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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Inferior alveolar nerve canal position among South Indians: A cone beam computed tomographic pilot study</title><author><name sortKey="Balaji, S M" sort="Balaji, S M" uniqKey="Balaji S" first="S. M." last="Balaji">S. M. Balaji</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Balaji Dental and Craniofacial Hospital, Teynampet, Chennai, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krishnaswamy, N R" sort="Krishnaswamy, N R" uniqKey="Krishnaswamy N" first="N. R." last="Krishnaswamy">N. R. Krishnaswamy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Orthopedics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Uthandi, Chennai, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S Manoj" sort="Kumar, S Manoj" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="S. Manoj" last="Kumar">S. Manoj Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Quality Diagnostics, Alwarpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rooban, Thavarajah" sort="Rooban, Thavarajah" uniqKey="Rooban T" first="Thavarajah" last="Rooban">Thavarajah Rooban</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Quality Diagnostics, Alwarpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23483095</idno><idno type="pmc">3591087</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591087</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3591087</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/2231-0746.95319</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002823</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002823</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Inferior alveolar nerve canal position among South Indians: A cone beam computed tomographic pilot study</title><author><name sortKey="Balaji, S M" sort="Balaji, S M" uniqKey="Balaji S" first="S. M." last="Balaji">S. M. Balaji</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Balaji Dental and Craniofacial Hospital, Teynampet, Chennai, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krishnaswamy, N R" sort="Krishnaswamy, N R" uniqKey="Krishnaswamy N" first="N. R." last="Krishnaswamy">N. R. Krishnaswamy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Orthopedics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Uthandi, Chennai, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S Manoj" sort="Kumar, S Manoj" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="S. Manoj" last="Kumar">S. Manoj Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Quality Diagnostics, Alwarpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rooban, Thavarajah" sort="Rooban, Thavarajah" uniqKey="Rooban T" first="Thavarajah" last="Rooban">Thavarajah Rooban</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Quality Diagnostics, Alwarpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery</title><idno type="ISSN">2231-0746</idno><idno type="eISSN">2249-3816</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Purpose:</title><p>To document a clinically relevant position of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) in complete dentate south Indian patients in the age group of 20–29 years using cone beam computerized tomograms.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>The investigators used a cross-sectional study design and a study sample of subjects who had a radiographically identifiable IAN canal with complete set of 28 permanent teeth excluding 3<sup>rd</sup> molars. Predictor variables were age, tooth position, and side. Outcome variables were the linear distances between the buccal and lingual aspect of the IAN canal, buccal and lingual cortical thickness, IAN canal diameter, and the superior aspect of the IAN canal from the periapex of first and second mandibular molar. Descriptive statistics and Mann–Whitney <italic>U</italic> test were performed. <italic>P</italic> value of ≤ 0.05 was taken as significant.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>The study sample was composed of 10 male and 10 female patients with a mean age of 24.2 ± 3.00 years. On average, the lingual cortical thickness was 1.68 mm at 1<sup>st</sup> molar and 1.44 at 2<sup>nd</sup> molar level. Gender and side influenced the outcome with varying statistical significance.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions:</title><p>The range of linear dimension of mandibular canal, cortical bone thickness, and distance between tooth apex and IAN canal have been presented for the South Indian population in the age group of 20–29 years. The implications of the findings will influence on the course of surgery. Further large-scale studies are needed to validate the findings of this study.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Levine, Mh" uniqKey="Levine M">MH Levine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goddard, Al" uniqKey="Goddard A">AL Goddard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dodson, Tb" uniqKey="Dodson T">TB Dodson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gerlach, Nl" uniqKey="Gerlach N">NL Gerlach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meijer, Gj" uniqKey="Meijer G">GJ Meijer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mall, Tj" uniqKey="Mall T">TJ Mall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mulder, J" uniqKey="Mulder J">J Mulder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rangel, Fa" uniqKey="Rangel F">FA Rangel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borstlap, Wa" uniqKey="Borstlap W">WA Borstlap</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ylikontiola, L" uniqKey="Ylikontiola L">L Ylikontiola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kinnunen, J" uniqKey="Kinnunen J">J Kinnunen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oikarinen, K" uniqKey="Oikarinen K">K Oikarinen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peter, I" uniqKey="Peter I">I Peter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alkurt, Mt" uniqKey="Alkurt M">MT Alkurt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michioglu, T" uniqKey="Michioglu T">T Michioglu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Angelopoulos, C" uniqKey="Angelopoulos C">C Angelopoulos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, S" uniqKey="Thomas S">S Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hechler, S" uniqKey="Hechler S">S Hechler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parissis, N" uniqKey="Parissis N">N Parissis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hlavacek, M" uniqKey="Hlavacek M">M Hlavacek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carter, Rb" uniqKey="Carter R">RB Carter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keen, En" uniqKey="Keen E">EN Keen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stella, Jp" uniqKey="Stella J">JP Stella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tharanon, W" uniqKey="Tharanon W">W Tharanon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fayed, Mm" uniqKey="Fayed M">MM Fayed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pazera, P" uniqKey="Pazera P">P Pazera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katsaros, C" uniqKey="Katsaros C">C Katsaros</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Humphries, Sm" uniqKey="Humphries S">SM Humphries</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Ann Maxillofac Surg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Ann Maxillofac Surg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AMS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2231-0746</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2249-3816</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23483095</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3591087</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AMS-2-51</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/2231-0746.95319</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Inferior alveolar nerve canal position among South Indians: A cone beam computed tomographic pilot study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Balaji</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krishnaswamy</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>S. Manoj</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rooban</surname><given-names>Thavarajah</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Balaji Dental and Craniofacial Hospital, Teynampet, Chennai, India</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>1</label>Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Orthopedics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Uthandi, Chennai, India</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>2</label>Quality Diagnostics, Alwarpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. S. M. Balaji, Consultant Craniofacial Surgeon and Director, Balaji Dental and Craniofacial Hospital, 30, KB Dasan Road, Teynampet, Chennai – 600 018, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="smbalaji@gmail.com">smbalaji@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jan-Jun</season><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Purpose:</title><p>To document a clinically relevant position of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) in complete dentate south Indian patients in the age group of 20–29 years using cone beam computerized tomograms.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>The investigators used a cross-sectional study design and a study sample of subjects who had a radiographically identifiable IAN canal with complete set of 28 permanent teeth excluding 3<sup>rd</sup> molars. Predictor variables were age, tooth position, and side. Outcome variables were the linear distances between the buccal and lingual aspect of the IAN canal, buccal and lingual cortical thickness, IAN canal diameter, and the superior aspect of the IAN canal from the periapex of first and second mandibular molar. Descriptive statistics and Mann–Whitney <italic>U</italic> test were performed. <italic>P</italic> value of ≤ 0.05 was taken as significant.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>The study sample was composed of 10 male and 10 female patients with a mean age of 24.2 ± 3.00 years. On average, the lingual cortical thickness was 1.68 mm at 1<sup>st</sup> molar and 1.44 at 2<sup>nd</sup> molar level. Gender and side influenced the outcome with varying statistical significance.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions:</title><p>The range of linear dimension of mandibular canal, cortical bone thickness, and distance between tooth apex and IAN canal have been presented for the South Indian population in the age group of 20–29 years. The implications of the findings will influence on the course of surgery. Further large-scale studies are needed to validate the findings of this study.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Cone beam computed tomography</kwd><kwd>inferior alveolar nerve canal</kwd><kwd>mandible</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODCUTION</title><p>Iatrogenic injuries to inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) are a well-documented complication of third molar surgeries, implant placement, osteotomies, or fracture repair. The considerable variation in the course, the shape, curve, and direction of the nerve as well as the terminal segment of IAN complicates the regional anatomy. Hence, it is often difficult to predict the exact position of the nerve, thus impeding a proper preoperative planning.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]</p><p>A better understanding of the intrabony anatomy of the IAN and its relationship to mandibular molar (MM) anatomical landmarks, particularly with emphasis on the tooth may aid to decrease the risk of inadvertent IAN injury associated with various surgical interventions in the area including sagittal split osteotomies or placement of fixation screws. Several studies have underlined the unwanted and often avoidable iatrogenic damage to the IAN. It has been reported that in harvesting procedures involving the mandibular ramus, IAN damage may cause sensory deficits in up to 8.3%.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] In orthognathic surgeries, this sensory change is reported in up to 65.1% of the cases and after placement of dental implants has been up to 77.8%.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] Previous attempts to describe the IAN-MM anatomy have significant limitations. Cadaver findings cannot be translated to patient population owing to differences in age or disease. Skull-based studies lack demographic data or use clinically inconsistent and anatomically irrelevant landmarks or include edentulous mandibles.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>] Use of two-dimensional imaging modalities and computed tomograms has their own limitations.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>]</p><p>Owing to absence of such IAN studies from this part of the world, this preliminary study was performed as a pilot effort to identify appropriate sample size. The aim of this study was to identify the linear relationship of the canal to the buccal and lingual cortex (inner and outer) and to the periapex of the molar teeth as well as to compare the difference in parameters in the apical region of the first and second molar in the ipsilateral and contralateral side of the jaw.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>Randomly chosen routine cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)s of 10 males and 10 females in the age group of 20–29 years were considered for this study. The other criterias were as follows: (1) absence of any developmental disturbance or pathology or previous treatment that could influence the IAN or canal or position of tooth including impactions; (2) complete set of 28 teeth excluding 3<sup>rd</sup> molars; (3) radiographically completely corticized IAN canal bilaterally; and (4) absence of radiological evidence of skeletal/dental malocclusion that could have altered the position of 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> MM or IAN.</p><p>All the CBCTs were taken by the same trained personnel between November 2010 and February 2011 in the same machine (Kodak Cone Beam Computerized Tomography, 9600) at the same settings. Manufacturer's instructions regarding the positioning and placement were followed. Calibration of the linear measurements had been performed using known dimensions in millimeters. The linear measurements were performed using the software and guides with the same machine.</p><p>Using the axial, coronal, and sagittal sections, the exact location of the IAN and tooth was identified for the study. Linear measurements were made in cross sections. Using 200-<italic>μ</italic>m thick sections, sections at the level of the opening of periapical foramen of the mesial root of the mandibular 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> molar were measured by the authors, individually. Mean of the values was considered as the measurement of the particular patient. Kappa value between observers ranged between 0.93 and 0.82 for all values.</p><p>All measurements were measured along the center of the IAN canal unless mentioned specifically. The measurements were the shortest distance between the lingual inner and outer cortex (A), inner cortex to outer surface of the IAN canal along lingual side (B), inner cortex to outer IAN canal along the buccal side (C), shortest distance between buccal inner to outer (D), inner cortical width of the IAN canal (E), outer cortex to outer cortex width along the centre of the IAN canal (F), and the shortest distance between the periapex to the superior surface of IAN canal (G). These measurements were modified approach of previously published literature[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>] [Figures <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>].</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Schematic diagram of various linear measurement parameters: L refers to the lingual side. Distance between the lingual inner and outer cortex (A), inner cortex to outer surface of the IAN canal along lingual side (B), inner cortex to outer IAN canal along the buccal side (C), distance between buccal inner and outer cortex (D), inner cortical width of the IAN canal (E), outer cortex to outer cortex width along the centre of the IAN canal (F), and the shortest distance between the periapex to the superior surface of IAN canal (G)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AMS-2-51-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>CBCT image showing the dimension and position of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Canal in 36 and 46. Upper row the left side mandibular molar and bottom row the second molar in the same region</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AMS-2-51-g002"></graphic></fig><p>All the data were entered and analyzed using SPSS, version 16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Descriptive statistics of the variables and measurements are presented. Mann–Whitney statistics were presented for comparing the linear measurements between the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> molars as well as between both sides. <italic>P</italic> value of ≤0.05 was taken as significant.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>The mean age of the study population (n = 20) was 24.2 ± 3.00 years. The mean age of males (n = 10) was 25.2 ± 3.33 years (20–29 years). The mean age of the females (n = 10) was 23.2 ± 2.39 years (20–26 years). <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> depicts the mean value of the linear measurements of parameters in the study population and <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref> depicts the various sites were at the level of the foramen opening of the mesial root of the right and left mandibular 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> molar.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics of the linear measurements in the study population in millimeters</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AMS-2-51-g003"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Linear Measurement of Parameters at various levels (n =20) in Millimeters</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AMS-2-51-g004"></graphic></table-wrap><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref> differentiates the difference in terms of gender among the various parameters. It is observed that the thickness of buccal and lingual cortex significantly varied between genders. The other parameters had no significant role in terms of these linear measurements.</p><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Mean of the Liner measurements among gender</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AMS-2-51-g005"></graphic></table-wrap><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4</xref> depicts the results of Mann–Whitney test on comparing the tooth with respect to its position (1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Molar) and side (right and left). The difference of lingual cortex thickness (A) with respect to 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> molar in the right quadrant was significant as well as the distance from the lingual cortex to the IAN (B) and the inner cortex to outer surface of the IAN canal along buccal side. The other dimensions were not statistically significant.</p><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Mann–Whitney <italic>U</italic> test for comparing the difference of study parameters</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="AMS-2-51-g006"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>The various imaging modalities including the periapical, panoramic, occlusal radiography, as well as conventional and computerized tomography have been used to preassess the site of surgeries such as implants. None of these modalities are perfect. Although periapical radiographs provide sufficient diagnostic information in anterior mandible, surgeries of posterior mandible may require more accurate vital diagnostic information to avoid vital structures such as IAN–MM complex. Panoramic views have inherent defect of overlap in anterior region. Two-dimensional radiographs do not provide information such as thickness or location of vital structures in a bucccolingual direction. Cross-sectional imaging using conventional spiral, linear, hypocycloidal computed tomogram, and magnetic resonance imaging have been used for cross-sectional imaging.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>] There have been issues with the amount of radiation exposure and the high costs associated with these modalities.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]</p><p>CBCT has been reported as a well-suited imaging modality for the craniofacial area. It provides clear and accurate images of structures, and therefore is extremely useful for assessing the bone component. As the resultant images displayed are often corrected for magnification, and as a result, accurate measurements can be derived from the reformatted three-dimensional data.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>]</p><p>The CBCT appearance of the mandibular canal usually is a well-defined radiolucent zone, lined by radiopaque borders. The radiographic density of this lucent structure is variable, with the presence of a radiopaque outline being dependent on the canal's cortication. As a result, in few young patients, the mandibular canal is not well visualized. Carter had earlier reported that radiologically invisible IAN canal may occur because the IAN bundles are not always surrounded by an ossified canal.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>] Stella had previously reported of the reliability and accuracy of conventional tomography as part of the preimplant evaluation of posterior mandibular sites to the visibility of the IAN canal.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>]</p><p>Although this is a pilot and preliminary study, the values identified in the study are comparable with the values mentioned in the global literature.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>] The lingual cortex is thicker at the first molar level, while the buccal cortex is much thicker at the second molar level. This probably could be due to consistent remodeling owing to the oral musculature attachments in the region. The mylohyoid line that serves to attach the mylohyoid musculature is oriented at higher position in 2<sup>nd</sup> molar region that 1<sup>st</sup> molar region, as this line runs obliquely. Hence, the thickness of lingual cortex is more at first molar level than the 2<sup>nd</sup> molar level. In the buccal surface, masseter attachment at the posterior region (2<sup>nd</sup> molar) plays a dominant role. As in the literature, root tip of 2<sup>nd</sup> molar is closely associated with the IAN than the 1<sup>st</sup> molar root tip.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>] This is because the IAN canal runs obliquely. The IAN canal diameter begins to narrow down at the first molar region than in second molar region, as the thickness of vessels greatly decreases. This is consistent as reported by Humphries SM. Concisely, the parameters studied vary between the 1<sup>st</sup> molar and 2<sup>nd</sup> molar.</p><p>As identified in the study, females had a mildly thicker buccal and lingual cortical thickness than males. The findings are not in agreement with earlier reports.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>] Although the difference is less than 0.1 mm, the phenomenon needs to be checked using a larger sample in a wider age group. However, the overall thickness of mandible is thicker in males than females, which is in agreement with earlier reports.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>] The thickness of IAN canal increases from 1<sup>st</sup> molar to 2<sup>nd</sup> molar. This is also in agreement with published reports.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>]</p><p>The difference in between the right side and left side was remarkable, indicating that the right and left halves are not entirely symmetrical. The right halves value is noted to be always higher than the left values which is consistent with reports from the literature.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>]</p><p>This pilot study has identified the thickness of the buccal cortical bone in the mandible in the regions of the first and second molars. This will be useful guide when monocortical plating of mandibular fractures with plates placed in the neutral zone of the mandible that is often placed in close proximity to the IAN canal. Furthermore, the values mentioned would also be helpful to relate the position of the IAN canal to the buccal bone at its medial and inferior positions from the root apex.</p><p>As this kind of study is performed for the first time in this population, the comparison of the values cannot be done or our claims refuted. The aim of this study was to collect CBCT details of normal patients from archival records, as per the strict inclusion and exclusion criteria's. As CBCTs are reserved only for gross and extensive pathologies or for extensive treatment planning, most of the retrospective CBCTs do not meet the criterias and liberal selection criteria would induce selection bias in the study. Hence, only very small sample size was included for this pilot study. In future, similar studies which compare IAN anatomy of cases with iatrogenic complication could be compared against regular cases; also CBCTs diagnostic efficacy against other modalities could be compared.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-5"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>The range of linear dimension of mandibular canal, cortical bone thickness, and distance between tooth apex and IAN canal have been presented for the South Indian population in the age group of 21-30 years. With the increasing demand for accurate preoperative assessment and planning prior to oral implant surgery or other surgeries of this region, cross-sectional images such as from CBCT may be utilized for obtaining more information on the appearance, location, and course of the canals, and their relation to other anatomical structures in the jaw bone including the apex of the tooth.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> Nil</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> None declared.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Levine</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Goddard</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name><name><surname>Dodson</surname><given-names>TB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inferior alveolar nerve canal 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