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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Periodontal Disease Status in Gullah African Americans with Type 2 Diabetes living in South Carolina</title>
<author><name sortKey="Fernandes, Jyotika K" sort="Fernandes, Jyotika K" uniqKey="Fernandes J" first="Jyotika K" last="Fernandes">Jyotika K. Fernandes</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"><sup>1</sup>
Department of Medicine, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wiegand, Ryan E" sort="Wiegand, Ryan E" uniqKey="Wiegand R" first="Ryan E" last="Wiegand">Ryan E. Wiegand</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salinas, Carlos F" sort="Salinas, Carlos F" uniqKey="Salinas C" first="Carlos F." last="Salinas">Carlos F. Salinas</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grossi, Sarah G" sort="Grossi, Sarah G" uniqKey="Grossi S" first="Sarah G" last="Grossi">Sarah G. Grossi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanders, John J" sort="Sanders, John J" uniqKey="Sanders J" first="John J" last="Sanders">John J. Sanders</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lopes Virella, Maria F" sort="Lopes Virella, Maria F" uniqKey="Lopes Virella M" first="Maria F." last="Lopes-Virella">Maria F. Lopes-Virella</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"><sup>1</sup>
Department of Medicine, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Slate, Elizabeth H" sort="Slate, Elizabeth H" uniqKey="Slate E" first="Elizabeth H." last="Slate">Elizabeth H. Slate</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">19563285</idno>
<idno type="pmc">2862011</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862011</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:2862011</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1902/jop.2009.080486</idno>
<date when="2009">2009</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002116</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002116</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Periodontal Disease Status in Gullah African Americans with Type 2 Diabetes living in South Carolina</title>
<author><name sortKey="Fernandes, Jyotika K" sort="Fernandes, Jyotika K" uniqKey="Fernandes J" first="Jyotika K" last="Fernandes">Jyotika K. Fernandes</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"><sup>1</sup>
Department of Medicine, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wiegand, Ryan E" sort="Wiegand, Ryan E" uniqKey="Wiegand R" first="Ryan E" last="Wiegand">Ryan E. Wiegand</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salinas, Carlos F" sort="Salinas, Carlos F" uniqKey="Salinas C" first="Carlos F." last="Salinas">Carlos F. Salinas</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grossi, Sarah G" sort="Grossi, Sarah G" uniqKey="Grossi S" first="Sarah G" last="Grossi">Sarah G. Grossi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanders, John J" sort="Sanders, John J" uniqKey="Sanders J" first="John J" last="Sanders">John J. Sanders</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lopes Virella, Maria F" sort="Lopes Virella, Maria F" uniqKey="Lopes Virella M" first="Maria F." last="Lopes-Virella">Maria F. Lopes-Virella</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"><sup>1</sup>
Department of Medicine, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Slate, Elizabeth H" sort="Slate, Elizabeth H" uniqKey="Slate E" first="Elizabeth H." last="Slate">Elizabeth H. Slate</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of periodontology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-3492</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1943-3670</idno>
<imprint><date when="2009">2009</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title>
<p id="P1">African Americans have a disproportionate burden of diabetes. Gullah African Americans are the most genetically homogeneous population of African descent in the US, with an estimated European Caucasian admixture of only 3.5%. This study assessed the previously unknown prevalence of periodontal disease among a sample of Gullah African Americans with diabetes and investigated the association between diabetes control and presence of periodontal disease.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods" id="S2"><title>Methods</title>
<p id="P2">Gullah African Americans with Type 2 diabetes (n=235) were included. Diabetes control was assessed by HbA1C, and divided into three categories: well controlled, <7%; moderately controlled, 7–8.5%; and poorly controlled, >8.5%. Participants were categorized as healthy, having no clinical attachment loss (CAL) or bleeding on probing (BOP); early periodontitis, having CAL ≥1 mm in ≥2 teeth; moderate periodontitis, having 3 sites with CAL ≥4 mm and at least 2 sites with probing depth (PD) ≥3 mm; and severe periodontitis, having CAL ≥6 mm in ≥2 teeth and PD ≥5 mm in ≥1 site. Observed prevalences of periodontitis were compared to rates reported for the NHANES studies.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3"><title>Results</title>
<p id="P3">All subjects had evidence of periodontal disease: 70.6% had moderate periodontitis and 28.5% had severe disease. Diabetes control was not associated with periodontal disease. The periodontal disease proportions were significantly higher than the reported national prevalence of 10.6% among African Americans without diabetes.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="P4">Our sample of Gullah African Americans with type 2 diabetes exhibits higher prevalence of periodontal disease than African Americans, both with and without diabetes, described in NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2000.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">8000345</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">5144</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Periodontol</journal-id>
<journal-title>Journal of periodontology</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0022-3492</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1943-3670</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19563285</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2862011</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1902/jop.2009.080486</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS192417</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Periodontal Disease Status in Gullah African Americans with Type 2 Diabetes living in South Carolina</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fernandes</surname>
<given-names>Jyotika K</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD</degrees>
<xref rid="A1" ref-type="aff">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wiegand</surname>
<given-names>Ryan E</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MS</degrees>
<xref rid="A2" ref-type="aff">‡</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salinas</surname>
<given-names>Carlos F.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>DMD</degrees>
<xref rid="A4" ref-type="aff">||</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grossi</surname>
<given-names>Sarah G</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>PhD</degrees>
<xref rid="A3" ref-type="aff">¶</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sanders</surname>
<given-names>John J</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>DDS</degrees>
<xref rid="A2" ref-type="aff">‡</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lopes-Virella</surname>
<given-names>Maria F.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>PhD</degrees>
<xref rid="A1" ref-type="aff">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slate</surname>
<given-names>Elizabeth H.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>PhD</degrees>
<xref rid="A2" ref-type="aff">‡</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>*</label>
<sup>1</sup>
Department of Medicine, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>‡</label>
Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>¶</label>
College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC</aff>
<aff id="A4"><label>||</label>
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="FN1">Corresponding Author: Jyotika K Fernandes, MD, MUSC Medicine/Endocrinology, Diabetes & Medical Genetics, POB 250624, Clinical Science Bldg., 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425; <email>fernanjk@musc.edu</email>
; Phone: 843-792-2529; Fax: 843-792-4114</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>5</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>80</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>1062</fpage>
<lpage>1068</lpage>
<abstract><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title>
<p id="P1">African Americans have a disproportionate burden of diabetes. Gullah African Americans are the most genetically homogeneous population of African descent in the US, with an estimated European Caucasian admixture of only 3.5%. This study assessed the previously unknown prevalence of periodontal disease among a sample of Gullah African Americans with diabetes and investigated the association between diabetes control and presence of periodontal disease.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods" id="S2"><title>Methods</title>
<p id="P2">Gullah African Americans with Type 2 diabetes (n=235) were included. Diabetes control was assessed by HbA1C, and divided into three categories: well controlled, <7%; moderately controlled, 7–8.5%; and poorly controlled, >8.5%. Participants were categorized as healthy, having no clinical attachment loss (CAL) or bleeding on probing (BOP); early periodontitis, having CAL ≥1 mm in ≥2 teeth; moderate periodontitis, having 3 sites with CAL ≥4 mm and at least 2 sites with probing depth (PD) ≥3 mm; and severe periodontitis, having CAL ≥6 mm in ≥2 teeth and PD ≥5 mm in ≥1 site. Observed prevalences of periodontitis were compared to rates reported for the NHANES studies.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3"><title>Results</title>
<p id="P3">All subjects had evidence of periodontal disease: 70.6% had moderate periodontitis and 28.5% had severe disease. Diabetes control was not associated with periodontal disease. The periodontal disease proportions were significantly higher than the reported national prevalence of 10.6% among African Americans without diabetes.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="P4">Our sample of Gullah African Americans with type 2 diabetes exhibits higher prevalence of periodontal disease than African Americans, both with and without diabetes, described in NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2000.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Type 2 diabetes</kwd>
<kwd>Gullah African Americans</kwd>
<kwd>Periodontal disease</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<contract-num rid="RR1">P20 RR017696-039002
||RR</contract-num>
<contract-num rid="RR1">P20 RR017696-019001
||RR</contract-num>
<contract-sponsor id="RR1">National Center for Research Resources : NCRR</contract-sponsor>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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