The impact of implant treatment on oral health related quality of life in a private dental practice: a prospective cohort study
Identifieur interne : 002216 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002215; suivant : 002217The impact of implant treatment on oral health related quality of life in a private dental practice: a prospective cohort study
Auteurs : Mathieu Fillion ; Dominique Aubazac ; Marion Bessadet ; Marlène Allègre ; Emmanuel NicolasSource :
- Health and Quality of Life Outcomes [ 1477-7525 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Very few studies on the impact of implant therapy on Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in partially edentulous patients have been published.
This study aimed at analysing the improvement of OHRQoL of patients who underwent dental implant treatment using the “functional”, “psychosocial” and “pain and discomfort” categories of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI).
Within a prospective cohort of patients rehabilitated with Straumann dental implants, the OHRQoL of 176 patients (104 women and 72 men) was assessed using the GOHAI questionnaire, at two different times, before and after implant placement. The degree of oral treatment was categorised into three classes: “Single Tooth Implant” (n = 77), “Fixed Partial Denture” (n = 75), “Fixed or Retained Full Prostheses” (n = 24). The participants’ characteristics (gender, age, tobacco habits, periodontal treatment, time between both evaluations) were assessed.
Before treatment, the GOHAI score was lower for participants with fewer teeth (F = 19, P < 0.001). After treatment, no difference was observed between participants; significant improvements were observed in the GOHAI scores obtained (repeated measures, analysis, (F = 177, P < 0.001)) for each of the GOHAI fields studied (functional, psychosocial and pain & discomfort), regardless of the degree of treatment. The best improvement was observed in patients who needed complete treatment (P < 0.001). The presence of preliminary periodontal treatment, tobacco habits, age and gender of the participants did not have a significant impact on OHRQoL. Changing the time between the two evaluations (before and after treatment) had no impact on the changes in the GOHAI score.
Implants enhanced the OHRQoL of participants that needed oral treatment.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-11-197
PubMed: 24229381
PubMed Central: 3842837
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3842837Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The impact of implant treatment on oral health related quality of life in a private dental practice: a prospective cohort study</title><author><name sortKey="Fillion, Mathieu" sort="Fillion, Mathieu" uniqKey="Fillion M" first="Mathieu" last="Fillion">Mathieu Fillion</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Dom’Implant Formation, Clermont-Ferrand, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aubazac, Dominique" sort="Aubazac, Dominique" uniqKey="Aubazac D" first="Dominique" last="Aubazac">Dominique Aubazac</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Dom’Implant Formation, Clermont-Ferrand, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bessadet, Marion" sort="Bessadet, Marion" uniqKey="Bessadet M" first="Marion" last="Bessadet">Marion Bessadet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA4847, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Odontologie, Hôtel-Dieu, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allegre, Marlene" sort="Allegre, Marlene" uniqKey="Allegre M" first="Marlène" last="Allègre">Marlène Allègre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA4847, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicolas, Emmanuel" sort="Nicolas, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Nicolas E" first="Emmanuel" last="Nicolas">Emmanuel Nicolas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA4847, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Odontologie, Hôtel-Dieu, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24229381</idno><idno type="pmc">3842837</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3842837</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3842837</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1477-7525-11-197</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002216</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002216</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The impact of implant treatment on oral health related quality of life in a private dental practice: a prospective cohort study</title><author><name sortKey="Fillion, Mathieu" sort="Fillion, Mathieu" uniqKey="Fillion M" first="Mathieu" last="Fillion">Mathieu Fillion</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Dom’Implant Formation, Clermont-Ferrand, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aubazac, Dominique" sort="Aubazac, Dominique" uniqKey="Aubazac D" first="Dominique" last="Aubazac">Dominique Aubazac</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Dom’Implant Formation, Clermont-Ferrand, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bessadet, Marion" sort="Bessadet, Marion" uniqKey="Bessadet M" first="Marion" last="Bessadet">Marion Bessadet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA4847, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Odontologie, Hôtel-Dieu, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allegre, Marlene" sort="Allegre, Marlene" uniqKey="Allegre M" first="Marlène" last="Allègre">Marlène Allègre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA4847, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicolas, Emmanuel" sort="Nicolas, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Nicolas E" first="Emmanuel" last="Nicolas">Emmanuel Nicolas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA4847, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Odontologie, Hôtel-Dieu, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Health and Quality of Life Outcomes</title><idno type="eISSN">1477-7525</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Very few studies on the impact of implant therapy on Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in partially edentulous patients have been published.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>This study aimed at analysing the improvement of OHRQoL of patients who underwent dental implant treatment using the “functional”, “psychosocial” and “pain and discomfort” categories of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI).</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Within a prospective cohort of patients rehabilitated with Straumann dental implants, the OHRQoL of 176 patients (104 women and 72 men) was assessed using the GOHAI questionnaire, at two different times, before and after implant placement. The degree of oral treatment was categorised into three classes: “Single Tooth Implant” (n = 77), “Fixed Partial Denture” (n = 75), “Fixed or Retained Full Prostheses” (n = 24). The participants’ characteristics (gender, age, tobacco habits, periodontal treatment, time between both evaluations) were assessed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Before treatment, the GOHAI score was lower for participants with fewer teeth (F = 19, P < 0.001). After treatment, no difference was observed between participants; significant improvements were observed in the GOHAI scores obtained (repeated measures, analysis, (F = 177, P < 0.001)) for each of the GOHAI fields studied (functional, psychosocial and pain & discomfort), regardless of the degree of treatment. The best improvement was observed in patients who needed complete treatment (P < 0.001). The presence of preliminary periodontal treatment, tobacco habits, age and gender of the participants did not have a significant impact on OHRQoL. Changing the time between the two evaluations (before and after treatment) had no impact on the changes in the GOHAI score.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Implants enhanced the OHRQoL of participants that needed oral treatment.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Slade, Gd" uniqKey="Slade G">GD Slade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spencer, Aj" uniqKey="Spencer A">AJ Spencer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koller, M" uniqKey="Koller M">M Koller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klinkhammer Schalke, M" uniqKey="Klinkhammer Schalke M">M Klinkhammer-Schalke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lorenz, W" uniqKey="Lorenz W">W Lorenz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Naito, M" uniqKey="Naito M">M Naito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuasa, H" uniqKey="Yuasa H">H Yuasa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nomura, Y" uniqKey="Nomura Y">Y Nomura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakayama, T" uniqKey="Nakayama T">T Nakayama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamajima, N" uniqKey="Hamajima N">N Hamajima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hanada, N" uniqKey="Hanada N">N Hanada</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Veyrune, Jl" uniqKey="Veyrune J">JL Veyrune</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tubert Jeannin, S" uniqKey="Tubert Jeannin S">S Tubert-Jeannin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dutheil, C" uniqKey="Dutheil C">C Dutheil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riordan, Pj" uniqKey="Riordan P">PJ Riordan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ramstad, T" uniqKey="Ramstad T">T Ramstad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norheim, Pw" uniqKey="Norheim P">PW Norheim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eckersberg, T" uniqKey="Eckersberg T">T Eckersberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berg, E" uniqKey="Berg E">E Berg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feine, Js" uniqKey="Feine J">JS Feine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlsson, Ge" uniqKey="Carlsson G">GE Carlsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Awad, Ma" uniqKey="Awad M">MA Awad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chehade, A" uniqKey="Chehade A">A Chehade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duncan, Wj" uniqKey="Duncan W">WJ Duncan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gizani, S" uniqKey="Gizani S">S Gizani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feine, Js" uniqKey="Feine J">JS Feine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlsson, Ge" uniqKey="Carlsson G">GE Carlsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Awad, Ma" uniqKey="Awad M">MA Awad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chehade, A" uniqKey="Chehade A">A Chehade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duncan, Wj" uniqKey="Duncan W">WJ Duncan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gizani, S" uniqKey="Gizani S">S Gizani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adam, Rz" uniqKey="Adam R">RZ Adam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geerts, Gavm" uniqKey="Geerts G">GAVM Geerts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lalloo, R" uniqKey="Lalloo R">R Lalloo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Atchison, Ka" uniqKey="Atchison K">KA Atchison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dolan, Ta" uniqKey="Dolan T">TA Dolan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Atchison, Ka" uniqKey="Atchison K">KA Atchison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gift, Hc" uniqKey="Gift H">HC