The Roles of Titanium Surface Micro/Nanotopography and Wettability on the Differential Response of Human Osteoblast Lineage Cells
Identifieur interne : 002639 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002638; suivant : 002640The Roles of Titanium Surface Micro/Nanotopography and Wettability on the Differential Response of Human Osteoblast Lineage Cells
Auteurs : Rolando A. Gittens ; Rene Olivares-Navarrete ; Alice Cheng ; David M. Anderson ; Taylor Mclachlan ; Ingrid Stephan ; Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer ; Kenneth H. Sandhage ; Andrei G. Fedorov ; Frank Rupp ; Barbara D. Boyan ; Rina Tannenbaum ; Zvi SchwartzSource :
- Acta biomaterialia [ 1742-7061 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Surface micro and nanostructural modifications of dental and orthopaedic implants have shown promising
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.002
PubMed: 23232211
PubMed Central: 3618468
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3618468Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Gittens, Rolando A" sort="Gittens, Rolando A" uniqKey="Gittens R" first="Rolando A." last="Gittens">Rolando A. Gittens</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Olivares Navarrete, Rene" sort="Olivares Navarrete, Rene" uniqKey="Olivares Navarrete R" first="Rene" last="Olivares-Navarrete">Rene Olivares-Navarrete</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Cheng, Alice" sort="Cheng, Alice" uniqKey="Cheng A" first="Alice" last="Cheng">Alice Cheng</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff>
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Stephan, Ingrid" sort="Stephan, Ingrid" uniqKey="Stephan I" first="Ingrid" last="Stephan">Ingrid Stephan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Section Medical Materials and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Geis Gerstorfer, Jurgen" sort="Geis Gerstorfer, Jurgen" uniqKey="Geis Gerstorfer J" first="Jürgen" last="Geis-Gerstorfer">Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Section Medical Materials and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Sandhage, Kenneth H" sort="Sandhage, Kenneth H" uniqKey="Sandhage K" first="Kenneth H." last="Sandhage">Kenneth H. Sandhage</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Rupp, Frank" sort="Rupp, Frank" uniqKey="Rupp F" first="Frank" last="Rupp">Frank Rupp</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Section Medical Materials and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boyan, Barbara D" sort="Boyan, Barbara D" uniqKey="Boyan B" first="Barbara D." last="Boyan">Barbara D. Boyan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tannenbaum, Rina" sort="Tannenbaum, Rina" uniqKey="Tannenbaum R" first="Rina" last="Tannenbaum">Rina Tannenbaum</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Biomedical Engineering, The School of Medicine and the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schwartz, Zvi" sort="Schwartz, Zvi" uniqKey="Schwartz Z" first="Zvi" last="Schwartz">Zvi Schwartz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Roles of Titanium Surface Micro/Nanotopography and Wettability on the Differential Response of Human Osteoblast Lineage Cells</title>
<author><name sortKey="Gittens, Rolando A" sort="Gittens, Rolando A" uniqKey="Gittens R" first="Rolando A." last="Gittens">Rolando A. Gittens</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olivares Navarrete, Rene" sort="Olivares Navarrete, Rene" uniqKey="Olivares Navarrete R" first="Rene" last="Olivares-Navarrete">Rene Olivares-Navarrete</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheng, Alice" sort="Cheng, Alice" uniqKey="Cheng A" first="Alice" last="Cheng">Alice Cheng</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anderson, David M" sort="Anderson, David M" uniqKey="Anderson D" first="David M." last="Anderson">David M. Anderson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mclachlan, Taylor" sort="Mclachlan, Taylor" uniqKey="Mclachlan T" first="Taylor" last="Mclachlan">Taylor Mclachlan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stephan, Ingrid" sort="Stephan, Ingrid" uniqKey="Stephan I" first="Ingrid" last="Stephan">Ingrid Stephan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Section Medical Materials and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Geis Gerstorfer, Jurgen" sort="Geis Gerstorfer, Jurgen" uniqKey="Geis Gerstorfer J" first="Jürgen" last="Geis-Gerstorfer">Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Section Medical Materials and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sandhage, Kenneth H" sort="Sandhage, Kenneth H" uniqKey="Sandhage K" first="Kenneth H." last="Sandhage">Kenneth H. Sandhage</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fedorov, Andrei G" sort="Fedorov, Andrei G" uniqKey="Fedorov A" first="Andrei G." last="Fedorov">Andrei G. Fedorov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rupp, Frank" sort="Rupp, Frank" uniqKey="Rupp F" first="Frank" last="Rupp">Frank Rupp</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Section Medical Materials and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boyan, Barbara D" sort="Boyan, Barbara D" uniqKey="Boyan B" first="Barbara D." last="Boyan">Barbara D. Boyan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tannenbaum, Rina" sort="Tannenbaum, Rina" uniqKey="Tannenbaum R" first="Rina" last="Tannenbaum">Rina Tannenbaum</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Biomedical Engineering, The School of Medicine and the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schwartz, Zvi" sort="Schwartz, Zvi" uniqKey="Schwartz Z" first="Zvi" last="Schwartz">Zvi Schwartz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Acta biomaterialia</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1742-7061</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1878-7568</idno>
<imprint><date when="2012">2012</date>
</imprint>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P2">Surface micro and nanostructural modifications of dental and orthopaedic implants have shown promising <italic>in vitro</italic>
, <italic>in vivo</italic>
, and clinical results. Surface wettability has also been suggested to play an important role in osteoblast differentiation and osseointegration. However, the available techniques to measure surface wettability are not reliable on clinically-relevant, rough surfaces. Furthermore, how the differentiation state of osteoblast lineage cells impacts their response to micro/nanostructured surfaces, and the role of wettability on this response, remains unclear. In the current study, surface wettability analyses (optical sessile drop analysis, ESEM analysis, and the Wilhelmy technique) indicated hydrophobic static responses for deposited water droplets on microrough and micro/nanostructured specimens, while hydrophilic responses were observed with dynamic analyses of micro/nanostructured specimens. The maturation and local factor production of human immature osteoblast-like MG63 cells was synergistically influenced by nanostructures superimposed onto microrough titanium (Ti) surfaces. In contrast, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured on micro/nanostructured surfaces in the absence of exogenous soluble factors, exhibited less robust osteoblastic differentiation and local factor production compared to cultures on unmodified microroughened Ti. Our results support previous observations using Ti6Al4V surfaces showing that recognition of surface nanostructures and subsequent cell response is dependent on the differentiation state of osteoblast lineage cells. The results also indicate that this effect may be partly modulated by surface wettability. These findings support the conclusion that the successful osseointegration of an implant depends on contributions from osteoblast lineage cells at different stages of osteoblast commitment.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">101233144</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">32834</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Acta Biomater</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Acta Biomater</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Acta biomaterialia</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1742-7061</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1878-7568</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23232211</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3618468</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS435500</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>The Roles of Titanium Surface Micro/Nanotopography and Wettability on the Differential Response of Human Osteoblast Lineage Cells</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gittens</surname>
<given-names>Rolando A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Olivares-Navarrete</surname>
<given-names>Rene</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cheng</surname>
<given-names>Alice</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anderson</surname>
<given-names>David M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McLachlan</surname>
<given-names>Taylor</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stephan</surname>
<given-names>Ingrid</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Geis-Gerstorfer</surname>
<given-names>Jürgen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sandhage</surname>
<given-names>Kenneth H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fedorov</surname>
<given-names>Andrei G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rupp</surname>
<given-names>Frank</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boyan</surname>
<given-names>Barbara D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tannenbaum</surname>
<given-names>Rina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schwartz</surname>
<given-names>Zvi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>1</label>
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>2</label>
Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>3</label>
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA</aff>
<aff id="A4"><label>4</label>
G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</aff>
<aff id="A5"><label>5</label>
Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</aff>
<aff id="A6"><label>6</label>
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Section Medical Materials and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</aff>
<aff id="A7"><label>7</label>
School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</aff>
<aff id="A8"><label>8</label>
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The School of Medicine and the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA</aff>
<aff id="A9"><label>9</label>
Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="FN1">Address for Correspondence: Barbara D. Boyan, Ph.D., Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, NW (Suite 1108), Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, Phone: 404-385-4108, FAX: 404-894-2291, <email>barbara.boyan@bme.gatech.edu</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>25</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>01</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>6268</fpage>
<lpage>6277</lpage>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract><p id="P2">Surface micro and nanostructural modifications of dental and orthopaedic implants have shown promising <italic>in vitro</italic>
, <italic>in vivo</italic>
, and clinical results. Surface wettability has also been suggested to play an important role in osteoblast differentiation and osseointegration. However, the available techniques to measure surface wettability are not reliable on clinically-relevant, rough surfaces. Furthermore, how the differentiation state of osteoblast lineage cells impacts their response to micro/nanostructured surfaces, and the role of wettability on this response, remains unclear. In the current study, surface wettability analyses (optical sessile drop analysis, ESEM analysis, and the Wilhelmy technique) indicated hydrophobic static responses for deposited water droplets on microrough and micro/nanostructured specimens, while hydrophilic responses were observed with dynamic analyses of micro/nanostructured specimens. The maturation and local factor production of human immature osteoblast-like MG63 cells was synergistically influenced by nanostructures superimposed onto microrough titanium (Ti) surfaces. In contrast, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured on micro/nanostructured surfaces in the absence of exogenous soluble factors, exhibited less robust osteoblastic differentiation and local factor production compared to cultures on unmodified microroughened Ti. Our results support previous observations using Ti6Al4V surfaces showing that recognition of surface nanostructures and subsequent cell response is dependent on the differentiation state of osteoblast lineage cells. The results also indicate that this effect may be partly modulated by surface wettability. These findings support the conclusion that the successful osseointegration of an implant depends on contributions from osteoblast lineage cells at different stages of osteoblast commitment.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>commercially pure grade 2 titanium implants</kwd>
<kwd>osseointegration</kwd>
<kwd>bone</kwd>
<kwd>nanostructures</kwd>
<kwd>mesenchymal stem cell differentiation</kwd>
<kwd>dynamic contact angle</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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