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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">An analysis of postoperative complications and efficacy of 3-D miniplates in fixation of mandibular fractures</title><author><name sortKey="Gokkulakrishnan, Sadhasivam" sort="Gokkulakrishnan, Sadhasivam" uniqKey="Gokkulakrishnan S" first="Sadhasivam" last="Gokkulakrishnan">Sadhasivam Gokkulakrishnan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of OMFS, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Sanjay" sort="Singh, Sanjay" uniqKey="Singh S" first="Sanjay" last="Singh">Sanjay Singh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of OMFS, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Milia Islamia University, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Ashish" sort="Sharma, Ashish" uniqKey="Sharma A" first="Ashish" last="Sharma">Ashish Sharma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of OMFS, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shahi, Ashish Kumar" sort="Shahi, Ashish Kumar" uniqKey="Shahi A" first="Ashish Kumar" last="Shahi">Ashish Kumar Shahi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of OMFS, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23162581</idno><idno type="pmc">3491327</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491327</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3491327</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002B60</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002B60</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">An analysis of postoperative complications and efficacy of 3-D miniplates in fixation of mandibular fractures</title><author><name sortKey="Gokkulakrishnan, Sadhasivam" sort="Gokkulakrishnan, Sadhasivam" uniqKey="Gokkulakrishnan S" first="Sadhasivam" last="Gokkulakrishnan">Sadhasivam Gokkulakrishnan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of OMFS, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Sanjay" sort="Singh, Sanjay" uniqKey="Singh S" first="Sanjay" last="Singh">Sanjay Singh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of OMFS, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Milia Islamia University, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Ashish" sort="Sharma, Ashish" uniqKey="Sharma A" first="Ashish" last="Sharma">Ashish Sharma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of OMFS, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shahi, Ashish Kumar" sort="Shahi, Ashish Kumar" uniqKey="Shahi A" first="Ashish Kumar" last="Shahi">Ashish Kumar Shahi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of OMFS, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Dental Research Journal</title><idno type="ISSN">1735-3327</idno><idno type="eISSN">2008-0255</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>Recently, various modifications in transorally placed miniplates for direct fixation of the mandibular fracture are gaining popularity. The modifications have various advantages like more rigidity, less foreign material, less time in application, etc. Among the various modifications of miniplates, three-dimensional (3-D) plating system is also gaining popularity. Thus, in the present study, we tried to evaluate the efficacy and postoperative complications of 3-D titanium miniplates in the treatment of mandibular fractures.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>A prospective study was conducted on 40 patients with non-comminuted mandibular fractures. They were treated using a 2-mm 3-D titanium miniplate through intraoral approach. All patients were systematically monitored 6 months postoperatively. Outcome parameters like infection, hardware failure, wound dehiscence, sensory disturbance of the inferior alveolar nerve, occlusion, and 3-D plate stability were recorded. The statistical tests used in study were mean, standard deviation, and Chi-square test. <italic>P</italic> values less than 0.05 were considered significant and values less than 0.001 were considered very highly significant.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Two patients had a postoperative infection with no consequences. All patients had normal sensory function 3 months after surgery. Plate fracture had not occurred in any patient. Occlusal was normal and wound dehiscence was not reported. 3-D plate was stable in all the patients.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions:</title><p>It was seen that 3-D titanium miniplates were effective in the treatment of mandibular fractures and overall complication rates were lesser. In symphysis and parasymphysis regions, 3-D plating system uses lesser foreign material than the conventional miniplates using Champy's principle.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mukerji, R" uniqKey="Mukerji R">R Mukerji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mukerji, G" uniqKey="Mukerji G">G Mukerji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgurk, M" uniqKey="Mcgurk M">M McGurk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feller, Ku" uniqKey="Feller K">KU Feller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, M" uniqKey="Schneider M">M Schneider</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matthis, H" uniqKey="Matthis H">H Matthis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gunter, P" uniqKey="Gunter P">P Gunter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gunter, L" uniqKey="Gunter L">L Gunter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uwe, E" uniqKey="Uwe E">E 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Dent Res J (Isfahan)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Dent Res J (Isfahan)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">DRJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Dental Research Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1735-3327</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2008-0255</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23162581</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3491327</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">DRJ-9-414</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>An analysis of postoperative complications and efficacy of 3-D miniplates in fixation of mandibular fractures</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gokkulakrishnan</surname><given-names>Sadhasivam</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>Sanjay</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>Ashish</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shahi</surname><given-names>Ashish Kumar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Department of OMFS, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Department of OMFS, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Milia Islamia University, New Delhi, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. S. Gokkulakrishnan, Prof. & HOD, Institute of Dental Sciences, Pilibhit Bypass Road, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="drgokkul@gmail.com">drgokkul@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jul-Aug</season><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>414</fpage><lpage>421</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><month>1</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><month>4</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Dental Research Journal</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>Recently, various modifications in transorally placed miniplates for direct fixation of the mandibular fracture are gaining popularity. The modifications have various advantages like more rigidity, less foreign material, less time in application, etc. Among the various modifications of miniplates, three-dimensional (3-D) plating system is also gaining popularity. Thus, in the present study, we tried to evaluate the efficacy and postoperative complications of 3-D titanium miniplates in the treatment of mandibular fractures.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>A prospective study was conducted on 40 patients with non-comminuted mandibular fractures. They were treated using a 2-mm 3-D titanium miniplate through intraoral approach. All patients were systematically monitored 6 months postoperatively. Outcome parameters like infection, hardware failure, wound dehiscence, sensory disturbance of the inferior alveolar nerve, occlusion, and 3-D plate stability were recorded. The statistical tests used in study were mean, standard deviation, and Chi-square test. <italic>P</italic> values less than 0.05 were considered significant and values less than 0.001 were considered very highly significant.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Two patients had a postoperative infection with no consequences. All patients had normal sensory function 3 months after surgery. Plate fracture had not occurred in any patient. Occlusal was normal and wound dehiscence was not reported. 3-D plate was stable in all the patients.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions:</title><p>It was seen that 3-D titanium miniplates were effective in the treatment of mandibular fractures and overall complication rates were lesser. In symphysis and parasymphysis regions, 3-D plating system uses lesser foreign material than the conventional miniplates using Champy's principle.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>3-D plate</kwd><kwd>complications</kwd><kwd>fracture</kwd><kwd>internal fixation</kwd><kwd>mandible</kwd><kwd>miniplates</kwd><kwd>occlusion</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>In the past four decades, there has been an increasing interest in obtaining more immediate return to normal function by using different methods of direct fixation with an open approach and allowing anatomical reduction of the fragments.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>] Surgical treatment of mandibular fractures involves intraoral or extraoral opening of the fracture site and direct osteosynthesis with transosseous wires, lag screws, or bone plates.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] A number of fixation methods have been advocated for the treatment of mandibular fractures.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>]</p><p>Through the decades, various plate and screw osteosynthesis have been introduced like AO plating system, miniplating system, resorbable plates and screws.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>] Transorally placed miniplates have gained wide acceptance for the treatment of mandibular fractures as described by Champy <italic>et al</italic>. Non-comminuted symphyseal and parasymphyseal fractures, as well as condylar fractures, can be treated with two miniplates, and at times, favorable, undisplaced angle fractures can be treated with an upper border.</p><p>Recently, modifications in miniplates like titanium three-dimensional (3-D) plating system have been developed to meet the requirements of semi-rigid fixation with lesser complications.</p><p>3-D miniplating system, first introduced by Mustafa Farmand in 1992, has the advantage of creating three-dimensional stability of the fractured and ostetomized bony segment.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>]</p><p>The newly introduced 3-D plating system provides definite advantages over conventional miniplates. The 3-D plating system uses fewer plates and screws as compared to conventional miniplates to stabilize the bone fragments. In case of conventional miniplates, two plates are recommended in symphysis and parasymphysis region, while only one 3-D plate is necessary for the same. Thus, it uses lesser foreign material, and reduces the operation time and overall cost of the treatment.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>This is a prospective study conducted on patients visiting Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, with diagnosis of mandibular fractures between 2009 and 2011. All the patients were treated on in-patient basis.</p><p>Forty patients with insignificant medical history were involved in the study. The selected cases were treated by open reduction and internal fixation using 3-D titanium miniplate. The study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and postoperative complications of titanium 3-D plate. The patients were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: (a) non-comminuted, non-infected mandibular fractures in symphysis, parasymphysis, body, and angle region and (b) fractures indicated for open reduction. The exclusion criteria were: (a) comminuted, infected mandibular fracture and (b) pediatric patients below 12 years of age and geriatric patients with complete edentulous mouth.</p><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Method of study</title><p>The study was approved by local ethical committee, and informed consent was obtained from the patients before their inclusion in the study. Detailed case history was recorded and all patients were treated and observed by the same surgeon. Routine clinical, radiological, and hematological examination was carried out and recorded. Oral prophylaxis was carried out and Erich arch bar was applied preoperatively.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-2"><title>Procedure</title><sec id="sec3-1"><title>The 3-D 2.0 mm titanium miniplate system</title><p>A 4-holed rectangular or square titanium 3-D plate designed by AO or Orthomax was used in this study. A single plate was used in fracture of symphysis, parasymphysis, body, as well as angle region. It was fixed with 6.0 mm and 8.0 mm screws. In the parasymphysis and body region, 3-D plate was fixed above the level of mandibular canal. The lower border screws were fixed first, followed by upper border screws. Local or general anesthesia was used for the patient as dictated by the case [Figures <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>]. After adequate exposure of fracture fragments, debridement and curettage was done. The fracture fragments were reduced to their anatomical form and jaws were placed into intermaxillary fixation (IMF). The 3-D miniplate was adapted adequately and placed over surface [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3</xref>]. The 3-D plate was placed in such a way that horizontal cross bars were perpendicular to the fracture line and vertical cross bars were parallel to the fracture line [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4</xref>]. After the procedure was completed, IMF was removed, leaving the arch bars in place and occlusion was checked [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figure 5</xref>]. The fixed fracture fragments were checked manually for adequate reduction and fixation. Postoperative IMF was not used in any patient. After achieving hemostasis, incision was closed. All patients received postoperative antibiotics and analgesics for 7 days and were instructed to maintain a soft diet for 30 days. Oral hygiene maintenance using 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash was advised to all the patients.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Preoperative occlusion</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Preoperative OPG</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Titanium miniplate in parasymphysis region</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Titanium miniplate in angle region</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Postoperative occlusion</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g005"></graphic></fig><p>The patients were followed up for a period of 4 weeks initially for every week and later at 8<sup>th</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup> weeks. All the parameters used were assessed at various recall visits and recorded. Postoperative orthopantomogram (OPG) was taken in all the cases as early as possible after surgery and at 8<sup>th</sup> [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figure 6</xref>] and 12<sup>th</sup> weeks [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Figure 7</xref>]. Additional OPG was taken if required.</p><fig id="F6" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Postoperative OPG (8<sup>th</sup> week)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Postoperative OPG (12<sup>th</sup> week)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g007"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec id="sec2-3"><title>Assessment of patients</title><p>The patients were evaluated for the location, type, and number of fractures; presence of tooth in the fracture line, time elapsed in the presentation of the patient after trauma, operating time, clinical assessment of mobility after fixation, pre- and post-surgical occlusal relationship, adequacy of reduction on postoperative radiograph, and any post-surgical complications.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-4"><title>Evaluation criteria</title><sec id="sec3-2"><title>Intraoperative</title><p><italic>Adequacy of fracture fixation:</italic> Adequacy of fracture fixation was checked immediately after fixation by clinical manipulations in three dimensions. In case of adequate fixation, no further treatment was given, while in fractures found to be inadequately fixed, further intervention was done.</p></sec><sec id="sec3-3"><title>Postoperative</title><p>a. <italic>Radiological assessment</italic>: Immediate postoperative radiographs were taken within hours after the procedure, followed by at 8<sup>th</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup> weeks as normal fracture healing process takes approximately 3 months.</p><p>b. <italic>Complications</italic>: Assessed up to 12<sup>th</sup> week were:</p><p><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Infections: Case to be considered infected if having discharge with positive culture test.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Wound dehiscence: Based on clinical examination.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Occlusal discrepancies: Based on clinical examination and information obtained from the patient.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Paresthesia: Based on clinical examination and information obtained from the patients.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Hardware failure: Based on clinical and radiographical evaluation.</p></list-item><list-item><p>3-D plate stability: Based on clinical evaluation.</p></list-item></list></p><p>All the complications when occurred were managed accordingly. The above-described findings were recorded for each patient and the final data thus obtained were compared to those of the other group.</p><p>The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 15.0 statistical analysis software. The values were represented as number (%) and Mean ± SD. The following statistical formulas were used: <italic>Mean:</italic> To obtain the mean, the individual observations were first added together and then divided by the number of observations. The operation of adding together or summation is denoted by the sign ∑. The individual observation is denoted by the sign X, number of observations denoted by <italic>n</italic>, and the mean by <italic>X̄</italic>. <inline-graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g008.jpg"></inline-graphic>, where <italic>O</italic> = observed frequency and <italic>E</italic>= expected frequency. <italic>Level of significance:</italic> “<italic>P</italic>” is the level of significance: <italic>P</italic> > .05 not significant, <italic>P</italic> < 0.05, significant, <italic>P</italic> < 0.01 highly significant, <italic>P</italic> < 0.001 very highly significant.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>Forty patients with mandibular fracture were enrolled. The age of patients ranged from 17 to 60 years. Maximum number of subjects (35%) was in the age group of 31–40 years, followed by 30% subjects in the age group ≤20 years. There were only 6 (15%) subjects above 40 years of age [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figure 8</xref>]. Mean age of patients was 30.95 ± 12.37 years.</p><fig id="F8" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Age wise distribution</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g009"></graphic></fig><p>Left parasymphysis with right-angle fracture and left parasymphysis alone were the most common types and sites of fracture observed in six patients each. Left angle with right parasymphysis, left condyle with right parasymphysis, and left parasymphysis with left condyle were involved in four subjects each. Bilateral involvement of angle, left angle, left body, left angle right body, right body, right parasymphysis, and right condyle and right parasymphysis were involved in two subject each [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Figure 9</xref>].</p><fig id="F9" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Type of fracture</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g010"></graphic></fig><sec id="sec2-5"><title>Baseline assessment</title><p>Preoperatively, none of the sites had infection or paresthesia. There were 36 (90%) subjects with occlusal defects [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Outcome of baseline evaluation (<italic>N</italic> = 40)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g011"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec id="sec2-6"><title>Postoperative assessment</title><p>Postoperative assessment was done for the presence of infection, paresthesia, malocclusion, wound dehiscence, and hardware failure. The assessment was done on 3<sup>rd</sup> day, 1<sup>st</sup> week, 2<sup>nd</sup> week, 4<sup>th</sup> week, 8<sup>th</sup> week, and 16<sup>th</sup> week time intervals.</p><p>No case with infection, paresthesia, occlusal defects, wound dehiscence, hardware failure, or 3-D plate instability was noticed at the first follow-up on 3<sup>rd</sup> postoperative day [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Outcome of 3<sup>rd</sup> day postoperative assessment (<italic>N</italic> = 40)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g012"></graphic></table-wrap><p>No case with paresthesia, occlusal defects, wound dehiscence, hardware failure or 3-D plate instability was noticed at the second follow-up in 1 week postoperative interval. However, at this time, infection was observed in 2 (5%) subjects [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Outcome of 1 week postoperative assessment (<italic>N</italic> = 40)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g013"></graphic></table-wrap><p>Infection in the form of swelling and pus drainage continued to persist in 2 (5%) patients even during the third follow-up at the end of 2 weeks postoperatively. However, due to antibiotic coverage, pus drainage had considerably reduced. No other case reported with paresthesia, occlusal defects, wound dehiscence, hardware failure, or 3-D plate instability [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Outcome of 2 weeks postoperative assessment (<italic>N</italic> = 40)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g014"></graphic></table-wrap><p>At the end of 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, and 4<sup>th</sup> month postoperative intervals, there were no untoward sequelae, and healing and postoperative results were uneventful [Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">6</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Outcome of 1 month postoperative assessment (<italic>N</italic> = 40)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g015"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Outcome of 2 months postoperative assessment (<italic>N</italic> = 40)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g016"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec id="sec2-7"><title>Inter-visit analysis of results</title><p>Paresthesia, wound dehiscence, and hardware failure were not noticed at any time interval. The events of occlusal defects and infection were noticed during the course of study. Thus, the analysis will be limited to evaluation of change in occlusion and infection status only.</p><p>At baseline there was no case with infection. The situation remained unchanged at first follow-up too. However, at the second and third follow-up intervals, there were 2 (5%) cases with evidence of infection. But from the fourth follow-up onward, none of the cases had evidence of infection. On comparing the data statistically, no significant change was observed as compared to the baseline [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T7">Table 7</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T7" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Change in infection status at different follow-up intervals as compared to baseline evaluation (<italic>N</italic> = 20)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-9-414-g017"></graphic></table-wrap><p>As compared to the baseline where the occlusion was not disturbed only in 4 (10%) cases, postoperatively the evidence of occlusion was present in all the cases at all follow-up intervals. On comparing the data statistically, a significant difference from baseline was observed (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001).</p><p>The 3-D plate was observed to be stable at all follow-up intervals, showing no change from baseline status at the first follow up.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>The objectives in the treatment of mandibular fracture are to re-establish normal occlusion and masticatory function with minimal disability and complications.</p><p>Conservative treatment to achieve this is performed by immobilizing the mandible for the healing period by intermaxillary fixation which is achieved by dental wiring, arch bars, cap splints, and gunning splints. Surgical treatment of mandibular fractures involves intraoral or extraoral opening of the fracture site and direct osteosynthesis with transosseous wires (Schwenzes 1982), lag screws (Niederdellmann 1982), or bone plates (Schilli 1975; Spiessel 1976).[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] A number of fixation methods have been advocated for the treatment of mandibular fractures.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>]</p><p>Now-a-days, open reduction with internal fixation is the norm and tiny titanium plates are used to immobilize fragments of the jaw. Morbidity of the procedure is low with the advantage that the patient returns to normal function within days of treatment.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] Intraoral approach is preferred unless indicated otherwise, as it is esthetically accepted, time saving, and less traumatic. Miniplate osteosynthesis was first introduced by Michelet <italic>et al</italic>. in 1973 and further developed by Champy and Lodde in 1975.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>] According to them, physiologically coordinated muscle function produces tension force at the upper border of the mandible and compressive forces at the lower border. The plates are applied close to the tension zone of the mandible. The screws are monocortical to prevent injury to dentition and alveolar nerve.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>]</p><p>Titanium is the metal of choice for fixation plates, mainly because of its high biocompatibility and ease of manipulation.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">11</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">12</xref>] Modification of miniplates like titanium 3-D plating system was developed by Farmand[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">13</xref>] to meet the requirements of semi-rigid fixation with lesser complications.</p><p>The 3-D miniplate is a misnomer as the plates are not three dimensional, but hold the fracture fragments rigidly by resisting the forces in three dimensions, namely, shearing, bending, and torsional forces.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">14</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref>] The basic concept of 3-D fixation as explained by Farmand[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>] is that a geometrically closed quadrangular plate secured with bone screws creates stability in three dimensions. The stability is gained over a defined surface area and is achieved by its configuration and not by its thickness or length.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">16</xref>] The large free areas between the plate arms and minimal dissection permit good blood supply to the bone.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>]</p><p>The newly introduced 3-D plating system provides definite advantages over the conventional miniplates. The 3-D plating system uses fewer plates and screws as compared to the conventional miniplates, to stabilize the bone fragments. Thus, it uses lesser foreign material, and reduces the operation time and overall cost of the treatment as described by Zix <italic>et al</italic>., Lieger and Iizuka, and Farmand.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">16</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>]</p><p>The 3-D plating system has a compact design and is easy to use. The 1.0-mm-thick 3-D plate is as stable as the much thicker 2.0 mm miniplate. This offers better bending stability and more resistance to out-of-plane movement or torque.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">14</xref>]</p><p>In our study, 46 fractures were treated with 3-D plate in 40 patients. Patients’ age ranged from 17 to 60 years, with maximum number of subjects (35%) within the age group of 31–40 years, followed by £20 years (30%). There were only 6 (15%) patients above 40 years of age. Mean age of patients was 30.95 ± 12.37 years. Mean age of the patients in other studies were as follows: 28.6 years in the study of Guimond <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>] 26 years in Bui <italic>et al</italic>.'s[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>] study, and 33.9 years in the study of Zix <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>]</p><p>Parasymphysis alone or in combination with any other site (angle or condyle) was the most common fracture in our study (30 patients) and similar findings were observed in other studies by Parmar <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>] and Jain <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>]</p><p>Road traffic accidents was the most common etiology of fracture as was also observed in other studies by Parmar <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>] and Jain <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>] However, in some other studies of 3-D plating system, the common etiology of fracture was interpersonal violence as reported by Guimond <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>] Bui <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>] and Zix <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>]</p><p>The infection rate in our series was 5% at the second follow-up, whereas in other studies, the infection rates were: 5.4% in the study of Guimond <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>] 0% in Zix <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>] 8.2% in Bui <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>] 10% in Jain <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>] and 6.6% in Parmar <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>]</p><p>Paresthesia of inferior alveolar nerve was 0% in our study and is similar to that reported by Jain <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>] and Parmar <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>] whereas in other studies like those of Guimond <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>] and Zix <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>] it was considerably high, i.e. 60% and 25%, respectively. When our results were compared to those of Feller <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] on miniplate fixation using Champy's principle, it was found that paresthesia rate was 6% in that study. Similar study by Moreno <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>] on Champy's principle showed paresthesia rate of 2.2%. Study by Moreno <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>] using 2.7-mm AO plate for mandibular fracture fixation had paresthesia rate of 3.1%. Incidence of low paresthesia in our study is due to the use of monocortical plate as compared to other types of plating system in which chances of inferior alveolar nerve injury are more due to bicortical screws.</p><p>In this study, malocclusion was not observed in any case and was similar to the studies by Bui <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>] and Jain <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>] However, malocclusion recorded was 6% in a study by Sebastian Sauerbier (2010) in which 2-mm locking plating system was used, 4.4% in a study by Moreno <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>] which was based on Champy's principle, and 2.7% in a study by Moreno <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>] using 2.7-mm AO plate. Based on these studies it is evident that in 3-D plating system, chances of achieving good occlusion are relatively high, which is evident in our study.</p><p>Wound dehiscence was 0% in a study by Jain <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>] whereas 6.6% was reported by Parmar <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>] and 2.7% by Guimond <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>] using 3-D plates. Sebastian Sauerbier (2010)[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>] reported wound dehiscence of 7.5% in 2-mm locking plate system. All these studies including ours prove that while using 3-D plating system, wound dehiscence is usually less or nil as compared to other plating systems.</p><p>Hardware failure was observed radiographically till 12<sup>th</sup> week postoperatively. Hardware failure in our study was 0% and is similar to the findings of other studies, i.e. 0% by Bui <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>] and Jain <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>] whereas Zix <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>] reported a hardware failure of 5.8%. Plate fracture was the most important complication in the study by Zix <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>] The reason for the hardware failure most likely lies in the reduced inter-fragmentary cross-sectional bone surface at the fracture site. A significant amount of contact surface was lost by removal of tooth from the fracture line itself, and this contact was additionally reduced by associated removal of bone around the third molar to be extracted. In our study, out of 46 fracture sites that were treated by 3-D plating system, 6 were in the angle region and third molar was not removed in any of the cases.</p><p>Postoperative segmental mobility was not evident in any of our cases, whereas segmental mobility was reported in 10% cases in a study series of 20 patients by Jain <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>] In a biomechanical comparison study by Alkan <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">20</xref>] it was concluded that stability is better with 3-D plating system. Minor mobility was present when single miniplate was used in the angle region with Champy's principle according to Feller <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] All biomechanical tests in which a second miniplate had been fixed to the mandibular margin revealed less mobility according to Ellis and Walker (1994). Ellis also found that adding a second plate at the angle region had a disadvantage as it increased the implant load in the angle region, but in case of 3-D plating system, implant load was reduced and better stability was achieved.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>]</p><p>In the present study, it is seen that 3-D titanium miniplates were effective in the treatment of mandibular fractures and overall complication rates were lesser. In the symphysis and parasymphysis regions, 3-D plating system uses lesser foreign material, as only one plate and four screws are used as compared to two plates and eight screws in case of conventional miniplates using Champy's principle. This also reduces the operating time and overall cost of the treatment.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref>] However, in other areas of the mandible, hardware used is the same with comparable cost of both the systems.</p><p>Thus, 3-D plate can be used as an alternative to the conventional miniplates. The system is a reliable and effective treatment modality for mandibular fractures as compared to traditional miniplates. Further, the use of 3-D plating system in various procedures of maxillofacial region needs to be explored.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-5"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Forty-six mandibular fractures were treated with 3-D plate in 40 patients. The findings of this prospective analysis indicate that 3-D titanium miniplates are effective in the treatment of mandibular fractures and overall complication rates are lesser. Fracture mobility is the main cause of infection postoperatively; however, 3-D plating systems have adequate stability after fixation of fracture. The stability of 3-D plate is gained over a defined surface area and is achieved by its configuration and not by its thickness or length. Wound dehiscence and paresthesia are minimal with this plating system because thickness of plate is less and also monocortical screw is used. The 3-D system is easy to use and cost effective. Further, it uses lesser hardware as compared to the conventional miniplates. Operative time is shorter because of simultaneous stabilization at both superior and inferior borders. The system is a reliable and effective treatment modality for mandibular fractures.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> Nil.</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> None declared.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mukerji</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Mukerji</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>McGurk</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mandibular fractures: Historical perspective</article-title><source>Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg</source><year>2006</year><volume>44</volume><fpage>222</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16112261</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group 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