Gift</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Atchison, Ka" uniqKey="Atchison K">KA Atchison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Der Martirosian, C" uniqKey="Der Martirosian C">C Der-Martirosian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gift, Hc" uniqKey="Gift H">HC Gift</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wong, Mcm" uniqKey="Wong M">MCM Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jks" uniqKey="Liu J">JKS Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lo, Ecm" uniqKey="Lo E">ECM Lo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="H Gglin, C" uniqKey="H Gglin C">C Hägglin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berggren, U" uniqKey="Berggren U">U Berggren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lundgren, J" uniqKey="Lundgren J">J Lundgren</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Naito, M" uniqKey="Naito M">M Naito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suzukamo, Y" uniqKey="Suzukamo Y">Y Suzukamo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakayama, T" uniqKey="Nakayama T">T Nakayama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamajima, N" uniqKey="Hamajima N">N Hamajima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fukuhara, S" uniqKey="Fukuhara S">S Fukuhara</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Othman, W Nw" uniqKey="Othman W">W-NW Othman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muttalib, Ka" uniqKey="Muttalib K">KA Muttalib</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bakri, R" uniqKey="Bakri R">R Bakri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doss, Jg" uniqKey="Doss J">JG Doss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaafar, N" uniqKey="Jaafar N">N Jaafar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salleh, Nc" uniqKey="Salleh N">NC Salleh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Atieh, Ma" uniqKey="Atieh M">MA Atieh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tubert Jeannin, S" uniqKey="Tubert Jeannin S">S Tubert-Jeannin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riordan, Pj" uniqKey="Riordan P">PJ Riordan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morel Papernot, A" uniqKey="Morel Papernot A">A Morel-Papernot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Porcheray, S" uniqKey="Porcheray S">S Porcheray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saby Collet, S" uniqKey="Saby Collet S">S Saby-Collet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lamy, M" uniqKey="Lamy M">M Lamy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mojon, P" uniqKey="Mojon P">P Mojon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalykakis, G" uniqKey="Kalykakis G">G Kalykakis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Legrand, R" uniqKey="Legrand R">R Legrand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Butz Jorgensen, E" uniqKey="Butz Jorgensen E">E Butz-Jorgensen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mojon, P" uniqKey="Mojon P">P Mojon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Budtz J Rgensen, E" uniqKey="Budtz J Rgensen E">E Budtz-Jørgensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rapin, Ch" uniqKey="Rapin C">CH Rapin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brownie, S" uniqKey="Brownie S">S Brownie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dolan, Ta" uniqKey="Dolan T">TA Dolan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilson, J" uniqKey="Wilson J">J Wilson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Locker, D" uniqKey="Locker D">D Locker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matear, D" uniqKey="Matear D">D Matear</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stephens, M" uniqKey="Stephens M">M Stephens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawrence, H" uniqKey="Lawrence H">H Lawrence</name></author><author><name sortKey="Payne, B" uniqKey="Payne B">B Payne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Slade, Gd" uniqKey="Slade G">GD Slade</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Veyrune, Jl" uniqKey="Veyrune J">JL Veyrune</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ope, S" uniqKey="Ope S">S Opé</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicolas, E" uniqKey="Nicolas E">E Nicolas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woda, A" uniqKey="Woda A">A Woda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hennequin, M" uniqKey="Hennequin M">M Hennequin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nicolas, E" uniqKey="Nicolas E">E Nicolas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veyrune, J" uniqKey="Veyrune J">J Veyrune</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lassauzay, C" uniqKey="Lassauzay C">C Lassauzay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cousson, Py" uniqKey="Cousson P">PY Cousson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bessadet, M" uniqKey="Bessadet M">M Bessadet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicolas, E" uniqKey="Nicolas E">E Nicolas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veyrune, J L" uniqKey="Veyrune J">J-L Veyrune</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lesourd, B" uniqKey="Lesourd B">B Lesourd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lassauzay, C" uniqKey="Lassauzay C">C Lassauzay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heydecke, G" uniqKey="Heydecke G">G Heydecke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boudrias, P" uniqKey="Boudrias P">P Boudrias</name></author><author><name sortKey="Awad, Ma" uniqKey="Awad M">MA Awad</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Albuquerque, Rf" uniqKey="De Albuquerque R">RF De Albuquerque</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lund, Jp" uniqKey="Lund J">JP Lund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feine, Js" uniqKey="Feine J">JS Feine</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Emami, E" uniqKey="Emami E">E Emami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heydecke, G" uniqKey="Heydecke G">G Heydecke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rompre, Ph" uniqKey="Rompre P">PH Rompré</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Grandmont, P" uniqKey="De Grandmont P">P De Grandmont</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feine, Js" uniqKey="Feine J">JS Feine</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berretin Felix, G" uniqKey="Berretin Felix G">G Berretin-Felix</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nary Filho, H" uniqKey="Nary Filho H">H Nary Filho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Padovani, Cr" uniqKey="Padovani C">CR Padovani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Machado, Wm" uniqKey="Machado W">WM Machado</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brennan, M" uniqKey="Brennan M">M Brennan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Houston, F" uniqKey="Houston F">F Houston</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Ullivan, M" uniqKey="O Ullivan M">M O’Sullivan</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Onnell, B" uniqKey="O Onnell B">B O’Connell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pjetursson, Be" uniqKey="Pjetursson B">BE Pjetursson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karoussis, I" uniqKey="Karoussis I">I Karoussis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burgin, W" uniqKey="Burgin W">W Bürgin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Br Gger, U" uniqKey="Br Gger U">U Brägger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lang, Np" uniqKey="Lang N">NP Lang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nickenig, H J" uniqKey="Nickenig H">H-J Nickenig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wichmann, M" uniqKey="Wichmann M">M Wichmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andreas, Sk" uniqKey="Andreas S">SK Andreas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eitner, S" uniqKey="Eitner S">S Eitner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Allen, Pf" uniqKey="Allen P">PF Allen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomason, Jm" uniqKey="Thomason J">JM Thomason</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jepson, Nja" uniqKey="Jepson N">NJA Jepson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nohl, F" uniqKey="Nohl F">F Nohl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Dg" uniqKey="Smith D">DG Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ellis, J" uniqKey="Ellis J">J Ellis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jokstad, A" uniqKey="Jokstad A">A Jokstad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomason, Jm" uniqKey="Thomason J">JM Thomason</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heydecke, G" uniqKey="Heydecke G">G Heydecke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomason, Jm" uniqKey="Thomason J">JM Thomason</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lund, Jp" uniqKey="Lund J">JP Lund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feine, Js" uniqKey="Feine J">JS Feine</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zani, Sr" uniqKey="Zani S">SR Zani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rivaldo, Eg" uniqKey="Rivaldo E">EG Rivaldo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frasca, Lcf" uniqKey="Frasca L">LCF Frasca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caye, Lf" uniqKey="Caye L">LF Caye</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Health Qual Life Outcomes</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Health Qual Life Outcomes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Health and Quality of Life Outcomes</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1477-7525</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24229381</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3842837</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1477-7525-11-197</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1477-7525-11-197</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The impact of implant treatment on oral health related quality of life in a private dental practice: a prospective cohort study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A1"><name><surname>Fillion</surname><given-names>Mathieu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>domimplant@orange.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Aubazac</surname><given-names>Dominique</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>domimplant@orange.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Bessadet</surname><given-names>Marion</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>marion.bessadet@udamail.fr</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Allègre</surname><given-names>Marlène</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>marleneallegre@hotmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A5"><name><surname>Nicolas</surname><given-names>Emmanuel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>emmanuel.nicolas@udamail.fr</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Dom’Implant Formation, Clermont-Ferrand, France</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EA4847, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</aff><aff id="I3"><label>3</label>CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Odontologie, Hôtel-Dieu, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><fpage>197</fpage><lpage>197</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>7</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Fillion et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Fillion et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.hqlo.com/content/11/1/197"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Very few studies on the impact of implant therapy on Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in partially edentulous patients have been published.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>This study aimed at analysing the improvement of OHRQoL of patients who underwent dental implant treatment using the “functional”, “psychosocial” and “pain and discomfort” categories of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI).</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Within a prospective cohort of patients rehabilitated with Straumann dental implants, the OHRQoL of 176 patients (104 women and 72 men) was assessed using the GOHAI questionnaire, at two different times, before and after implant placement. The degree of oral treatment was categorised into three classes: “Single Tooth Implant” (n = 77), “Fixed Partial Denture” (n = 75), “Fixed or Retained Full Prostheses” (n = 24). The participants’ characteristics (gender, age, tobacco habits, periodontal treatment, time between both evaluations) were assessed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Before treatment, the GOHAI score was lower for participants with fewer teeth (F = 19, P < 0.001). After treatment, no difference was observed between participants; significant improvements were observed in the GOHAI scores obtained (repeated measures, analysis, (F = 177, P < 0.001)) for each of the GOHAI fields studied (functional, psychosocial and pain & discomfort), regardless of the degree of treatment. The best improvement was observed in patients who needed complete treatment (P < 0.001). The presence of preliminary periodontal treatment, tobacco habits, age and gender of the participants did not have a significant impact on OHRQoL. Changing the time between the two evaluations (before and after treatment) had no impact on the changes in the GOHAI score.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Implants enhanced the OHRQoL of participants that needed oral treatment.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Dental implants</kwd><kwd>Oral Treatment</kwd><kwd>OHRQoL</kwd><kwd>Evaluation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Background</title><p>Oral related quality of life could be defined as an individual’s perception of the impact of oral health on their quality of life (OHRQoL) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. OHRQoL is characterized by the individual’s perception of their position in life, in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns, and to the cultural conditions and the value system under which they live [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Some studies have demonstrated the significant relationship that exists between good oral quality of life and good general quality of life [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]. In this context, edentulism and conventional complete denture treatment have been shown to have a negative impact on OHRQoL [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. The success or failure of oral treatment using conventional dentures depends on many factors, including the practitioner’s technical skills and unfavorable oral conditions [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]. The psychological aspect of treating edentulism is of great importance and the patient/practitioner relationship is essential [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]. Sometimes, despite the practitioner’s best efforts and full cooperation from the patient, it remains impossible to meet their expectations. For example, in a situation of bone crestal resorption the practitioner may propose dental implants [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>].</p><p>Fifty years after the first oral treatment with titanium dental implants, the parameters conditioning osseointegration, such as oral hygiene, occlusal force and type of implant appear to be well-controlled. Rates of success and surgical procedures have been described extensively. Furthermore, many studies have explored the efficacy of implant treatment using objective parameters (retention, stability, chewing parameters): implants have been shown to improve denture stability and retention, consequently improving oral comfort and OHRQoL for patients [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]. However, so far, no clinical studies have measured the impact of implant fixed-prostheses on the OHRQoL of partially or completely edentulous participants. Practitioners can rely on a number of tools for evaluating OHRQoL, including the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), the oral impacts on daily performances (OIDP), and the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]. These questionnaires explore the functional, social, and psychological impacts of oral disorders. The GOHAI is a 12-item assessment questionnaire originally developed by Atchison and Dolan in 1990 for studies on elderly populations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>], and it was later renamed the General Oral Health Assessment Index [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]. It has also been used in studies on younger adults [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]. The GOHAI has been validated in various languages [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>], including French [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>], unlike the OHIP and OIDP tools. Factors such as oral pain, denture dislodgements, and xerostomia can induce masticatory difficulties [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]. The GOHAI was shown to be sensitive to the provision of dental care [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>], to be more appropriate when considering functional and psychosocial impacts, and to be more efficient at detecting changes in a participant than the OHIP [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>] which is often used in OHRQoL evaluations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. The objective of this study was to assess whether implants and fixed or retained prostheses could improve the OHRQoL of partially or completely edentulous patients.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><sec><title>Evaluation process of OHRQol</title><p>For this study, OHRQol was assessed using the GOHAI questionnaire and data were collected during interviews. First, the validity of the GOHAI for this sample was controlled. The interviewer performed calibration beforehand and the reliability of this calibration was tested on five participants. GOHAI comprises 12 items grouped into three fields: (1) the functional field (eating, speaking, swallowing), (2) the psychosocial field (concerns, relational discomfort, appearance), (3) the pain or discomfort field (drugs, gingival sensitivity, discomfort when chewing certain foods). The method used in this study was the cumulative method (GOHAI-Add), which consists in adding the scores obtained for each of the 12 GOHAI questions. Each question is given a score between 1 and 5. The maximum score is 60 (20 = functional field; 25 = psychosocial field; 15 = pain or discomfort field). According to Atchison and Dolan (1990), a score ranging between 57 and 60 is considered as high and corresponds to a satisfactory OHRQol [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]. A score ranging between 51 and 56 is regarded as average, and a score of 50 or less is considered as a low score, reflecting a poor OHRQol.</p></sec><sec><title>Description of participants</title><p>The participants included in the study had been referred to a private dental practice (France) over a one-year period (2010) for implant treatment. The sample size required was estimated from a previous study that measured the GOHAI-Add score in a group of edentulous participants rehabilitated with the implant procedure [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. In this previous study, the GOHAI-Add scores increased from 43 ± 9 (before treatment) to 56 ± 3 (with implant). Therefore, for the present study, the calculations, completed with epiR package 0.9-30, were based on a difference of 13 points in GOHAI scores and a common standard deviation of 9. This indicated the need for at least 22 participants in each group studied (α = 5%, β = 10%). 176 participants were recruited (72 men and 104 women; mean age 52±9.9 years, mini = 18, maxi = 84). The participants were categorised according to the degree of oral treatment needed: “Single Tooth” (n = 77), “Fixed Partial Denture” (n = 75; 2 to 6 teeth replaced) and “Full Prostheses” (n = 24; 10 to 14 replaced teeth). The latter category comprised “full fixed Prostheses” (n = 11) and “Implant Retained Complete Over-denture” (n = 13). The characteristics of the participants were gathered and the distribution according to gender, age group, tobacco habits and potential preliminary periodontal treatment are presented in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>.</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p><bold>Distribution of participants</bold>’ <bold>characteristics according to each type of treatment</bold></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Type of treatment</bold><hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top"><bold>All categories</bold></th></tr><tr><th align="left"> </th><th align="center"> </th><th align="center"><bold>Single tooth implant n (%)</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Fixed partial denture n (%)</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Full prostheses n (%)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Gender<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Male<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">32 (41.6%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">31 (41.3%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">9 (37.5%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">72 (40.9%)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Female<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">45 (58.4%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">44 (58.7%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">15 (62.5%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">104 (59.1%)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Age (years)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Less than 50<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">36 (46.8%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">15 (20%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">4 (16.7%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">55 (31.3%)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">50 to 60<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">25 (32.5%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">28 (37.3%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">4 (16.7%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">57 (32.4%)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">More than 60<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16 (20.7%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">32 (42.7%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16 (66.6%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">64 (36.3%)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Periodontal treatment<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">15 (19.5%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">12 (16%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">3 (12.5%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">30 (17%)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">62 (80.5%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">63 (84%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">21 (87.5%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">146 (83%)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Tobacco habits<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11 (14.3%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16 (21.3%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">4 (16.7%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">31 (17.6%)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">66 (85.7%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">59 (78.7%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">20 (83.3%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">145 (82.4%)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Time between two evaluations (months)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Less than 6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19 (24.7%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">26 (34.7%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">9 (37.5%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54 (30.7%)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">6 to 9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">31 (40.2%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22 (29.3%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">9 (37.5%)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">62 (35.2%)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">More to 9</td><td align="center">27 (35.1%)</td><td align="center">27 (36%)</td><td align="center">6 (25%)</td><td align="center">60 (34.1%)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Fixed partial denture replaced 2 to 6 teeth and full prostheses 10 to 14 teeth.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>The aim, benefits, and risks of the experiment were explained to the participants and each of them signed a consent form. These patients were assessed for their OHRQoL by answering a GOHAI questionnaire [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>] before implant placement and between 3 months and 15 months after treatment (average; 7.3±3.1 months). Three homogenous groups were then formed according to the time between two evaluations: less than 6 months (n = 54), 6 to 9 months (n = 62), and more to 9 months (n = 60). Gender, age, tobacco habits and potential preliminary periodontal treatment were also determined at the beginning of the study.</p><p>Participants that were excluded from the study: 1) presented cognitive deficiency, 2) were dependent or living in institutions, or 3) had stopped treatment prematurely.</p></sec><sec><title>Data acquisition and analysis</title><p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Before analysis, the validity of the study sample was verified. The purpose of the analysis was to verify that oral treatment would improve OHRQoL and level the difference between the degrees of tooth loss. Data from the GOHAI questionnaire before and after implant treatment were analyzed using a General Linear Model procedure (GLM) (<bold>variable</bold>: GOHAI parameters; <bold>fixed variable</bold>: type of oral treatment). A Student Newman-Keuls Post Hoc test (SNK) was applied to discriminate the impact of the type of treatment (α = 0.05). The same method was used to measure possible impacts of age, gender, primary periodontal treatment and tobacco habits on GOHAI scores before and after treatment. The impact of the type of treatment and different follow-up times on GOHAI scores was tested by repeated-measure analysis (<bold>variable</bold>: GOHAI parameters before and after treatment; <bold>fixed variable</bold>: type of oral treatment; follow up time) followed by the SNK test. Possible impacts of age, gender, periodontal treatment and tobacco habits on GOHAI scores were tested similarly.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><sec><title>Validity of the instrument</title><p>The validity of the GOHAI in this sample was assessed for (i) concurrent validity: before treatment, GOHAI scores were significantly lower in patients with poor oral health perception (44.5 ± 9.1) and higher in participants with good oral health perception (49.7 ± 6.7) (t-test, P < 0.01); (ii) reliability, assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. High reliability was found between the different items of the GOHAI questionnaire before treatment (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.80) and after treatment (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.76); (iii) discriminant validity: the GOHAI questionnaire was able to discriminate between participants with different oral health status before treatment. GOHAI mean scores were significantly lower in edentulous participants (40.4 ± 11.6), moderate in participants presenting partial edentulism (48.1 ± 11.6), and higher in participants with single edentulism (50.0 ±7.09) (Anova, P < 0.01).</p></sec><sec><title>GOHAI scores</title><p>For each evaluation time (before and after treatment), the mean values (±SD) of GOHAI-Add and each GOHAI field (Functional, Pain or Discomfort, and Psychosocial domains) are presented in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref> according to gender, age, tobacco habits and preliminary periodontal treatment. The characteristics of this population did not have any statistically significant impact on GOHAI-Add scores before or after treatment. These parameters were also not associated with changes in the OHRQoL of the participants.</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p><bold>Means values</bold> (±<bold>SD</bold>) <bold>of GOHAI</bold>-<bold>Add</bold>, <bold>for each GOHAI fields</bold>, <bold>before and after treatment and according to the gender</bold>, <bold>age</bold>, <bold>tobacco habits and primary periodontal treatment</bold></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>GOHAI add</bold><hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Functional field</bold><hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Pain and discomfort field</bold><hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Psychosocial field</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center"> </th><th align="center"> </th><th align="center"><bold>Before</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>After</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Before</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>After</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Before</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>After</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Before</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>After</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="bottom">Gender<hr></hr></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">Female<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">47.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.3<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.5<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(8.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">Male<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">49.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">55.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">20.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(7.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.3)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6" align="center" valign="bottom">Age<hr></hr></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">Less than 50 years<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">49.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">55.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">20.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(8.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.9)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">50 to 60 years<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">49.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">20.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.1<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(6.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.3)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">More than 60 years<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">46.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">55.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.3<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.8<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(8.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="bottom">Tobacco habits<hr></hr></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">48.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">55.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">20.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(8.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">47.3<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">53.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">12.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.1<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(6.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.4)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center">Periodontal treatment</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">48.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">20.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.5<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(8.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="bottom">46.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">(8.4)</td><td align="center">(4.5)</td><td align="center">(3.2)</td><td align="center">(1.5)</td><td align="center">(2.0)</td><td align="center">(1.8)</td><td align="center">(4.2)</td><td align="center">(2.2)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>Before treatment, the GOHAI mean score for all the participants was 48, reflecting a poor OHRQoL (<50) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]. For the patients scheduled for single unit treatment, the GOHAI-Add was 51, showing an average OHRQoL [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]. The mean scores according to the type of treatment (single, partial fixed denture or full prostheses) and the duration between two evaluations (less than 6 months, 6 to 9 months or more) are given in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>.</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p><bold>Mean values</bold> (±<bold>SD</bold>) <bold>of GOHAI</bold>-<bold>add</bold>, <bold>for the functional</bold>, <bold>pain and discomfort and psychosocial fields</bold>, <bold>before and after treatment in each group of participants</bold></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>GOHAI-add</bold><hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Functional field</bold><hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Pain and discomfort field</bold><hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Psychosocial field</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center"><bold>Type of treatment</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Follow-up time (months)</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Before</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>After</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Before</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>After</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Before</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>After</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Before</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>After</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="bottom">Single tooth implant<hr></hr></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">less than 6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">50.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">53.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">12.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">21.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.2<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(7.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.2)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">6 to 9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">51.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">55.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">12.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">21.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.8<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(5.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">more to 9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">50.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">55.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.3<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">20.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(8.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.4)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">Total<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">50.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">12.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">21.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(7.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.2)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="bottom">Fixed partial denture<hr></hr></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">less than 6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">48.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.4<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(6.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.0)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">6 to 9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">50.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">20.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.8<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(5.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.5)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">more to 9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">46.3<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">15.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.5<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">Total<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">48.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.3<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.5<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">5.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.2)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="bottom">Full prosthese<hr></hr></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">less than 6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">36.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">53.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">10.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.3<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">21.8<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(10.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.0)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">6 to 9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">43.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">14.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">10.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">14.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.3<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(12.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(6.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.4)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">more to 9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">43.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">56.3<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">14.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">23.2<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(11.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(0.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(5.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.3)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">Total<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">40.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.37<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.3<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(11.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(5.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.0)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8" align="center">Total</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">less than 6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">46.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.3<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.2<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(9.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.2)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">6 to 9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">49.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">55.1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17.3<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">20.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.7<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(7.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.3)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.8)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.0)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.6)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.2)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom">more to 9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">47.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">55.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.6<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">(7.7)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(4.4)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.1)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(1.5)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(3.9)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">(2.2)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center">Total</td><td align="center" valign="bottom">48.3<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">54.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">16.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">11.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">13.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">19.8<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">22.5<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">(8.1)</td><td align="center">(4.3)</td><td align="center">(3.2)</td><td align="center">(1.5)</td><td align="center">(2.1)</td><td align="center">(1.6)</td><td align="center">(4.0)</td><td align="center">(2.1)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Fixed partial denture replaced 2 to 6 teeth and full prothese 10 to 14 teeth.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Before treatment, the mean GOHAI scores were lower for participants with fewer teeth (F = 19, P < 0.001): the SNK test showed that the mean GOHAI score of participants scheduled for single and partial treatment was better than that of patients in need of complete treatment (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>). Similar results were found for the functional (F = 20, P < 0.001) and psychosocial (F = 18, P < 0.001) fields, but not for the “pain or discomfort” fields. After treatment, the GOHAI mean score of all 176 participants reached 54, which corresponds to an average OHRQoL. The variability of the score was reduced: no difference between the types of treatment was observed, regardless of the GOHAI field. Whatever the follow-up time, significant improvements were observed in the GOHAI-Add scores and in the scores for each GOHAI field (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref>). The change in the GOHAI score was greater for the patients with the fewest teeth, and the best improvement was noted for complete treatment (P < 0.001; Effect size = 0.36) compared with single tooth implants (P < 0.001; effect size = 0.13) and fixed partial dentures (P < 0.001; effect size = 0.27).</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p><bold>Repeated measure analysis on GOHAI</bold>-<bold>Add values</bold> (<bold>before and after rehabilitation</bold>) <bold>and for each GOHAI fields</bold></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>GOHAI-add</bold><hr></hr></th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Functional field</bold><hr></hr></th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Pain and discomfort field</bold><hr></hr></th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Psychosocial field</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center"> </th><th align="center"><bold><italic>ddl</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>F</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>P</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>Effect size</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>ddl</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>F</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>P</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>Effect size</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>ddl</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>F</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>P</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>Effect size</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>ddl</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>F</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>P</italic></bold></th><th align="center"><bold><italic>Effect size</italic></bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>Impact of treatment</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>1</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>177</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><<bold>0.001</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>0.51</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>1</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>137</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><<bold>0.001</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>0.45</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>124</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><<bold>0.001</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>0.42</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>1</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>133</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><<bold>0.001</bold><hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><bold>0.44</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">Impact of treatment* Type (λ)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><0.001<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">0.18<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">17<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><0.001<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">0.18<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">5<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><0.01<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">0.54<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">18<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><0.001<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">0.18<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Impact of treatment* Follow-up time (λ)</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">ns</td><td align="center">0.02</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">ns</td><td align="center">0.01</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">ns</td><td align="center">0.02</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">ns</td><td align="center">0.03</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Statistical analyses were used to test the impact of the type of treatments (single tooth implants, fixed partial denture, full prostheses) and the different follow-up times on GOHAI values.</p><p>ns non significant.</p><p>λ Interactions between two factors.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>The main objective of this study was to highlight the impact of dental implant treatment on the OHRQoL of a group of patients. The data collected showed that OHRQoL was improved after implant treatment, regardless of the GOHAI fields measured.</p><p>The evaluation tool used most commonly in many studies conducted on the OHRQoL of patients is the OHIP (Oral Health Impact Profile) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]. However, the OHIP has not been validated in French and therefore could not be used for this study. For similar reasons, the Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) used in many studies to assess the OHRQoL of patients could not be used in the present study. However, a validated French version of the GOHAI was available [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]. The GOHAI simply consists in a series of clear and concise questions grouped in twelve items which allow accurate analysis of the functional and psychosocial domains and of discomfort and pain. This questionnaire is reproducible, easy to use and has already been applied previously in the evaluation of the impact of oral treatment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]. After taking into account all these considerations, the GOHAI was used for this study. The methodology used in the present study is similar to that of previous studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>], though it presents some biases and weaknesses. First, the lack of investigator calibration could be a limitation. Furthermore, the patients included in this study originated from a single dental practice and it is not possible to determine whether the results are practitioner-dependent. Furthermore, the long-term impact of implant treatment on the OHRQoL could not be measured due to the fact that patient follow-up did not exceed 2 years. Similarly, only the type of edentulousness was considered but not the different surgical procedures that were performed (Immediate loading, post-extractional, etc.). Additional studies should be conducted to improve these points.</p><p>Before treatment, the results also displayed great variability in the GOHAI scores according to the type of edentulousness: the greater the need for treatment, the lower the GOHAI scores. This variability was present within every type of edentulousness, in particular with participants scheduled for complete treatment. Therefore, the OHRQoL of the patients was very variable. These results confirm a previously published study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. Three months after implant treatment, the GOHAI-Add score for all the patients increased and displayed less variation, regardless of the type of treatment. The GOHAI mean score reached 54 while the change in the GOHAI score was greatest for the patients with the fewest teeth.</p><p>Implant treatment led to an improvement of OHRQoL in the three fields of the GOHAI (functional, psychosocial, discomfort and pain). Before treatment, the functional GOHAI score was lower for those with the fewest teeth but, afterwards, scores varied less and were no longer significantly different. Indeed, participants presented the same masticatory and phonetic abilities, regardless of the type of treatment performed. As with previous studies, these results confirmed the physiological and functional benefits of implant treatment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]. With respect to the psychosocial field, the GOHAI scores before treatment were significantly lower for those with fewer teeth (P < 0.001). After treatment, these scores were no longer statistically different according to the type of prosthetic treatment (P < 0,001). A low GOHAI score in the psychosocial field reflects a difficulty for maintaining regular social relationships, embarrassment at eating in front of other people, concerns over dental, and/or gingival status, or over dentures. In particular, the treatment greatly improves the everyday life of complete denture wearers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]. Initially, exploration of the “discomfort and pain” field did not reveal any significant difference between the different types of edentulousness. A significant improvement of these scores was observed after treatment. This field studied comfort during meals, consumption of analgesics and sensitivity of teeth or gums to warmth, and cold and sweet food. The scores before treatment were low and confirmed the need for care for all of the participants included in the study.</p><p>This study emphasized the fact that the OHRQoL of people who underwent single implant treatment was improved. These results agree with those of a previous study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>] in which 90% of the patients evaluated with a VAS were satisfied by implant treatment when considering the aesthetic and functional points of view. With regards to partial treatment by implants, a significant improvement of OHRQoL was observed, thus corroborating results obtained in another study that measured OHRQoL using the OHIP. Similarly, the OHRQoL of the partially dentate participants was lower than that of fully dentate participants [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. The present work also showed a significant improvement of OHRQoL in retained or fixed complete denture wearers, as previously reported in another study, which used the OHIP and OIDP as evaluation tools [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]. In addition, two studies using the OHIP did not demonstrate any difference in OHRQoL between conventional and implant-retained complete denture wearers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]. On the other hand, before treatment, participants that accepted implant treatment presented an initially poorer OHRQoL than that of conventional full removable denture wearers. Subsequently, the improvement of their OHRQoL was also greater. Two metanalyses calculated comparable results [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]. It is possible that the sole fact of receiving an implant treatment has a positive and subjective impact on individuals. For a number of patients, this “modern” technique is the best way to improve their oral state and thus to improve their OHRQoL. Moreover, it has also been shown that treatment with conventional or implant-retained dentures has an impact on social and sexual activities. Two months after treatment, participants wearing full dental implants showed higher OHIP scores, especially in the following activities; eating, speaking, kissing, and yawning [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>].</p><p>The GOHAI scores after treatment were similar for individuals who underwent fixed or removable complete treatment. This was already demonstrated in previous studies using OHIP as a tool [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]. Finally, all the patients were satisfied about their chewing ability and the aesthetics. Maintaining oral hygiene was easier for the wearers of removable prostheses on implants. However, regarding the psychosocial aspect, participants wearing a fixed prosthesis were generally more satisfied than others, as previously described by Brennan and co-workers (2010) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]. More often, the improvement of OHRQoL would be better with a fixed prosthesis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]. However, a study using VAS showed improved oral quality of life for removable treatments on implants [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>].</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusions</title><p>OHRQoL was globally improved after oral treatment by implants. However, a study with a longer follow-up period would be necessary to validate the long-term benefits of oral implantology with regards to OHRQoL. Similarly, studying the possible effects of various implant treatment techniques would be of great interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interest</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>The study was conceived and designed by: MF, DA, EN. Data was collected by: MF, DA, MA. Data were analyzed by: EN, MB. Materials and analysis tools were contributed by: MF, DA. Authors: MF, EN. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p></sec></body><back><sec><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>The authors wish to thank Caroline Eschevins and Accent Europe for their help in writing the English version of this manuscript. The authors thank Nada EL-Osta for her assistance in analyzing data.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Slade</surname><given-names>GD</given-names></name><name><surname>Spencer</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name><article-title>Development and evaluation of the Oral Health Impact Profile</article-title><source>Community Dent Health</source><year>1994</year><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8193981</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Koller</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Klinkhammer-Schalke</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Lorenz</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><article-title>Outcome and quality of life in medicine: a conceptual framework to put quality of life research into practice</article-title><source>Urol Oncol</source><year>2005</year><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>186</fpage><lpage>192</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.urolonc.2005.03.002</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15907720</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Naito</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Yuasa</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Nomura</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakayama</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamajima</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Hanada</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><article-title>Oral health status and health-related quality of life: a systematic review</article-title><source>J Oral Sci</source><year>2006</year><volume>48</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2334/josnusd.48.1</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16617194</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Veyrune</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Tubert-Jeannin</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Dutheil</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Riordan</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><article-title>Impact of new prostheses on the oral health related quality of life of edentulous patients</article-title><source>Gerodontology</source><year>2005</year><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1741-2358.2004.00048.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15747892</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ramstad</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Norheim</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></name><name><surname>Eckersberg</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><article-title>The reliability of clinical evaluation of some characteristics in complete prosthetics</article-title><source>J Oral Rehabil</source><year>1980</year><volume>7</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2842.1980.tb01457.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6987345</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Berg</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><article-title>Acceptance of full dentures</article-title><source>Int Dent J. juin</source><year>1993</year><volume>43</volume><issue>3 Suppl 1</issue><fpage>299</fpage><lpage>306</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Feine</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Carlsson</surname><given-names>GE</given-names></name><name><surname>Awad</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Chehade</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Duncan</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Gizani</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>The McGill Consensus Statement on Overdentures. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. May 24–25, 2002</article-title><source>Int J Prosthodont</source><year>2002</year><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>413</fpage><lpage>414</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12170858</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Feine</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Carlsson</surname><given-names>GE</given-names></name><name><surname>Awad</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Chehade</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Duncan</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Gizani</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>The McGill consensus statement on overdentures. Mandibular two-implant overdentures as first choice standard of care for edentulous patients</article-title><source>Gerodontology</source><year>2002</year><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>4</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12164236</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Adam</surname><given-names>RZ</given-names></name><name><surname>Geerts</surname><given-names>GAVM</given-names></name><name><surname>Lalloo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><article-title>The impact of new complete dentures on oral health-related quality of life</article-title><source>SADJ</source><year>2007</year><volume>62</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>264</fpage><lpage>266</lpage><comment>268</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17927034</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Atchison</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Dolan</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name><article-title>Development of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index</article-title><source>J Dent Educ</source><year>1990</year><volume>54</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>680</fpage><lpage>687</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2229624</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Atchison</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Gift</surname><given-names>HC</given-names></name><article-title>Perceived oral health in a diverse sample</article-title><source>Adv Dent Res</source><year>1997</year><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>272</fpage><lpage>280</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/08959374970110021001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9549993</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Atchison</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Der-Martirosian</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Gift</surname><given-names>HC</given-names></name><article-title>Components of self-reported oral health and general health in racial and ethnic groups</article-title><source>J Public Health Dent</source><year>1998</year><volume>58</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>301</fpage><lpage>308</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1752-7325.1998.tb03013.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10390713</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>MCM</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>JKS</given-names></name><name><surname>Lo</surname><given-names>ECM</given-names></name><article-title>Translation and validation of the Chinese version of GOHAI</article-title><source>J Public Health Dent</source><year>2002</year><volume>62</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>78</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1752-7325.2002.tb03426.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11989210</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hägglin</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Berggren</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Lundgren</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>A Swedish version of the GOHAI index. Psychometric properties and validation</article-title><source>Swed Dent J</source><year>2005</year><volume>29</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>113</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16255355</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Naito</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Suzukamo</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakayama</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamajima</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Fukuhara</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Linguistic adaptation and validation of the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) in an elderly Japanese population</article-title><source>J Public Health Dent</source><year>2006</year><volume>66</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>273</fpage><lpage>275</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1752-7325.2006.tb04081.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17225823</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Othman</surname><given-names>W-NW</given-names></name><name><surname>Muttalib</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Bakri</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Doss</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name><name><surname>Jaafar</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Salleh</surname><given-names>NC</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Validation of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) in the Malay language</article-title><source>J Public Health Dent</source><year>2006</year><volume>66</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>199</fpage><lpage>204</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1752-7325.2006.tb02580.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16913247</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Atieh</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><article-title>Arabic version of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index</article-title><source>Gerodontology</source><year>2008</year><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1741-2358.2007.00195.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18194334</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Tubert-Jeannin</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Riordan</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Morel-Papernot</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Porcheray</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Saby-Collet</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Validation of an oral health quality of life index (GOHAI) in France</article-title><source>Community Dent Oral Epidemiol</source><year>2003</year><volume>31</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>275</fpage><lpage>284</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1034/j.1600-0528.2003.t01-1-00006.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12846850</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lamy</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Mojon</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Kalykakis</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Legrand</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Butz-Jorgensen</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><article-title>Oral status and nutrition in the institutionalized elderly</article-title><source>J Dent</source><year>1999</year><volume>27</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>443</fpage><lpage>448</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0300-5712(99)00002-0</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10399411</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Mojon</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Budtz-Jørgensen</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Rapin</surname><given-names>CH</given-names></name><article-title>Relationship between oral health and nutrition in very old people</article-title><source>Age Ageing</source><year>1999</year><volume>28</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>463</fpage><lpage>468</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ageing/28.5.463</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10529041</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Brownie</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Why are elderly individuals at risk of nutritional deficiency?</article-title><source>Int J Nurs Pract</source><year>2006</year><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>110</fpage><lpage>118</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1440-172X.2006.00557.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16529597</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Dolan</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name><article-title>The sensitivity of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index to dental care</article-title><source>J Dent Educ. janv</source><year>1997</year><volume>61</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>46</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>The aetiology, diagnosis and management of denture stomatitis</article-title><source>Br Dent J</source><year>1998</year><volume>185</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>380</fpage><lpage>384</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/sj.bdj.4809821</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9828496</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Locker</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Matear</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Stephens</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawrence</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Payne</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><article-title>Comparison of the GOHAI and OHIP-14 as measures of the oral health-related quality of life of the elderly</article-title><source>Community Dent Oral Epidemiol</source><year>2001</year><volume>29</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>373</fpage><lpage>381</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1034/j.1600-0528.2001.290507.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11553110</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Slade</surname><given-names>GD</given-names></name><article-title>Derivation and validation of a short-form oral health impact profile</article-title><source>Community Dent Oral Epidemiol</source><year>1997</year><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>284</fpage><lpage>290</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00941.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9332805</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Veyrune</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Opé</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Nicolas</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Woda</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Hennequin</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><article-title>Changes in mastication after an immediate loading implantation with complete fixed rehabilitation</article-title><source>Clin Oral Investig</source><year>2013</year><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>1127</fpage><lpage>1134</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00784-012-0787-0</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22814760</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Nicolas</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Veyrune</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Lassauzay</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><article-title>A six-month assessment of oral health-related quality of life of complete denture wearers using denture adhesive: a pilot study</article-title><source>J Prosthodont</source><year>2010</year><volume>19</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>443</fpage><lpage>448</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1532-849X.2010.00601.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20456031</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Cousson</surname><given-names>PY</given-names></name><name><surname>Bessadet</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Nicolas</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Veyrune</surname><given-names>J-L</given-names></name><name><surname>Lesourd</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Lassauzay</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><article-title>Nutritional status, dietary intake and oral quality of life in elderly complete denture wearers</article-title><source>Gerodontology</source><year>2012</year><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>e685</fpage><lpage>e692</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1741-2358.2011.00545.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22004061</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Heydecke</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Boudrias</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Awad</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>De Albuquerque</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name><name><surname>Lund</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>Feine</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><article-title>Within-subject comparisons of maxillary fixed and removable implant prostheses: Patient satisfaction and choice of prosthesis</article-title><source>Clin Oral Implants Res</source><year>2003</year><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>130</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.140117.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12562375</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Emami</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Heydecke</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Rompré</surname><given-names>PH</given-names></name><name><surname>De Grandmont</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Feine</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><article-title>Impact of implant support for mandibular dentures on satisfaction, oral and general health-related quality of life: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials</article-title><source>Clin Oral Implants Res</source><year>2009</year><volume>20</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>533</fpage><lpage>544</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19515032</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Berretin-Felix</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Nary Filho</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Padovani</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><name><surname>Machado</surname><given-names>WM</given-names></name><article-title>A longitudinal study of quality of life of elderly with mandibular implant-supported fixed prostheses</article-title><source>Clin Oral Implants Res</source><year>2008</year><volume>19</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>704</fpage><lpage>708</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01451.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18565012</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Brennan</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Houston</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>O’Sullivan</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>O’Connell</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><article-title>Patient satisfaction and oral health-related quality of life outcomes of implant overdentures and fixed complete dentures</article-title><source>Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants</source><year>2010</year><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>791</fpage><lpage>800</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20657876</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Pjetursson</surname><given-names>BE</given-names></name><name><surname>Karoussis</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Bürgin</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Brägger</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Lang</surname><given-names>NP</given-names></name><article-title>Patients’ satisfaction following implant therapy. A 10-year prospective cohort study</article-title><source>Clin Oral Implants Res</source><year>2005</year><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>185</fpage><lpage>193</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-0501.2004.01094.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15777328</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Nickenig</surname><given-names>H-J</given-names></name><name><surname>Wichmann</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Andreas</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Eitner</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Oral health-related quality of life in partially edentulous patients: assessments before and after implant therapy</article-title><source>J Craniomaxillofac Surg</source><year>2008</year><volume>36</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>477</fpage><lpage>480</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcms.2008.07.002</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18774302</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Allen</surname><given-names>PF</given-names></name><name><surname>Thomason</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Jepson</surname><given-names>NJA</given-names></name><name><surname>Nohl</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name><name><surname>Ellis</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>A randomized controlled trial of implant-retained mandibular overdentures</article-title><source>J Dent Res</source><year>2006</year><volume>85</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>547</fpage><lpage>551</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/154405910608500613</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16723653</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Jokstad</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><article-title>Implant retained or conventional dentures, which give more patients satisfaction?</article-title><source>Evid Based Dent</source><year>2006</year><volume>7</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/sj.ebd.6400446</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17187039</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Thomason</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><article-title>The use of mandibular implant-retained overdentures improve patient satisfaction and quality of life</article-title><source>J Evid Based Dent Pract</source><year>2010</year><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jebdp.2009.11.022</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20230974</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Heydecke</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Thomason</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Lund</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>Feine</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><article-title>The impact of conventional and implant supported prostheses on social and sexual activities in edentulous adults Results from a randomized trial 2 months after treatment</article-title><source>J Dent</source><year>2005</year><volume>33</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>649</fpage><lpage>657</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jdent.2005.01.003</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16139696</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Zani</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name><name><surname>Rivaldo</surname><given-names>EG</given-names></name><name><surname>Frasca</surname><given-names>LCF</given-names></name><name><surname>Caye</surname><given-names>LF</given-names></name><article-title>Oral health impact profile and prosthetic condition in edentulous patients rehabilitated with implant-supported overdentures and fixed prostheses</article-title><source>J Oral Sci</source><year>2009</year><volume>51</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>535</fpage><lpage>543</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2334/josnusd.51.535</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20032605</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002216 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002216 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= EdenteV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:3842837
|texte= The impact of implant treatment on oral health related quality of life in a private dental practice: a prospective cohort study
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:24229381" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a EdenteV2
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |