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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Mycological Analysis of the Oral Cavity of Patients Using Acrylic Removable Dentures</title><author><name sortKey="Loster, Bartlomiej W" sort="Loster, Bartlomiej W" uniqKey="Loster B" first="Bartłomiej W." last="Loster">Bartłomiej W. Loster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry at Jagiellonian University Kraków, 31-155 Kraków, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loster, Jolanta" sort="Loster, Jolanta" uniqKey="Loster J" first="Jolanta" last="Loster">Jolanta Loster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Dental Prosthetics, Institute of Dentistry at Jagiellonian University Kraków, 31-155 Kraków, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wieczorek, Aneta" sort="Wieczorek, Aneta" uniqKey="Wieczorek A" first="Aneta" last="Wieczorek">Aneta Wieczorek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Dental Prosthetics, Institute of Dentistry at Jagiellonian University Kraków, 31-155 Kraków, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ryniewicz, Wojciech" sort="Ryniewicz, Wojciech" uniqKey="Ryniewicz W" first="Wojciech" last="Ryniewicz">Wojciech Ryniewicz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Dental Prosthetics, Institute of Dentistry at Jagiellonian University Kraków, 31-155 Kraków, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22550480</idno><idno type="pmc">3328923</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328923</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3328923</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2012/951572</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002030</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002030</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Mycological Analysis of the Oral Cavity of Patients Using Acrylic Removable Dentures</title><author><name sortKey="Loster, Bartlomiej W" sort="Loster, Bartlomiej W" uniqKey="Loster B" first="Bartłomiej W." last="Loster">Bartłomiej W. Loster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry at Jagiellonian University Kraków, 31-155 Kraków, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loster, Jolanta" sort="Loster, Jolanta" uniqKey="Loster J" first="Jolanta" last="Loster">Jolanta Loster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Dental Prosthetics, Institute of Dentistry at Jagiellonian University Kraków, 31-155 Kraków, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wieczorek, Aneta" sort="Wieczorek, Aneta" uniqKey="Wieczorek A" first="Aneta" last="Wieczorek">Aneta Wieczorek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Dental Prosthetics, Institute of Dentistry at Jagiellonian University Kraków, 31-155 Kraków, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ryniewicz, Wojciech" sort="Ryniewicz, Wojciech" uniqKey="Ryniewicz W" first="Wojciech" last="Ryniewicz">Wojciech Ryniewicz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Dental Prosthetics, Institute of Dentistry at Jagiellonian University Kraków, 31-155 Kraków, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Gastroenterology Research and Practice</title><idno type="ISSN">1687-6121</idno><idno type="eISSN">1687-630X</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background</italic>. The problems of fungal infections in edentulous have been discussed in literature. Findings show that oral mycosis has an influence on the mycosis of oesophageal mucosa. Based on this we started to follow from 2007 in patients who wear dentures mycological examination, to evaluate changes of yeasts numbers, the sensitivity to antibiotics and determine the impact of types of prosthesis, time of using, gender and age of patients. 1230 patients who were wearing dentures participated in the retrospective study. The material for mycological examination was sampled as a smear from the palate. After the mycological identification of <italic>Candida</italic> species and assessment of growth, the susceptibility testing with Fluconazole and Nystatin was made. The number of 23 <italic>Candida</italic> species was diagnosed microbiologically in five years. <italic>C. albicans</italic> and <italic>C. glabrata</italic> were increasing in number—from 33,7% to 46,9% and 6,7% to 14,0%, respectively. There was a significant statistical difference between yeasts growth and gender (<italic>P</italic> = 0, 017 < 0.05). The conclusion is that a large percentage of persons wearing removable denture has been affected by <italic>Candida</italic> species and that could lead to the mycosis of farther gastrointestinal tract sections. The mycological examination before treatment, especially in patients using acrylic denture, appears to be necessary.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Daistan, S" uniqKey="Daistan S">S Dàistan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aktas, Ae" uniqKey="Aktas A">AE Aktas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caglayan, F" uniqKey="Caglayan F">F Caglayan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ayyildiz, A" uniqKey="Ayyildiz A">A Ayyildiz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bilge, M" uniqKey="Bilge M">M Bilge</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lyon, Jp" uniqKey="Lyon J">JP Lyon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Da Costa, Sc" uniqKey="Da Costa S">SC Da Costa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Totti, Vmg" uniqKey="Totti V">VMG Totti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munhoz, Mfv" uniqKey="Munhoz M">MFV Munhoz</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Resende, Ma" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Gastroenterol Res Pract</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Gastroenterol Res Pract</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">GRP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Gastroenterology Research and Practice</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1687-6121</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1687-630X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22550480</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3328923</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2012/951572</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Study</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Mycological Analysis of the Oral Cavity of Patients Using Acrylic Removable Dentures</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Loster</surname><given-names>Bartłomiej W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Loster</surname><given-names>Jolanta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wieczorek</surname><given-names>Aneta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ryniewicz</surname><given-names>Wojciech</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry at Jagiellonian University Kraków, 31-155 Kraków, Poland</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Dental Prosthetics, Institute of Dentistry at Jagiellonian University Kraków, 31-155 Kraków, Poland</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Aneta Wieczorek: <email>aneta.wieczorek@uj.edu.pl</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Marta Czesnikiewicz-Guzik</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>8</day><month>4</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>2012</volume><elocation-id>951572</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>5</day><month>1</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>31</day><month>1</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012 Bartłomiej W. Loster et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Background</italic>. The problems of fungal infections in edentulous have been discussed in literature. Findings show that oral mycosis has an influence on the mycosis of oesophageal mucosa. Based on this we started to follow from 2007 in patients who wear dentures mycological examination, to evaluate changes of yeasts numbers, the sensitivity to antibiotics and determine the impact of types of prosthesis, time of using, gender and age of patients. 1230 patients who were wearing dentures participated in the retrospective study. The material for mycological examination was sampled as a smear from the palate. After the mycological identification of <italic>Candida</italic> species and assessment of growth, the susceptibility testing with Fluconazole and Nystatin was made. The number of 23 <italic>Candida</italic> species was diagnosed microbiologically in five years. <italic>C. albicans</italic> and <italic>C. glabrata</italic> were increasing in number—from 33,7% to 46,9% and 6,7% to 14,0%, respectively. There was a significant statistical difference between yeasts growth and gender (<italic>P</italic> = 0, 017 < 0.05). The conclusion is that a large percentage of persons wearing removable denture has been affected by <italic>Candida</italic> species and that could lead to the mycosis of farther gastrointestinal tract sections. The mycological examination before treatment, especially in patients using acrylic denture, appears to be necessary.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p><italic>Candida </italic>species are a normal oral commensal present in 30%–60% of healthy people. They are found in the oral cavity of 60%–100% of denture-wearing persons. <italic>Candida albicans</italic> is the most common species, for almost 70% of the isolates [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>–<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. It is regarded as leading of oral candidiasis which is called denture stomatitis [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Infections of <italic>Candida</italic> are common and often recurrent and play an important role in numerous clinical problems [<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. Finding <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> inside the yeast <italic>Candida</italic> could play a significant task in the bacterial reinfection of stomach and could be the reservoir of <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> in transmission to a new host. This might explain the persistence of <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> in the gastrointestinal tract [<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>, <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. On the other hand, findings by Loster et al. [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] show that oral mycosis in complete dentures users has an essential influence on the mycosis of oesophageal mucosa, and the treatment of oral mycosis should be coordinated with systemic treatment of farther sections of the gastrointestinal tract, prescribed by the gastroenterologist. Our findings as well as Nikawa's ones revealed that oral mycosis in denture users has an influence on the mycosis of oesophageal mucosa [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>–<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>].</p><p>Based of above-mentioned findings, from January 2007, we started to follow the procedure of mycological examination of patients, who wear acrylic dentures and would like to have a new removable denture [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. The aim of our study was the mycological evaluation of the oral cavity of patients wearing partial and complete acrylic dentures. Our primary purpose was to evaluate changes of yeasts numbers during the time of five years and the sensitivity to antibiotics. We also aimed to determine the impact of types of dental prosthesis, time of using them, the gender and age of patients to different species of yeasts and the amount of growth.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>2. Materials and Methods</title><p>A retrospective review occurred for a period just under 5 years—from January 15, 2007 to November 15, 2011. The patients wearing removable dentures in upper jaw, before dental treatment at the Department of Prosthodontics, University Dental Clinic (UDC) in Krakow were selected for this study. From this analysis we excluded patients with postoperative or framework dentures and persons with lack of necessary data. Each participant was requested to answer the questions about their age, gender, age of the prosthesis, and general health status. Evaluation of the denture was made by direct examination. Oral health status of all individuals was evaluated by the specialists of prosthetic dentistry. All data were collected in individual electronic medical history of patients using integrated software system KS-SOMED produced by KAMSOFT S.A. (Katowice, Poland).</p><sec sec-type="subsection" id="sec2.1"><title>2.1. Samples and Techniques</title><p>The material for mycological testing was collected by the uniform protocol [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. Before the examination patients were instructed to avoid any hygienic habits from the evening before. The dentures were overnight wearing. No feeding, drinking, smoking, and removing the denture before the examination which took place between 8 AM and 10 AM was required. The material was sampled as a smear from the special region of palate. Sterile cotton swab was moistened by saline and rubbed by a rotating of palate between second and third palatal folds, immediately after removal of the upper denture (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>).</p><p>After this step, a swab was inserted in to the tube with Steward transport medium and sent to mycological laboratory in Microbiology Department of Krakow University Hospital. In the laboratory, the material was immediately transferred to Sabouraud medium. It was incubated at 37°C and inspected after 24 and 48 hours. The intensity of infection was classified by quantitative assessment, as follows: (0) a lack of fungal growth up to 10 colonies; (1) + scarce growth—10 to 20 colonies; (2) ++ intermediate growth—20 to 50 colonies; (3) +++ intensive growth—50 to 100 colonies; (4) ++++ abundant (confluent) growth—over 100 colonies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>).</p><p>Next step depended on the intensity of growth. Yeast colonies from 10 to 20 (+ scarce growth) were identified by colony color on the CHROMAgar medium as follows: <italic>Candida albicans</italic> or species non-<italic>albicans</italic>. In other cases (++ intermediate, +++ intensive, and ++++ abundant growth), preliminary identification of the species was made by colony color on the CHROMAgar medium, and after receiving not only <italic>Candida albicans</italic> species, but also commercially available validation system, the Vitek 2 Compact automated identification with YST cards (bioMerieux SA, Lyon, France) has been used from June 2009 till now. From January 2007 to May 2009 single morphotypes were identified using ID 32 C testing strips, following with manufacturer's instructions (bioMerieux SA, Lyon, France).</p></sec><sec sec-type="subsection" id="sec2.2"><title>2.2. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing</title><p> Susceptibility testing was made for cases of ++ intermediate, +++ intensive, and ++++ abundant growth, using Fungi test to evaluate the flukonazole sensitivity, and was performed according to the manufacturer's instruction (Bio-Rad Marnes-la-Coquette, France). The results were interpreted as sensitive, intermediate sensitive, or inhibited. Sensitivity to Nystatin was determined by the disk-diffusion method with Nystatin 100 units (EMAPOL Gdańsk, Poland) on the Mueller Hinton Agar, after 24 h of incubation in 37°C. The zone of inhibition of growth bigger than 18 mm was classified as drug sensitive, smaller as intermediate sensitive, and lack of inhibition of growth as inhibited.</p><p> Full microbiological procedure was presented on the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="subsection" id="sec2.3"><title>2.3. Statistical Analysis</title><p> Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for windows.</p><p> Obtained data were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test, and Student's <italic>t</italic>-test. Crosstabulation was prepared. In all the statistical tests, a value of <italic>P</italic> < 0,05 was considered significant.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>3. Results</title><p>1230 patients (832 females and 398 males), who were wearing full or partial dentures, participated in the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>).</p><p>In each year of examination the number of treated females was almost twice as big as males (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Table 2</xref>).</p><p>The number of males and females in groups of age was statistically significant (<italic>P</italic> < 0,005). Significantly more females in each age interval were treated, especially from 41 to 60 years of age.</p><p>The patients were in age from 25 to 90 years, mean age 64. The relationship between age groups and general health status, like hypertension (<italic>P</italic> = 0, 000 < 0,05) and diabetes (<italic>P</italic> = 0, 019 < 0,05), was statistically significant, with the biggest number of these health problems between 61 to 70 years of age in both groups, respectively. Chronic peptic ulcer disease (<italic>P</italic> = 0, 631 > 0,05) and depression (<italic>P</italic> = 0, 594 > 0,05) with relation to age groups were not statistically significant.</p><p>The average age of full denture users was 65,5 and of partial denture wearers 62,6 years.</p><p>The number of full and partial denture users in groups of patients age is in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">Table 4</xref>. There was a statistical difference between age groups (<italic>P</italic> < 0,05). Significantly more patients in age 61–70 were wearing full (24,4%) and partial dentures (10,2%).</p><p>In each year of examination the number of patients with full denture was bigger than with partial denture. No relationship was determined between number of full or partial dentures users according to the year of examination (<italic>P</italic> = 0,843 > 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">Table 5</xref>).</p><p>The time of using denture oscillated from 1 to 37 years, mean time for full denture was 8,4, and for partial denture 6,9 years. There was a statistical difference between time of denture using in Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test (<italic>P</italic> = 0,000 < 0,05). Statistically longer full denture than partial one has been used.</p><p>The relationship between type of denture and general health status like hypertension (<italic>P</italic> = 0, 662 > 0,05), diabetes (<italic>P</italic> = 0, 944 > 0,05), chronic peptic ulcer disease (<italic>P</italic> = 0, 174 > 0,05), and depression (<italic>P</italic> = 0, 723 > 0,05) was not statistically significant.</p><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6">Table 6</xref> shows yeasts species isolated from palatal mucosa samples taken from the individuals using different types of prostheses in 5-years time. The number of 23 species was microbiologically diagnosed. In almost one-third of examined cases no yeasts growth was found. <italic>C. albicans</italic> was prime growing agent in 571 cases (41,1%). In more than 10% of the cultures, <italic>C. glabrata</italic> was isolated. In 5,1% of total growth, <italic>C. species non-albicans </italic>was found without identification of single morphotypes.</p><p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7">Table 7</xref> distribution of culture results according to the years of examination has been presented. The number of patients without yeasts varies between 30,9% and 41,3%. <italic>C. albicans</italic> has been found in 33,7% cases in 2008 up to 46,9% in 2010. Increasing number of <italic>C. glabrata</italic> has been observed—from 6,7% cases in 2007 to 14,0% in 2011. More than 1% of total amount of yeasts was <italic>C. tropicalis</italic> but the number of that species decreased from 3,3% in 2007 to 1,2% in 2011. Despite previously discussing number of <italic>C. species non-albicans</italic>, the only yeasts isolated in amount bigger than 1% of the year of examination were <italic>C. inconspicua</italic> in 2010 (1,4%) and <italic>C. krusei </italic>in 2011 (1,2%). Remaining yeasts were isolated in quantities of less than 1% per year of analysis.</p><p>The intensity of infection of yeasts growth has been found. The amount of each of them according to the years of examination has been presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab8">Table 8</xref>. There was a statistical difference between years of examination (<italic>P</italic> = 0,000 < 0,05). Significantly more intermediate, intensive and abundant growth of yeasts has been found in 2011 (52%) and increasing tendency has been observed during the years of examination.</p><p>The amount of yeasts growth according to the gender has been presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab9">Table 9</xref>. There was a significant statistical difference between yeasts growth and gender (<italic>P</italic> = 0,017 < 0,05). In females fungus, growth was bigger in scare (20%) and in intermediate, intensive, and abundant growth (45,9%).</p><p>The distribution of number of yeasts colony according to the type of denture used has been presented in Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab10">10</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab11">11</xref>. Type of denture use was a determining factor for number of yeast colony growth. If patients were full denture wearers, one yeast colony was more often found than two or more of them (<italic>P</italic> = 0,006 < 0,05) even if compared with no growth (<italic>P</italic> = 0,022 < 0,05).</p><p> In <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab12">Table 12</xref> the distribution of number of yeasts colony and no growth according to the year of examination has been presented. There was a significant statistical difference between years (<italic>P</italic> = 0,002 < 0,05).</p><p>Susceptibility testing was made for 611 cases of intermediate, intensive, and abundant yeast growth to Fluconazole and Nystatin. Sensitivity (intensive and intermediate) to Fluconazole has been found in 80,5% of cases, to Nystatin, respectively, in 98,7% of yeast (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="sec4"><title>4. Discussion</title><p>Healthy individuals can carry <italic>Candida</italic> yeasts in the oral cavity without oral candidiasis. <italic>Candida</italic> species occur as commensal microorganisms in about 25–50% of adults with natural teeth. Their increase in number is gaining pathogenicity [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. In denture-wearing persons <italic>Candida</italic> yeasts are found in the oral cavity of 60%–100% of them. Many denture-using patients are unaware that they have oral candidosis. Because of this, from January 2007, we started to follow mycological examination of all patients, who wear acrylic dentures and would like to have a new removable denture in our Prosthodontic Department.</p><p>After five years of examination we carried out findings in 1230 patients. They were using 852 full or 378 partial dentures in upper jaw. Some of them were using lower dentures as well, but it was not the subject of this study. In each year we have investigated a similar number of patients. But the number of females was twice bigger than males in every year. In each analyzed age group the number of women was bigger (with statistical significance) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Table 3</xref>). Probably it was because of aesthetic needs.</p><p>In all five years, the number of full denture-wearing patients was almost twice bigger than partial denture users. The biggest number of full and partial denture-wearing individuals were in age between 51 and 80, but peak volume was from 61 to 70 years of age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">Table 4</xref>). In that years of age, in our study, significantly more patients complained of hypertension and diabetes. This may mean that they use medicines which could decrease amount of saliva (in hypertension) or have angiopathy (in diabetes) and theirs mucous membrane could be not properly feeding [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. Mandali et al. [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] reported that age was one of the determining factors of denture stomatitis. Hand and Whitehill noted that the elderly was the only significant factor in the risk of denture-associated lesions [<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. Similar observation reported by Jainkittivong et al. [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] was that the incidence of oral mucosal conditions indicated a significant increase with advancing age. Kossioni reported the opposite result in Greeks population [<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]. She did not observe a significant relation between the age of participants and denture-related stomatitis.</p><p>In this study time of using full denture was significantly longer than partial ones. The longest time of wearing full denture was 37 years, but the mean time of use of the same denture was 7,9 years. In Lyon et al. study, the mean time of wearing the same denture was 10,5 years [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. Time of denture using has been considered as associated with denture stomatitis [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>, <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. But Abaci et al. [<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] did not find a significant relationship between denture stomatitis and increasing age of the denture.</p><p>Our results revealed the presence of 23 <italic>Candida</italic> species in five years of examination of acrylic denture users palatal mucosa. <italic>Candida albicans</italic> was the most frequently recognized, in 79,31% of all the cases with overgrowth of yeast. Other common palatal <italic>Candida</italic> species non-<italic>albicans</italic> were <italic>Candida glabrata</italic> (20,83%) and <italic>Candida tropicalis</italic> (4,44%). <italic>Candida </italic>species non-<italic>albicans</italic> which has been diagnosed in cases with scarce growth, without morphotype identification, accounted 9,87% of all yeasts culture. In total amount of patients yeasts, <italic>Candida albicans</italic> and <italic>Candida </italic>species non-<italic>albicans</italic> have been found in 58,54% of investigation. Other yeasts have been identified in very few, smaller than 1% (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6">6</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7">7</xref>) in amount of year of examination.</p><p>It is not unequivocal to compare our findings with other studies, because of methods of taking samples. Some authors inspected oral rinse samples or unstimulated saliva [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>], mucosal side of denture or denture sonication [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>–<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>], samples of the dorsum of the tongue and/or palatal mucosa [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. We know that <italic>Candida</italic> species, and especially <italic>Candida albicans,</italic> has an adhesive capacity and generates biofilms, but for patients' oral health the mucosal status is the most important. It has been shown that adhesion of the mycelium form of <italic>Candida albicans</italic> to epithelial cells is stronger, proteinases secreted by that form cause damage in oral mucosa [<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. The denture could be taken out or relining, or changing. Because of that, sampling of swabs of palatal mucosa appears to be the best way of examination.</p><p>In our study we did not exclude patients with general health problems even with denture stomatitis, like same other authors [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]. Patients were examined irrespective of oral mucosal status. As many authors reported, candidiasis occurs regardless of clinical signs [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>, <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>, <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>].</p><p>The intensity of yeast infection was classified by quantitative assessment and compared with the year of examination and gender. We observed significantly more intermediate, intensive, and abundant growth of yeasts in 2011 (52%) and increasing tendency has been found during the years of examination (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab8">Table 8</xref>). The results of study of Salmanian et al. [<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] propose that oral yeast could provide the shelter for <italic>Helicobacter pylori. Candida</italic> species are well known as highly sophisticated microorganisms that possess fascinating plasticity for rapid adaptation to environmental challenges. It is concluded that yeast, which is found in oral cavity, as well as gastrointestinal tract of human, could be the reservoir of <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> and play an important role in the bacterial reinoculation of farther gastrointestinal tract sections. Based on this information, it is important to diagnose patients who are users of removable denture, even asymptomatic, due to the importance of the oral mucosa as a primary source of reinfection.</p><p>We found significant correlation between gender. In females yeasts growth was bigger in amount of intensity of growth (<italic>P</italic> = 0,017). Lyon et al. [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] reported that factors like gender, advanced age, and xerostomia were associated with presence of yeasts. Webb et al. [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>] found in his studies conducted in this topic that development of denture-related stomatitis in women was higher due to hormonal changes. Abaci et al. [<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] did not find statistical difference in gender related to the amount of yeast and denture stomatitis.</p><p>As we presented in Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6">6</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7">7</xref> not only <italic>Candida albicans</italic> has been found in our study. The correlation of number of yeast colony with type of wearing denture has been shown in Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab10">10</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab11">11</xref>. Patients wearing full denture more often have one colony of <italic>Candida</italic> species, and in 5 years evaluation one colony of yeast has been found more often (excluding year 2008 when no yeast growth has been identified in biggest number of cases); it can be noted that the number of two and more <italic>Candida's</italic> colony is increasing (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab12">Table 12</xref>). The occurrence of more than one <italic>Candida species</italic> colony has been reported by many authors [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>, <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>, <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>, <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>].</p><p>Susceptibility testing to Fluconazole and Nystatin has found very high sensitivity of 611 cases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref>). Due to the specifics of pharmaceutical market in Poland, Nystatin is easily available for patients, our results indicate the possibility of an effective treatment. The effectiveness of antifungal therapy in the treatment of denture stomatitis with Nystatin has been reported by Bergendal and Isaccson [<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>], DePaola et al. [<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>], and also Gendreau and Loewy [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. Due to the opposite results of <italic>in vitro</italic> findings by Chandra et al. [<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>], further investigations should be carried out.</p></sec><sec id="sec5"><title>5. Conclusion</title><p>A large percentage of persons wearing removable denture has been affected by <italic>Candida</italic> species and that could lead to the mycosis of farther gastrointestinal tract sections. The mycological examination before treatment, especially in patients using acrylic denture, appears to be necessary.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>The authors thank Jolanta Kędzierska P.h.D., M.S. in biology, and Anna Kujawska, M.S., for mycological procedure support. 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The dashed line on the photograph indicates the “sampling site” localized between the anatomic second and third palatal folds.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="GRP2012-951572.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Fungal growth intensities: (a) (+)—mild growth; (b) (++)—intermediate growth; (c) (+++)—intensive growth; (d) (++++)—abundant (confluent) growth.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="GRP2012-951572.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Diagram of microbiological procedure.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="GRP2012-951572.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Susceptibility of yeasts of intermediate, intensive, and abundant growth to Nystatin and Flukonazole.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="GRP2012-951572.004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Distributions of dentures according to gender.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Gender</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> Total</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Full denture</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">279</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">573</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">852</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69,3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Partial denture</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">259</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">378</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">398</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">832</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1230</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Distributions of gender according to the year of examination.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Year of examination</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> Total</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">398</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32,4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">147</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">177</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">149</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">181</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">832</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,5%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67,6%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">228</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">243</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">274</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1230</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18,5%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,5%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Distributions of gender according to the age groups.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1">Age groups</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> Total</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><40 years</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41–50 years</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51–60 years</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61–70 years</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71–80 years</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>80 years</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount (% of age group)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (32%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (24%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79 (26%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142 (34%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124 (39%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (40%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">398</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount (% of age group)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (68%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67 (76%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">235 (74%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">284 (66%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">193 (61%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (60%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">832</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Total amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">314</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">426</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">317</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1230</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Chi-squared Pearson's: 0,003.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>The numbers of denture users in groups of age.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1">Age groups</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> Total</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><40 years</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41–50 years</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51–60 years</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61–70 years</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71–80 years</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>80 years</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Full denture</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">204</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">233</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">852</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69,3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Partial denture</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">378</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">314</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">426</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">317</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1230</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25,5%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Chi-squared Pearson's: 0,000.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Distributions of dentures according to the year of examination.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Year of examination</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> Total</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Full denture</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">192</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">852</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69,3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Partial denture</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">378</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">228</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">243</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">274</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1230</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18,5%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,5%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Yeasts species isolated from palatal mucosa.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequencies</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percent</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No yeasts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">510</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36,7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. albicans</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">571</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. glabrata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. tropicalis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. </italic>species non<italic>-albicans </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. parapsilosis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. rugosa</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. lusitaniae</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. dubliniensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(10)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. intermedia</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(11)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. inconspicua</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(12)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(13)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. pseudotropicalis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(14)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. kefyr</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(15)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. ciferrii</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(16)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. guilliermondii</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(17)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. krusei</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(18)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. famata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(19)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Geotrichum </italic>species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(20)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Saccharomyces kluyveri</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(21)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. lipolytica</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(22)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. lambica</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(23)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. norvegensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(24)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. boidinii </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(25)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhodotorula glutinis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total grow</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1390</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab7" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Distribution of yeasts results according to the year of examination.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Year of examination</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> Total</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No yeasts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">510</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36,7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. albicans</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">138</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">571</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41,2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. glabrata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,8%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. tropicalis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. </italic>species non<italic>-albicans </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. parapsilosis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. rugosa</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. lusitaniae</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,2%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. dubliniensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. intermedia</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. inconspicua</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,6%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,2%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. pseudotropicalis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. kefyr</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. ciferrii</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. guilliermondii</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. krusei</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,6%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. famata</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Geotrichum </italic>species</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Saccharomyces kluyveri</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. lipolytica</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. lambica</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. norvegensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>C. boidinii</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Rhodotorula glutinis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">303</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">288</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">321</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1390</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab8" position="float"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>Distribution of yeasts growth according to the year of examination.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Year of examination</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> Total</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No yeasts growth</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99<break></break>41,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125<break></break>41,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84<break></break>35,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89<break></break>30,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113<break></break>35,2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">510<break></break>36,7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scarce growth (+)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56<break></break>23,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65<break></break>21,5%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45<break></break>18,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62<break></break>21,5%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41<break></break>12,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">269<break></break>19,4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intermediate, intensive, and abundant of growth (++, +++, ++++)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85<break></break>35,4%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113<break></break>37,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109<break></break>45,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">137<break></break>47,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">167<break></break>52,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">611<break></break>44,0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240<break></break>100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">303<break></break>100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238<break></break>100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">288<break></break>100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">321<break></break>100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1390<break></break>100,0%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Chi-squared Pearson's: 0,000.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab9" position="float"><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>Distribution of yeasts growth according to gender.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Gender</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> Total</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No yeasts growth</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% of gender</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189<break></break>42,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">321<break></break>34,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">510<break></break>36,7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scarce growth (+)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% of gender</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81<break></break>18,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">188<break></break>20,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">269<break></break>19,4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intermediate, intensive, and abundant of growth (++, +++, ++++)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% of gender</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180<break></break>40,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">431<break></break>45,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">611<break></break>44,0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% of gender</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">450<break></break>100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">940<break></break>100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1390<break></break>100,0%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Chi-squared Pearson's: 0,017.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab10" position="float"><label>Table 10</label><caption><p>Distribution of number of yeasts colony according to the type of denture.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full denture</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Partial denture</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1 yeast colony</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">379</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">188</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">567</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78,8%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2 and more colonies</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">153</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21,3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">499</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">221</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">720</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Chi-squared Pearson's: 0,006.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab11" position="float"><label>Table 11</label><caption><p>Distribution of number of yeasts colony and no growth according to the type of denture.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Full denture</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Partial denture</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No yeast colony</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">353<break></break>28,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157<break></break>12,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">510<break></break>41,5%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 yeast colony</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">379<break></break>30,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">188<break></break>15,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">567<break></break>46,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 and more colonies</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120<break></break>9,8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33<break></break>2,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">153<break></break>12,4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount<break></break>% from total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">852<break></break>69,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">378<break></break>30,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1230<break></break>100,0%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Chi-squared Pearson's: 0,022.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab12" position="float"><label>Table 12</label><caption><p>Distribution of number of yeasts colony and no growth according to the year of examination.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Year of examination</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> Total</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">No yeast colony</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">510</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36,6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41,5%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1 yeast colony</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">567</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50,2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46,1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2 and more colonies</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">153</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,9%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,7%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,3%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amount</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">228</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">243</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">274</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1230</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% of year of exam.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100,0%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Chi-squared Pearson's: 0,002.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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