conventional tomography</article-title><source>Dentomaxillofac Radiol</source><year>1993</year><volume>22</volume><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8508935</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Clark</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name><name><surname>Danforth</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Barnes</surname><given-names>RW</given-names></name><name><surname>Burtch</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Radiation absorbed from dental implant radiography: A comparison of linear tomography, CT scan, and panoramic and intra-oral techniques</article-title><source>J Oral Implantol</source><year>1990</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>156</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2098559</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kassebaum</surname><given-names>DK</given-names></name><name><surname>Nummikoski</surname><given-names>PV</given-names></name><name><surname>Triplett</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></name><name><surname>Langlais</surname><given-names>RP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cross-sectional radiography for implant site assessment</article-title><source>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol</source><year>1990</year><volume>70</volume><fpage>674</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2234889</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hanazawa</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Sano</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Seki</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Okano</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Radiologic measurements of the mandible: A comparison between CT-reformatted and conventional tomographic images</article-title><source>Clin Oral Implants Res</source><year>2004</year><volume>15</volume><fpage>226</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15008935</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tyndall</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Brooks</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Selection criteria for dental implant site imaging: A position paper of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial radiology</article-title><source>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod</source><year>2000</year><volume>89</volume><fpage>630</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10807723</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Peltola</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Mattila</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cross-sectional tomograms obtained with four panoramic radiographic units in the assessment of implant site measurements</article-title><source>Dentomaxillofac Radiol</source><year>2004</year><volume>33</volume><fpage>295</fpage><lpage>300</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15585805</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Butterfield</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Dagenais</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Clokie</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Linear tomography's clinical accuracy and validity for presurgical dental implant analysis</article-title><source>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod</source><year>1997</year><volume>84</volume><fpage>203</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9269023</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bushong</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Radiological sciences for technologists: Physics, biology and protection</article-title><year>2008</year><edition>7th ed</edition><publisher-loc>St. Louis</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Mosby Co</publisher-name><fpage>181</fpage><lpage>213</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Faridah</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Abdullah</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Ng</surname><given-names>Kh</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Improved fracture detection using the mammographic film-screen combination</article-title><source>Biomed Imaging Interv J</source><year>2005</year><volume>1</volume><fpage>e3</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21625275</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Talaeipour</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Sahba</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Comparison between absorbed doses in target organs in radigraphy, ysing single emulsion and double emulsion films</article-title><source>Acta Med Iran</source><year>2007</year><volume>45</volume><fpage>178</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arimura</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Okawa</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Okamoto</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ikari</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakamori</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Kubota</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Relation between radiographic mottle for double and single emulsions</article-title><source>Med Phys</source><year>1998</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>1625</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9775367</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abdullah</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Kaur</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Ng</surname><given-names>KH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>An <italic>in vitro</italic> study comparing two different film-screen combinations in the detection of impacted fish bones</article-title><source>Br J Radiol</source><year>1998</year><volume>71</volume><fpage>930</fpage><lpage>3</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10195007</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002B81 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002B81 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= EdenteV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:3731960
|texte= The accuracy of single emulsion radiographic film in linear measurement of spiral tomography
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:23946736" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a EdenteV2
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |