Pilot Study of Laser Doppler Measurement of Flow Variability in the Microcirculation of the Palatal Mucosa
Identifieur interne : 002916 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002915; suivant : 002917Pilot Study of Laser Doppler Measurement of Flow Variability in the Microcirculation of the Palatal Mucosa
Auteurs : Pierre Le Bars ; Gaston Niagha ; Ayepa Alain Kouadio ; Julien Demoersman ; Elisabeth Roy ; Valérie Armengol ; Assem SoueidanSource :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2016/5749150
PubMed: 27340663
PubMed Central: 4908244
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4908244Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pilot Study of Laser Doppler Measurement of Flow Variability in the Microcirculation of the Palatal Mucosa</title><author><name sortKey="Le Bars, Pierre" sort="Le Bars, Pierre" uniqKey="Le Bars P" first="Pierre" last="Le Bars">Pierre Le Bars</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Prosthodonthics, UIC Odontologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niagha, Gaston" sort="Niagha, Gaston" uniqKey="Niagha G" first="Gaston" last="Niagha">Gaston Niagha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Prosthodonthics, UIC Odontologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kouadio, Ayepa Alain" sort="Kouadio, Ayepa Alain" uniqKey="Kouadio A" first="Ayepa Alain" last="Kouadio">Ayepa Alain Kouadio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Prosthodonthics, UIC Odontologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demoersman, Julien" sort="Demoersman, Julien" uniqKey="Demoersman J" first="Julien" last="Demoersman">Julien Demoersman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Periodontology, Dental School of Brest, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Elisabeth" sort="Roy, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Roy E" first="Elisabeth" last="Roy">Elisabeth Roy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Pedodontics, UIC Odontologie, CHU Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armengol, Valerie" sort="Armengol, Valerie" uniqKey="Armengol V" first="Valérie" last="Armengol">Valérie Armengol</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Restaurative Dentistry, UIC Odontologie, CHU Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soueidan, Assem" sort="Soueidan, Assem" uniqKey="Soueidan A" first="Assem" last="Soueidan">Assem Soueidan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Periodontology, UIC Odontologie, LIOAD U-791, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27340663</idno><idno type="pmc">4908244</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908244</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4908244</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2016/5749150</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002916</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002916</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pilot Study of Laser Doppler Measurement of Flow Variability in the Microcirculation of the Palatal Mucosa</title><author><name sortKey="Le Bars, Pierre" sort="Le Bars, Pierre" uniqKey="Le Bars P" first="Pierre" last="Le Bars">Pierre Le Bars</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Prosthodonthics, UIC Odontologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niagha, Gaston" sort="Niagha, Gaston" uniqKey="Niagha G" first="Gaston" last="Niagha">Gaston Niagha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Prosthodonthics, UIC Odontologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kouadio, Ayepa Alain" sort="Kouadio, Ayepa Alain" uniqKey="Kouadio A" first="Ayepa Alain" last="Kouadio">Ayepa Alain Kouadio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Prosthodonthics, UIC Odontologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demoersman, Julien" sort="Demoersman, Julien" uniqKey="Demoersman J" first="Julien" last="Demoersman">Julien Demoersman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Periodontology, Dental School of Brest, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Elisabeth" sort="Roy, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Roy E" first="Elisabeth" last="Roy">Elisabeth Roy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Pedodontics, UIC Odontologie, CHU Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armengol, Valerie" sort="Armengol, Valerie" uniqKey="Armengol V" first="Valérie" last="Armengol">Valérie Armengol</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Restaurative Dentistry, UIC Odontologie, CHU Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soueidan, Assem" sort="Soueidan, Assem" uniqKey="Soueidan A" first="Assem" last="Soueidan">Assem Soueidan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Periodontology, UIC Odontologie, LIOAD U-791, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background.</italic> Histopathological alterations can arise when the denture-supporting mucosa experiences microbial and mechanical stress through the denture base and diagnosis of these diseases usually follows microvascular changes. Microcirculation measurement could allow for detection of such dysfunction and aid in the early diagnosis of palatal mucosa pathologies.<italic> Materials and Methods</italic>. We tested the sensitivity of laser Doppler for measuring the microcirculation of the palatal mucosa, assessing the median raphe (MR), Schroeder area (SA), and retroincisive papilla (RP). A Doppler PeriFlux 5000 System, containing a laser diode, was used. 54 healthy participants were recruited. We compare the measurements of PU (perfusion unit) using ANOVA test.<italic> Results.</italic> The numerical values for palatal mucosa blood flow differed significantly among the anatomical areas (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0167). The mean value of Schroeder area was 92.6 (SD: 38.4) and was significantly higher than the retroincisive papilla (51.9) (SD: 20.2) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05), which in turn was higher than that of median raphe (31.9) (SD: 24.2) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001).<italic> Conclusion.</italic> Schroeder area appeared to have the greatest sensitivity, and vascular flow variability among individuals was also greatest in this region. We suggest that analysis of blood stream modification with laser Doppler of the palatal mucosa can help to detect onset signs of pathological alterations.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Orekhova, L" uniqKey="Orekhova L">L. Orekhova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barmasheva, A A" uniqKey="Barmasheva A">A. A. Barmasheva</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Evans, D" uniqKey="Evans D">D. Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reid, J" uniqKey="Reid J">J. Reid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strang, R" uniqKey="Strang R">R. Strang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strirrups, D" uniqKey="Strirrups D">D. Strirrups</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Choi, C M" uniqKey="Choi C">C. M. Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, R G" uniqKey="Bennett R">R. G. Bennett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nilsson, G E" uniqKey="Nilsson G">G. E. Nilsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otto, U" uniqKey="Otto U">U. Otto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wahlberg, J E" uniqKey="Wahlberg J">J. E. Wahlberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hellem, S" uniqKey="Hellem S">S. Hellem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobsson, L S" uniqKey="Jacobsson L">L. S. Jacobsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nilsson, G E" uniqKey="Nilsson G">G. E. Nilsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, D H" uniqKey="Lewis D">D. H. Lewis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Svensson, H" uniqKey="Svensson H">H. Svensson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Svedman, P" uniqKey="Svedman P">P. Svedman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmberg, J" uniqKey="Holmberg J">J. Holmberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobsson, S" uniqKey="Jacobsson S">S. Jacobsson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Singh, D B" uniqKey="Singh D">D. B. Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stansby, G" uniqKey="Stansby G">G. Stansby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, D K" uniqKey="Harrison D">D. K. Harrison</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, E" uniqKey="Chen E">E. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abbott, P V" uniqKey="Abbott P">P. V. Abbott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kaplan, M L" uniqKey="Kaplan M">M. L. Kaplan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeffcoat, M K" uniqKey="Jeffcoat M">M. K. Jeffcoat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldhaber, P" uniqKey="Goldhaber P">P. Goldhaber</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Develioglu, H" uniqKey="Develioglu H">H. Develioglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kesim, B" uniqKey="Kesim B">B. Kesim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tuncel, A" uniqKey="Tuncel A">A. Tuncel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Macedo Paizan, M L" uniqKey="Macedo Paizan M">M. L. Macedo Paizan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vilela Martin, J F" uniqKey="Vilela Martin J">J. F. Vilela-Martin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Curtis, D A" uniqKey="Curtis D">D. A. Curtis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gansky, S A" uniqKey="Gansky S">S. A. Gansky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Plesh, O" uniqKey="Plesh O">O. Plesh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Broz, P" uniqKey="Broz P">P. Broz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aschwanden, M" uniqKey="Aschwanden M">M. Aschwanden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Partovi, S" uniqKey="Partovi S">S. Partovi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jan, Y K" uniqKey="Jan Y">Y.-K. Jan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, B" uniqKey="Lee B">B. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liao, F" uniqKey="Liao F">F. Liao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foreman, R D" uniqKey="Foreman R">R. D. Foreman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Juliusson, S" uniqKey="Juliusson S">S. Juliusson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bende, M" uniqKey="Bende M">M. Bende</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hendriks, A G M" uniqKey="Hendriks A">A. G. M. Hendriks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steenbergen, W" uniqKey="Steenbergen W">W. Steenbergen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hondebrink, E" uniqKey="Hondebrink E">E. Hondebrink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Hespen, J C G" uniqKey="Van Hespen J">J. C. G. Van Hespen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Kerkhof, P C M" uniqKey="Van De Kerkhof P">P. C. M. Van De Kerkhof</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seyger, M M B" uniqKey="Seyger M">M. M. B. Seyger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoff, D A L" uniqKey="Hoff D">D. A. L. Hoff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregersen, H" uniqKey="Gregersen H">H. Gregersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hatlebakk, J G" uniqKey="Hatlebakk J">J. G. Hatlebakk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yu, S K" uniqKey="Yu S">S.-K. Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, B H" uniqKey="Lee B">B.-H. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, M H" uniqKey="Lee M">M.-H. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cho, K H" uniqKey="Cho K">K.-H. Cho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, D K" uniqKey="Kim D">D. K. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, H J" uniqKey="Kim H">H.-J. Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kolliyavar, B" uniqKey="Kolliyavar B">B. Kolliyavar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Setty, S" uniqKey="Setty S">S. Setty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thakur, S L" uniqKey="Thakur S">S. L. Thakur</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anuradha, B R" uniqKey="Anuradha B">B. R. Anuradha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shankar, B S" uniqKey="Shankar B">B. S. Shankar</name></author><author><name sortKey="John, B" uniqKey="John B">B. John</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prasad, K A R V" uniqKey="Prasad K">K. A. R. V. Prasad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gopinadh, A" uniqKey="Gopinadh A">A. Gopinadh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devi, K N N" uniqKey="Devi K">K. N. N. Devi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yaman, D" uniqKey="Yaman D">D. Yaman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aksu, S" uniqKey="Aksu S">S. Aksu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Ci, R" uniqKey="Di Ci R">R. Dişçi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Demirel, K" uniqKey="Demirel K">K. Demirel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cho, K H" uniqKey="Cho K">K. H. Cho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, S K" uniqKey="Yu S">S. K. Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, M H" uniqKey="Lee M">M. H. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, D S" uniqKey="Lee D">D. S. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, H J" uniqKey="Kim H">H. J. Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Squier, C A" uniqKey="Squier C">C. A. Squier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kremer, M J" uniqKey="Kremer M">M. J. Kremer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wertz, P W" uniqKey="Wertz P">P. W. Wertz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bay, B" uniqKey="Bay B">B. Bay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hilliges, M" uniqKey="Hilliges M">M. Hilliges</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weidner, C" uniqKey="Weidner C">C. Weidner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sandborgh Englund, G" uniqKey="Sandborgh Englund G">G. Sandborgh-Englund</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Akazawa, H" uniqKey="Akazawa H">H. Akazawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sakurai, K" uniqKey="Sakurai K">K. Sakurai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soderstrom, T" uniqKey="Soderstrom T">T. Söderström</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stefanovska, A" uniqKey="Stefanovska A">A. Stefanovska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veber, M" uniqKey="Veber M">M. Veber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Svensson, H" uniqKey="Svensson H">H. Svensson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bornstein, M M" uniqKey="Bornstein M">M. M. Bornstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klingler, K" uniqKey="Klingler K">K. Klingler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saxer, U P" uniqKey="Saxer U">U. P. Saxer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walter, C" uniqKey="Walter C">C. Walter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramseier, C A" uniqKey="Ramseier C">C. A. Ramseier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baab, D A" uniqKey="Baab D">D. A. Baab</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oberg, P A" uniqKey="Oberg P">P. A. Oberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meekin, T N" uniqKey="Meekin T">T. N. Meekin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, R F" uniqKey="Wilson R">R. F. Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, D A" uniqKey="Scott D">D. A. Scott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ide, M" uniqKey="Ide M">M. Ide</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, R M" uniqKey="Palmer R">R. M. Palmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Allen, J" uniqKey="Allen J">J. Allen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Howell, K" uniqKey="Howell K">K. Howell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zeghal, K" uniqKey="Zeghal K">K. Zeghal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geslin, P" uniqKey="Geslin P">P. Geslin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maurel, A" uniqKey="Maurel A">A. Maurel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lagrue, G" uniqKey="Lagrue G">G. Lagrue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lhoste, F" uniqKey="Lhoste F">F. Lhoste</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shklar, G" uniqKey="Shklar G">G. Shklar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hill, M W" uniqKey="Hill M">M. W. Hill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Okada, C" uniqKey="Okada C">C. Okada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ueda, T" uniqKey="Ueda T">T. Ueda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sakurai, K" uniqKey="Sakurai K">K. Sakurai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Newton, A V" uniqKey="Newton A">A. V. Newton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hirai, H" uniqKey="Hirai H">H. Hirai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27340663</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4908244</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/5749150</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pilot Study of Laser Doppler Measurement of Flow Variability in the Microcirculation of the Palatal Mucosa</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Le Bars</surname><given-names>Pierre</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Niagha</surname><given-names>Gaston</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kouadio</surname><given-names>Ayepa Alain</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Demoersman</surname><given-names>Julien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roy</surname><given-names>Elisabeth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Armengol</surname><given-names>Valérie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Soueidan</surname><given-names>Assem</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Prosthodonthics, UIC Odontologie, CHU de Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Periodontology, Dental School of Brest, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Pedodontics, UIC Odontologie, CHU Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Department of Restaurative Dentistry, UIC Odontologie, CHU Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Department of Periodontology, UIC Odontologie, LIOAD U-791, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes, France</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Assem Soueidan: <email>assem.soueidan@univ-nantes.fr</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Samir Nammour</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>1</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>5749150</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>9</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>19</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>21</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Pierre Le Bars et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Background.</italic> Histopathological alterations can arise when the denture-supporting mucosa experiences microbial and mechanical stress through the denture base and diagnosis of these diseases usually follows microvascular changes. Microcirculation measurement could allow for detection of such dysfunction and aid in the early diagnosis of palatal mucosa pathologies.<italic> Materials and Methods</italic>. We tested the sensitivity of laser Doppler for measuring the microcirculation of the palatal mucosa, assessing the median raphe (MR), Schroeder area (SA), and retroincisive papilla (RP). A Doppler PeriFlux 5000 System, containing a laser diode, was used. 54 healthy participants were recruited. We compare the measurements of PU (perfusion unit) using ANOVA test.<italic> Results.</italic> The numerical values for palatal mucosa blood flow differed significantly among the anatomical areas (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0167). The mean value of Schroeder area was 92.6 (SD: 38.4) and was significantly higher than the retroincisive papilla (51.9) (SD: 20.2) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05), which in turn was higher than that of median raphe (31.9) (SD: 24.2) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001).<italic> Conclusion.</italic> Schroeder area appeared to have the greatest sensitivity, and vascular flow variability among individuals was also greatest in this region. We suggest that analysis of blood stream modification with laser Doppler of the palatal mucosa can help to detect onset signs of pathological alterations.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The microcirculation of the palatal mucosa around the three anatomical areas tested here has not been previously investigated. The rationale for this study was based on the potential for blood stream measures around these areas to reveal early vascular alterations at the level of the connective tissue. Indeed, the clinical aspects of the mucosa do not always reflect the underlying histological features and can mask infraclinical modifications or alterations. Thus, in the absence of clinical parameters (erythema, pain, or oedema), the investigation of vascular microcirculation is of interest for detecting the onset stages of the pathology.</p><p>Denture-supporting mucosa is subjected to microbial and mechanical stress transmitted through the denture base, which can lead to development of certain diseases (e.g., prosthetic stomatitis). Histological and microvascular changes precede the clinical diagnosis of these conditions, and detection of such changes could potentially help in preventing the onset of these pathologies. Measurement of the microcirculation is useful for the early detection of palatal microvessel dysfunction and can help in the diagnosis of numerous palatal mucosa pathologies [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>].</p><p>The laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) is a noninvasive measure of capillary blood perfusion (blood flow, volume, and velocity). The laser Doppler measures the flow of blood cells inside a tissue without causing the slightest deterioration of the tissue. Blood cells moving within the volume illuminated by the beam will cause the light frequency [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] and are useful for measuring the microcirculation in healthy tissue in humans and nonhuman animals [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. This approach was first used in the 1980s [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] and has since been applied for many tissues, including the skin [<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>], tongue, and oral mucosa of healthy individuals [<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>], and the tooth [<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>], periodontal tissues [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>–<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>], and the masseter muscle [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>].</p><p>The efficacy of LDF used here has been previously employed in the study of various pathologies including wound healing in cutaneous sclerosis [<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] and skin ischemia in rats [<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>], as well as diseases such as allergic reaction of the human nasal mucosa [<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] and psoriasis [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. Here, we aimed to measure the microcirculation of the healthy palatal mucosa at three specific points, measuring anatomical and histological variation, and to test the reproducibility and sensitivity of the LDF.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>2. Materials and Methods</title><p>Fifty-four healthy students of the dental school at Nantes with no visible palatal mucosal abnormalities were recruited over a 7-month period. Participants were 20 to 26 years old and consisted of 32 men and 22 women, including 12 smokers (10 cigarettes/day). This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 2002 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.</p><p>One operator (GN) made the measurements using Laser Doppler Perfusion Monitor (PeriFlux System 5000; Perimed, Stockholm, Sweden) with a probe, latex particles, and a rotating disc.</p><p>The sensor emits monochromatic light at a 780 nm wavelength, which is absorbed by the mucosa. The range of light is 1 mm<sup>3</sup> [<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. Students were seen in two sessions on a voluntary basis, and oral informed consent was obtained.</p><p>At the first session, a full clinical examination was conducted to determine the general and oral health status. Clinical parameters were also listed, including angle class, palate shape, and the clinical aspect of the palatal mucosa (colour, adhesion, surface, and appearance). Only participants considered healthy based on this examination were included. Exclusion criteria were hypertension, being on medication related to blood circulation, and a pronounced gag reflex.</p><p>The first step consisted of the making of an alginate impression that was sent to the laboratory for gutter fabrication. To attach the probe during measurement, thermoformed gutter trays were made by the prosthetic laboratory of the dental school. These gutters, in transparent copolyester (acrylic resin; thickness 1 mm), were fitted with three brackets for attaching the probe during recording (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>).</p><p>After completion of the gutters, three perforations were made for the probe supports. The three selected areas represent specific anatomical points: the retroincisive papilla, the median raphe, and the posterolateral Schroeder area. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>). We positioned our probe precisely halfway along the tangent between the distal surfaces of the first molar to the median raphe.</p><p>During the second session, The LDF was calibrated before each data collection session, with a colloidal suspension of latex microparticles (Perimed Mobility Standard), the flow of which corresponds to the value 250 (±15). All recordings were made in the same place at room temperature, but even the temperature of the oral cavity can be somewhat variable between individuals. They were placed on a dental chair in a comfortable position, half-inclined. After the patient rested for 5 min in a prone position, these measures allow us to include patients checking the normality of blood pressure. These measures denote the normality of the pulse and saturation and represent a criterion of selection. Finally, the measurements were performed with the probe that had been previously stabilized by the support. Each recording lasted for 3 min (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>).</p><p>The statistical analysis involved paired-samples <italic>t</italic>-tests. One-way analyses of repeated measures of variance (ANOVA) were applied to compare three areas tested under xlstats®. <italic>p</italic> < 0.05 was taken as indicating statistical significance. According to the central theorem limit, the distribution of the mean of the sample greater than 30 patients would authorize or permit the use of Student's <italic>t</italic>-test to compare each mean of each group of data.</p></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>3. Results</title><p>Differences in the blood flow to the palatal mucosa were expressed as a percentage of the PU value (Figures <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">2</xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3"></xref><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4"></xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">5</xref>).</p><p>In the first group (<italic>n</italic> = 54), ANOVA analysis of the repeated measures for the entire group (<italic>n</italic> = 54) (12 smokers + 42 no smokers) identified a statistically significant difference between the tested anatomical areas one to one (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0167). We found that the mean value of Schroeder area was (92.6) (SD: 38.4) and was significantly higher than the retroincisive papilla (51.9) (SD: 20.2) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05), which in turn was higher than that of median raphe (31.9) (SD: 24.2) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>).</p><p>In the second group of only no smokers (<italic>n</italic> = 42), the mean measured values for the three were 81.6 (SD: 27.5) (Schroeder area), 51.1 (SD: 18.4) (retroincisive papilla) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001), and 30.7 (SD: 26.4) (median raphe) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001).</p><p>In the third group of only smokers (<italic>n</italic> = 12), we also found that the average values of the three zones were generally higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. However, this difference was statistically significant only for the Schroeder area 130.9 (SD: 47.3) (<italic>p</italic> = 0.005) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref>).</p><p>Closer analysis of the dispersion of values for the Schroeder area revealed a dense concentration of the measures in nonsmokers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5(a)</xref>), compared with more dispersed values in smokers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5(a)</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="sec4"><title>4. Discussion</title><p>A removable prosthesis exerts pressure on the oral mucous membranes and in particular on the palatal mucosa during mastication. Under these conditions, the blood supply of the mucous membrane is then modified at histological level before the apparition of clinical signs. The question for us was whether we have the ability to detect and measure these vascular histological changes before the apparition of clinical signs.</p><p>To answer this question, we wanted to test the reliability and laser Doppler sensitivity level of vascularization of the palatal mucosa. We conducted, on a sample of 54 healthy patients, measurements at three sites in the palatal mucosa (retroincisive papilla, the median raphe, and Schroeder area).</p><p>To validate our measures, several parameters must be apprehended as the depth of the palatal mucosa and the influence of the age of patients.</p><p>For the depth, five studies have recently involved the palatal mucosa (in longitudinal and transverse planes) using various techniques. One study examined (transversely) 34 hemimaxillae of cadavers (13 men and 4 women; mean age: 57.2 years). The thicknesses of the palatal mucosa and the<italic> lamina propria</italic> including the epithelium were measured at three points, starting from the alveolar crest, at intervals of 4 mm and with the aid of Adobe Photoshop®. The thicknesses of the palatal mucosa increase from the alveolar crest toward the midpalatal suture. Conversely, the thicknesses of the<italic> lamina propria</italic> including the epithelium at these same positions decrease toward the midpalatal suture [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>].</p><p>Kolliyavar et al. [<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>], Anuradha et al. [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>], and Yaman et al. [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] measured (longitudinally) the gingival margin and palatal line area. A bone-sounding method using a periodontal probe was used to assess the thickness of the palatal mucosa at 15 measurement sites, and the difference in mucosal thickness between the groups was determined. The mean thickness of the palatal masticatory mucosa ranged from 2.0 to 3.7 mm.</p><p>Cho et al. [<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] used light microscopy to investigate the longitudinal depth from the surface of the palatal mucosa. The thickness of the epithelium and<italic> lamina propria</italic> of the palatal mucosa was measured (from the canine distal area to the first molar distal area) at three positions (starting from 3 mm below the alveolar crest and in 3 mm intervals) along the path of the palatine artery. The mean depth from the surface of the palatal mucosa to the greater palatine artery decreased from the canine distal to the first premolar distal but again increased towards the posterior molar. The mean length from the alveolar crest to the greater palatine artery, however, increased toward the posterior molar.</p><p>Our measurements are effective to a depth of 1 mm, which corresponds to a<italic> lamina propria</italic> volume of only 1 mm<sup>3</sup>. Indeed, under this condition, the thickness of the palatal mucosa was not affected in our results.</p><p>Secondly, the effects of aging were not consistently reported in these three studies. Although Kolliyavar et al. [<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] and Anuradha et al. [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] found that younger participants had thinner mucosa than older participants, Yaman et al. [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] detected no significant difference between age groups. Anuradha et al. [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] also found that, within the same age group, females had thinner mucosa than males whereas Yaman et al. [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] identified no differences according to gender or body mass index. These conflicting findings are likely to result from study differences in age, ethnicity, body mass index, varying measurement methods, and the placement of measurement points.</p><p>If we compare these study groups to those of our study, our participants were relatively healthier and younger (mean 23 years) and had a lower weight mean (65 kg).</p><p>Another interesting aspect is to compare the measures obtained by laser Doppler between the skin and palatal mucosa; the buccal epithelium is relatively finer than the skin epidermis [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. Despite this difference, the signal obtained from contact with the oral mucous membrane is less pronounced than that of the skin of the cheek. The density of capillaries varies according to the anatomical zones of the human body, so at the level of the bowel the average density of the capillaries is about 50 capillaries by square millimetre of mucous surface [<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. Another explanation is the fact that the vascular network of oral tissues is less rich than that of the skin [<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. Although it is possible that the presence or absence of epithelial fingering can change the morphology of the epithelium, we propose that our measurements were not influenced by these histological characteristics because the operating range of laser Doppler signal exceeds the thickness of the epithelium.</p><p>Concerning the precision of the measures, in our study, for better recording probe support, an in-mouth stabilizing patch was developed. The thickness of the gutters (<2 mm) does not influence measures of blood flow in the mucosa [<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]; indeed, amelioration of recording reliability over time could be verified by using this approach.</p><p>Another parameter is that the fluctuation in the lower frequencies at 0.1 Hz depends on the sympathetic nervous system at the level of the blood flow to the skin [<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]. Under the same conditions for the palatal mucosa, the precision of our measures can be limited. This parameter is much more transient at the level of the oral mucous membrane than at the level of the skin. Histamine is quickly eliminated at the level of the vascular buccal network [<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. Furthermore, at the level of the skin, the proportion of the nerve network that is influenced by histamine is large and with a prolonged effect [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. It seems that, in the case of our experiment, this parameter did not influence the result because every measurement was conducted on healthy participants after 30 min of complete rest.</p><p>Our anatomical and histological findings enabled us to demonstrate a significant difference in the microcirculation in the three areas. The flow was much more important in the Schroeder area compared to the retroincisive papilla and was significantly higher than the median raphe. The average flux values were higher in the Schroeder area, differences that could have been revealed only by the sensitivity of the laser Doppler device.</p><sec id="sec4.1"><title>4.1. Smoking and Nonsmoking Patients</title><p>It is well established that smoking modifies the vascular network, with a hyperaemic response in the palatal mucosa of smokers compared to nonsmokers. In the present investigation, the increased PU value of smokers was probably the result of a local vascular vasoconstriction effect, particularly at the most peripheral portion of the mucosa. The elevation of microcirculation in the palatal mucosa serves as a trigger for angiogenesis of the palatal vascular plexus, and our results confirm this other research [<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>].</p><p>In our study, when comparing smokers to nonsmokers, we observed increased microcirculation in smokers, particularly in the connective tissue of the Schroeder area. A local effect of smoking on the palatal mucosa is well established [<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] and can potentiate interaction of the flow, particularly in the Schroeder area. There we propose that the Schroeder area would likely be the most informative/interesting zone in which we measure the flow and compare findings between participant groups. Concerning our sample, we took into account interindividual variability including general condition, similar hemodynamic and ambient temperatures [<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>], age, gender, site, posture, and ethnicity. Other parameters that can influence intraindividual comparisons include menstrual cycle, circadian rhythm, and physical activity whereas mental activity does not influence the results [<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>].</p><p>The relatively homogeneous age of the participants in this study (22 to 26 years old) means that age had little influence on our results [<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]. The flexibility of blood vessels is reduced with increased age. In the same way, a decrease in the thickness of the oral mucous membrane occurs with aging. Another aspect is fibrosis of connective tissue in the<italic> lamina propria</italic>, which appears with aging and can influence the measures [<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec4.2"><title>4.2. Influence of a Covered Removable Prosthetic Denture on the Palatal Mucosa</title><p>In an interesting study [<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>], laser Doppler was used to investigate recovery after removal of a partial denture (bilateral posterior maxilla edentulous) in the palatal mucosa of the Schroeder area [<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]. The results of this referenced study did not reveal significant changes in the blood flow of the palatal mucosa in the Schroeder area over a 12-minute period. It seems that wearing a resin partial denture modifies the vascularization of the palatal mucosa in the area of Schroeder, independently of disease. It would also seem that bearing a partial removable prosthesis in resin increases the stream of the vascularization of the palatal mucous membrane of the zone of Schroeder, independently of any clinically detectable sign of local pathologies.</p><p>It has been suggested that a denture on tissue surfaces must irritate the mucosa, and the Schroeder area is often implicated in the prevalence of denture-related stomatitis [<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]. Changes to blood flow at the level of the palatine mucous membrane are not initially clinically detectable, and for this reason laser Doppler can constitute an appropriate tool for diagnosis or early investigation of certain pathologies (e.g., burning mouth syndrome [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]) that present considerable difficulties with visual detection. Recently, after clinical observations, a new laser Doppler perfusion tool, PeriScan PIM II, has been used to evaluate the distribution maps of blood flow corresponding to specific areas [<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec5"><title>5. Conclusion</title><p>Application of LDF to measure blood flow in the palatal mucosa can differentiate three anatomical areas, with measurement of the Schroeder area being the most sensitive. The incidence of the mucosa thickness variability highlights the value of routine measurement of microcirculation by laser Doppler in patients presenting mucosal lesions. This study represents a technical advance and opens new possibilities for investigating diseases of the palatal mucosa, including tissue changes related to dentures, such as denture-related stomatitis. The influence of certain technical impressions or treatments (e.g., radiotherapy or bisphosphonates) can alter the subepithelial microcirculation, and these alterations can be measured at the blood vessel level using LDF. This possibility also applies for more systemic diseases such as diabetes. Therefore, further investigation will be required to better establish the clinical potential of LDF. We currently are extending this study of the palatal mucosa blood microcirculation in the same areas of denture wearers with clinically healthy mucosa and those with different denture-related stomatitis diseases.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>The authors are grateful to ParoNantes association for financial support, Jonathan Bodin for statistical advice, and San Francisco Edit for reviewing the paper.</p></ack><sec sec-type="conflict"><title>Conflict of Interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Orekhova</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Barmasheva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Doppler flowmetry as a tool of predictive, preventive and personalised dentistry</article-title><source><italic>The EPMA Journal</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>4</volume><issue>1, article 21</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1878-5085-4-21</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reid</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Strang</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Strirrups</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A comparison of laser Doppler flowmetry with other methods of assessing the vitality of traumatised anterior teeth</article-title><source><italic>Endodontics & Dental Traumatology</italic></source><year>1999</year><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>280</fpage><lpage>290</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>C. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bennett</surname><given-names>R. G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Laser Dopplers to determine cutaneous blood flow</article-title><source><italic>Dermatologic Surgery</italic></source><year>2003</year><volume>29</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>272</fpage><lpage>280</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12614422</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nilsson</surname><given-names>G. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Otto</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wahlberg</surname><given-names>J. E.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Assessment of skin irritancy in man by laser Doppler flowmetry</article-title><source><italic>Contact Dermatitis</italic></source><year>1982</year><volume>8</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>401</fpage><lpage>406</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-0536.1982.tb04266.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0020454230</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6217022</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hellem</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jacobsson</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nilsson</surname><given-names>G. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>D. H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Measurement of microvascular blood flow in cancellous bone using laser Doppler flowmetry and <sup>133</sup>Xe-clearance</article-title><source><italic>International Journal of Oral Surgery</italic></source><year>1983</year><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>165</fpage><lpage>177</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0300-9785(83)80063-5</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0020957086</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6224749</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Svensson</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Svedman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Holmberg</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jacobsson</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Laser Doppler flowmetry and transcutaneously measured carbon dioxide tension for observing changes of skin blood flow in fingers</article-title><source><italic>Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</italic></source><year>1983</year><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>183</fpage><lpage>186</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/02844318309013116</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0021068795</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6231719</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>D. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stansby</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Harrison</surname><given-names>D. K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Assessment of oxygenation and perfusion in the tongue and oral mucosa by visible spectrophotometry and laser doppler flowmetry in healthy subjects</article-title><source><italic>Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology</italic></source><year>2008</year><volume>614</volume><fpage>227</fpage><lpage>233</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/978-0-387-74911-2-26</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-41649095776</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18290333</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Abbott</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dental pulp testing: a review</article-title><source><italic>International Journal of Dentistry</italic></source><year>2009</year><volume>2009</volume><fpage>12</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">365785</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2009/365785</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kaplan</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jeffcoat</surname><given-names>M. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Goldhaber</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Blood flow in gingiva and alveolar bone in beagles with periodontal disease</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Periodontal Research</italic></source><year>1982</year><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>384</fpage><lpage>389</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-0765.1982.tb01169.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0020414289</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6217318</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Develioglu</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kesim</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tuncel</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of the marginal gingival health using laser Doppler flowmetry</article-title><source><italic>Brazilian Dental Journal</italic></source><year>2006</year><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>219</fpage><lpage>222</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-33947543678</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17262128</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Macedo Paizan</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vilela-Martin</surname><given-names>J. F.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Is there an association between periodontitis and hypertension?</article-title><source><italic>Current Cardiology Reviews</italic></source><year>2014</year><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>355</fpage><lpage>361</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1573403x10666140416094901</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84904752922</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24739001</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Curtis</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gansky</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Plesh</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Deep and superficial masseter muscle blood flow in women</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Prosthodontics</italic></source><year>2012</year><volume>21</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>472</fpage><lpage>477</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1532-849x.2012.00862.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84865370170</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22672353</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Broz</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aschwanden</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Partovi</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Assessment of cutaneous microcirculation in unaffected skin regions by transcutaneous oxygen saturation monitoring and Laser Doppler flowmetry in systemic sclerosis</article-title><source><italic>Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation</italic></source><year>2015</year><volume>60</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>263</fpage><lpage>271</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3233/CH-131676</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23370157</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jan</surname><given-names>Y.-K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liao</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Foreman</surname><given-names>R. D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Local cooling reduces skin ischemia under surface pressure in rats: an assessment by wavelet analysis of laser Doppler blood flow oscillations</article-title><source><italic>Physiological Measurement</italic></source><year>2012</year><volume>33</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1733</fpage><lpage>1745</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1088/0967-3334/33/10/1733</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84866706760</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23010955</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Juliusson</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bende</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Allergic reaction of the human nasal mucosa studied with laser Doppler flowmetry</article-title><source><italic>Clinical Allergy</italic></source><year>1987</year><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>301</fpage><lpage>305</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2222.1987.tb02018.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0023239004</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2957119</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hendriks</surname><given-names>A. G. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Steenbergen</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hondebrink</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Hespen</surname><given-names>J. C. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Van De Kerkhof</surname><given-names>P. C. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Seyger</surname><given-names>M. M. B.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Whole field laser Doppler imaging of the microcirculation in psoriasis and clinically unaffected skin</article-title><source><italic>The Journal of Dermatological Treatment</italic></source><year>2014</year><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/09546634.2013.777382</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84890521874</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23441953</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoff</surname><given-names>D. A. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gregersen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hatlebakk</surname><given-names>J. G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mucosal blood flow measurements using laser Doppler perfusion monitoring</article-title><source><italic>World Journal of Gastroenterology</italic></source><year>2009</year><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>198</fpage><lpage>203</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3748/wjg.15.198</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-59249102373</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19132770</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>S.-K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>B.-H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>M.-H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>K.-H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>D. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>H.-J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Histomorphometric analysis of the palatal mucosa associated with periodontal plastic surgery on cadavers</article-title><source><italic>Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>35</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>463</fpage><lpage>469</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00276-012-1066-0</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84880917650</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23296841</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kolliyavar</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Setty</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thakur</surname><given-names>S. L.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Determination of thickness of palatal mucosa</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology</italic></source><year>2012</year><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>80</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0972-124X.94610</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84859795597</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22628968</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anuradha</surname><given-names>B. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shankar</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>John</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prasad</surname><given-names>K. A. R. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gopinadh</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Devi</surname><given-names>K. N. N.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Assessment of palatal masticatory mucosa: a cross-sectional study</article-title><source><italic>The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>536</fpage><lpage>543</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1358</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84893401207</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24172003</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yaman</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aksu</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dişçi</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Demirel</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa and its relationship with different parameters in Turkish subjects</article-title><source><italic>International Journal of Medical Sciences</italic></source><year>2014</year><volume>11</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1009</fpage><lpage>1014</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7150/ijms.9112</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84905463457</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25076847</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>K. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>M. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>H. J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Histological assessment of the palatal mucosa and greater palatine artery with reference to subepithelial connective tissue grafting</article-title><source><italic>Anatomy & Cell Biology</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>46</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>171</fpage><lpage>176</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5115/acb.2013.46.3.171</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24179691</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Squier</surname><given-names>C. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kremer</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wertz</surname><given-names>P. W.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effect of ethanol on lipid metabolism and epithelial permeability barrier of skin and oral mucosa in the rat</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine</italic></source><year>2003</year><volume>32</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>595</fpage><lpage>599</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00198.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0142197699</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14632934</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bay</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hilliges</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Weidner</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sandborgh-Englund</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Response of human oral mucosa and skin to histamine provocation: laser Doppler perfusion imaging discloses differences in the nociceptive nervous system</article-title><source><italic>Acta Odontologica Scandinavica</italic></source><year>2009</year><volume>67</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00016350802698622</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-60549083348</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19137455</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Akazawa</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sakurai</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Changes of blood flow in the mucosa underlying a mandibular denture following pressure assumed as a result of light clenching</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Oral Rehabilitation</italic></source><year>2002</year><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>336</fpage><lpage>340</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00912.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0036548597</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11966966</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Söderström</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stefanovska</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Veber</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Svensson</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Involvement of sympathetic nerve activity in skin blood flow oscillations in humans</article-title><source><italic>The American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology</italic></source><year>2003</year><volume>284</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>H1638</fpage><lpage>H1646</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpheart.00826.2000</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0345700663</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12679328</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bornstein</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Klingler</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saxer</surname><given-names>U. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Walter</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramseier</surname><given-names>C. A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Tobacco-associated lesions of the oral mucosa</article-title><source><italic>Schweizerische Monatsschrift fur Zahnmedizin</italic></source><year>2006</year><volume>116</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1261</fpage><lpage>1274</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baab</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oberg</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The effect of cigarette smoking on gingival blood flow in humans</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Clinical Periodontology</italic></source><year>1987</year><volume>14</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>418</fpage><lpage>424</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-051x.1987.tb01547.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0023392095</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2957396</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Meekin</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>R. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ide</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Palmer</surname><given-names>R. M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Laser Doppler flowmeter measurement of relative gingival and forehead skin blood flow in light and heavy smokers during and after smoking</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Clinical Periodontology</italic></source><year>2000</year><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>236</fpage><lpage>242</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027004236.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0034169262</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10783836</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Allen</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Howell</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Microvascular imaging: techniques and opportunities for clinical physiological measurements</article-title><source><italic>Physiological Measurement</italic></source><year>2014</year><volume>35</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>R91</fpage><lpage>R141</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1088/0967-3334/35/7/r91</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84902809409</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24910968</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zeghal</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Geslin</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Maurel</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lagrue</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lhoste</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Laser-Doppler velocimetry: a new technic for evaluating of microcirculation. A reproducibility study</article-title><source><italic>La Presse Médicale</italic></source><year>1986</year><volume>15</volume><issue>40</issue><fpage>1997</fpage><lpage>2000</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2948169</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shklar</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The effects of aging upon oral mucosa</article-title><source><italic>The Journal of Investigative Dermatology</italic></source><year>1966</year><volume>47</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>115</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/jid.1966.115</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0013940760</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">5916125</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hill</surname><given-names>M. W.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Influence of age on the morphology and transit time of murine stratified squamous epithelia</article-title><source><italic>Archives of Oral Biology</italic></source><year>1988</year><volume>33</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>221</fpage><lpage>229</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0003-9969(88)90182-3</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0023674774</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3165257</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Okada</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ueda</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sakurai</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Blood flow in denture-supporting maxillary mucosa in response to simulated mastication by loading</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Prosthodontic Research</italic></source><year>2010</year><volume>54</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>159</fpage><lpage>163</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jpor.2010.03.001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84755160841</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20392684</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Newton</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Denture sore mouth. A possible aetology</article-title><source><italic>British Dental Journal</italic></source><year>1962</year><volume>112</volume><fpage>357</fpage><lpage>360</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hirai</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Application of a laser Doppler perfusion imaging Periscan PIM II for measuring the blood flow of the oral mucosa</article-title><source><italic>Nihon Hotetsu Shika Gakkai zasshi</italic></source><year>2005</year><volume>49</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2186/jjps.49.26</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-19444373146</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15838149</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Diagram showing the branches of the artery great palate (GPA) and bony prominences palatine. The GPA emerges through the greater palatine foramen (GPF) from the maxillary artery, runs along the palatal spine (PS), and is divided into lateral branch (LB) and canine branch (CB), and leads to the incisive foramen (IC).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-5749150.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Thermoformed trays in the mouth (a) with three brackets for attaching the probe during recording (retroincisive papilla, median raphe, and Schroeder area) (b).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-5749150.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Scatterplot of individual measured values in the three zones. <sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>Statistically significant difference between the different anatomical areas (<italic>p</italic> value < 0.05). We found that the average value at the Schroeder area (PU = ±92) was significantly higher than that measured at the retroincisive papilla (PU = ±51.92) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05), which is higher than the median raphe (PU = ±31.97) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001). (The red line shows the average blood flow measurements in the three study areas.)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-5749150.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Mean comparisons of PU measure between smokers and nonsmokers patients in Schroeder area. The average values of the three zones were generally higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. However, this difference was only statistically significant for the Schroeder area (<italic>p</italic> = 0.005)<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-5749150.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Scatterplot values in Schroeder area in nonsmokers (a) and smokers (b).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-5749150.005"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002916 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002916 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= EdenteV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4908244
|texte= Pilot Study of Laser Doppler Measurement of Flow Variability in the Microcirculation of the Palatal Mucosa
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:27340663" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a EdenteV2
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |