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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Three-dimensional volume rendering of the ankle based on magnetic resonance images enables the generation of images comparable to real anatomy</title>
<author><name sortKey="Anastasi, Giuseppe" sort="Anastasi, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Anastasi G" first="Giuseppe" last="Anastasi">Giuseppe Anastasi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cutroneo, Giuseppina" sort="Cutroneo, Giuseppina" uniqKey="Cutroneo G" first="Giuseppina" last="Cutroneo">Giuseppina Cutroneo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruschetta, Daniele" sort="Bruschetta, Daniele" uniqKey="Bruschetta D" first="Daniele" last="Bruschetta">Daniele Bruschetta</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Trimarchi, Fabio" sort="Trimarchi, Fabio" uniqKey="Trimarchi F" first="Fabio" last="Trimarchi">Fabio Trimarchi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ielitro, Giuseppe" sort="Ielitro, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Ielitro G" first="Giuseppe" last="Ielitro">Giuseppe Ielitro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>IRCCS Centro Neurolesi ‘Bonino-Pulejo’, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cammaroto, Simona" sort="Cammaroto, Simona" uniqKey="Cammaroto S" first="Simona" last="Cammaroto">Simona Cammaroto</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>IRCCS Centro Neurolesi ‘Bonino-Pulejo’, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duca, Antonio" sort="Duca, Antonio" uniqKey="Duca A" first="Antonio" last="Duca">Antonio Duca</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bramanti, Placido" sort="Bramanti, Placido" uniqKey="Bramanti P" first="Placido" last="Bramanti">Placido Bramanti</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>IRCCS Centro Neurolesi ‘Bonino-Pulejo’, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Favaloro, Angelo" sort="Favaloro, Angelo" uniqKey="Favaloro A" first="Angelo" last="Favaloro">Angelo Favaloro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vaccarino, Gianluigi" sort="Vaccarino, Gianluigi" uniqKey="Vaccarino G" first="Gianluigi" last="Vaccarino">Gianluigi Vaccarino</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Milardi, Demetrio" sort="Milardi, Demetrio" uniqKey="Milardi D" first="Demetrio" last="Milardi">Demetrio Milardi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au3"><institution>L’Eremo di Miazzina - Recupero e rieducazione funzionale motoria, cardiologica e respiratoria</institution>
<addr-line>Cambiasca (VB), Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">19678857</idno>
<idno type="pmc">2780576</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2780576</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:2780576</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01133.x</idno>
<date when="2009">2009</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002350</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002350</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Three-dimensional volume rendering of the ankle based on magnetic resonance images enables the generation of images comparable to real anatomy</title>
<author><name sortKey="Anastasi, Giuseppe" sort="Anastasi, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Anastasi G" first="Giuseppe" last="Anastasi">Giuseppe Anastasi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cutroneo, Giuseppina" sort="Cutroneo, Giuseppina" uniqKey="Cutroneo G" first="Giuseppina" last="Cutroneo">Giuseppina Cutroneo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruschetta, Daniele" sort="Bruschetta, Daniele" uniqKey="Bruschetta D" first="Daniele" last="Bruschetta">Daniele Bruschetta</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Trimarchi, Fabio" sort="Trimarchi, Fabio" uniqKey="Trimarchi F" first="Fabio" last="Trimarchi">Fabio Trimarchi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ielitro, Giuseppe" sort="Ielitro, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Ielitro G" first="Giuseppe" last="Ielitro">Giuseppe Ielitro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>IRCCS Centro Neurolesi ‘Bonino-Pulejo’, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cammaroto, Simona" sort="Cammaroto, Simona" uniqKey="Cammaroto S" first="Simona" last="Cammaroto">Simona Cammaroto</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>IRCCS Centro Neurolesi ‘Bonino-Pulejo’, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duca, Antonio" sort="Duca, Antonio" uniqKey="Duca A" first="Antonio" last="Duca">Antonio Duca</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bramanti, Placido" sort="Bramanti, Placido" uniqKey="Bramanti P" first="Placido" last="Bramanti">Placido Bramanti</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>IRCCS Centro Neurolesi ‘Bonino-Pulejo’, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Favaloro, Angelo" sort="Favaloro, Angelo" uniqKey="Favaloro A" first="Angelo" last="Favaloro">Angelo Favaloro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vaccarino, Gianluigi" sort="Vaccarino, Gianluigi" uniqKey="Vaccarino G" first="Gianluigi" last="Vaccarino">Gianluigi Vaccarino</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Milardi, Demetrio" sort="Milardi, Demetrio" uniqKey="Milardi D" first="Demetrio" last="Milardi">Demetrio Milardi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="au3"><institution>L’Eremo di Miazzina - Recupero e rieducazione funzionale motoria, cardiologica e respiratoria</institution>
<addr-line>Cambiasca (VB), Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of Anatomy</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0021-8782</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1469-7580</idno>
<imprint><date when="2009">2009</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We have applied high-quality medical imaging techniques to study the structure of the human ankle. Direct volume rendering, using specific algorithms, transforms conventional two-dimensional (2D) magnetic resonance image (MRI) series into 3D volume datasets. This tool allows high-definition visualization of single or multiple structures for diagnostic, research, and teaching purposes. No other image reformatting technique so accurately highlights each anatomic relationship and preserves soft tissue definition. Here, we used this method to study the structure of the human ankle to analyze tendon–bone–muscle relationships. We compared ankle MRI and computerized tomography (CT) images from 17 healthy volunteers, aged 18–30 years (mean 23 years). An additional subject had a partial rupture of the Achilles tendon. The MRI images demonstrated superiority in overall quality of detail compared to the CT images. The MRI series accurately rendered soft tissue and bone in simultaneous image acquisition, whereas CT required several window-reformatting algorithms, with loss of image data quality. We obtained high-quality digital images of the human ankle that were sufficiently accurate for surgical and clinical intervention planning, as well as for teaching human anatomy. Our approach demonstrates that complex anatomical structures such as the ankle, which is rich in articular facets and ligaments, can be easily studied non-invasively using MRI data.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Anat</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">joa</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Anatomy</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0021-8782</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1469-7580</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Blackwell Science Inc</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19678857</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2780576</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01133.x</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Methods</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Three-dimensional volume rendering of the ankle based on magnetic resonance images enables the generation of images comparable to real anatomy</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anastasi</surname>
<given-names>Giuseppe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cutroneo</surname>
<given-names>Giuseppina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bruschetta</surname>
<given-names>Daniele</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Trimarchi</surname>
<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ielitro</surname>
<given-names>Giuseppe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cammaroto</surname>
<given-names>Simona</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duca</surname>
<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bramanti</surname>
<given-names>Placido</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Favaloro</surname>
<given-names>Angelo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vaccarino</surname>
<given-names>Gianluigi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Milardi</surname>
<given-names>Demetrio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="au3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="au1"><label>1</label>
<institution>Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="au2"><label>2</label>
<institution>IRCCS Centro Neurolesi ‘Bonino-Pulejo’, University of Messina</institution>
<addr-line>Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="au3"><label>3</label>
<institution>L’Eremo di Miazzina - Recupero e rieducazione funzionale motoria, cardiologica e respiratoria</institution>
<addr-line>Cambiasca (VB), Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Correspondence Angelo Favaloro, Dipartimento di Biomorfologia e Biotecnologie, Policlinico Universitario ‘G. Martino’- Torre Biologica, Università di Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, IT-98125, Messina, Italy. T: + 39 090 2213361; F: + 39 090 692449; E: <email>angelo.favaloro@unime.it</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>215</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>592</fpage>
<lpage>599</lpage>
<history><date date-type="accepted"><day>03</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2009</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Journal compilation © 2009 Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland</copyright-statement>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>We have applied high-quality medical imaging techniques to study the structure of the human ankle. Direct volume rendering, using specific algorithms, transforms conventional two-dimensional (2D) magnetic resonance image (MRI) series into 3D volume datasets. This tool allows high-definition visualization of single or multiple structures for diagnostic, research, and teaching purposes. No other image reformatting technique so accurately highlights each anatomic relationship and preserves soft tissue definition. Here, we used this method to study the structure of the human ankle to analyze tendon–bone–muscle relationships. We compared ankle MRI and computerized tomography (CT) images from 17 healthy volunteers, aged 18–30 years (mean 23 years). An additional subject had a partial rupture of the Achilles tendon. The MRI images demonstrated superiority in overall quality of detail compared to the CT images. The MRI series accurately rendered soft tissue and bone in simultaneous image acquisition, whereas CT required several window-reformatting algorithms, with loss of image data quality. We obtained high-quality digital images of the human ankle that were sufficiently accurate for surgical and clinical intervention planning, as well as for teaching human anatomy. Our approach demonstrates that complex anatomical structures such as the ankle, which is rich in articular facets and ligaments, can be easily studied non-invasively using MRI data.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>ankle</kwd>
<kwd>MRI</kwd>
<kwd>volume rendering</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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