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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Anesthetic management of a case of GAPO syndrome for craniosynostosis surgery</title><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Vivek Bharati" sort="Sharma, Vivek Bharati" uniqKey="Sharma V" first="Vivek Bharati" last="Sharma">Vivek Bharati Sharma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pandia, Mihir Prakash" sort="Pandia, Mihir Prakash" uniqKey="Pandia M" first="Mihir Prakash" last="Pandia">Mihir Prakash Pandia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raut, Parameswar Pankaj Kumar" sort="Raut, Parameswar Pankaj Kumar" uniqKey="Raut P" first="Parameswar Pankaj Kumar" last="Raut">Parameswar Pankaj Kumar Raut</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24250016</idno><idno type="pmc">3819873</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819873</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3819873</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/0970-9185.119174</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002006</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002006</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Anesthetic management of a case of GAPO syndrome for craniosynostosis surgery</title><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Vivek Bharati" sort="Sharma, Vivek Bharati" uniqKey="Sharma V" first="Vivek Bharati" last="Sharma">Vivek Bharati Sharma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pandia, Mihir Prakash" sort="Pandia, Mihir Prakash" uniqKey="Pandia M" first="Mihir Prakash" last="Pandia">Mihir Prakash Pandia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raut, Parameswar Pankaj Kumar" sort="Raut, Parameswar Pankaj Kumar" uniqKey="Raut P" first="Parameswar Pankaj Kumar" last="Raut">Parameswar Pankaj Kumar Raut</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology</title><idno type="ISSN">0970-9185</idno><idno type="eISSN">2231-2730</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tipton, Re" uniqKey="Tipton R">RE Tipton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gorlin, Rj" uniqKey="Gorlin R">RJ Gorlin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kocabay, G" uniqKey="Kocabay G">G Kocabay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mert, M" uniqKey="Mert M">M Mert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Demirgune, Ef" uniqKey="Demirgune E">EF Demirgüneº</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ersoy Evans, S" uniqKey="Ersoy Evans S">S Ersoy-Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karaduman, A" uniqKey="Karaduman A">A Karaduman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Castrillon Oberndorfer, G" uniqKey="Castrillon Oberndorfer G">G Castrillon-Oberndorfer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seeberger, R" uniqKey="Seeberger R">R Seeberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bacon, C" uniqKey="Bacon C">C Bacon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Engel, M" uniqKey="Engel M">M Engel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ebinger, F" uniqKey="Ebinger F">F Ebinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thiele, Oc" uniqKey="Thiele O">OC Thiele</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mullaney, Pb" uniqKey="Mullaney P">PB Mullaney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacquemin, C" uniqKey="Jacquemin C">C Jacquemin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Rashed, W" uniqKey="Al Rashed W">W al-Rashed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, W" uniqKey="Smith W">W Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="letter"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JOACP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0970-9185</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2231-2730</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24250016</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3819873</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JOACP-29-580</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0970-9185.119174</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Letter to Editor</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Anesthetic management of a case of GAPO syndrome for craniosynostosis surgery</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>Vivek Bharati</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pandia</surname><given-names>Mihir Prakash</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Raut</surname><given-names>Parameswar Pankaj Kumar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Mihir Prakash Pandia, Department of Neuroanaesthesia and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110 029, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="pandiamihir@gmail.com">pandiamihir@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Oct-Dec</season><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>580</fpage><lpage>581</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions></article-meta></front><body><p>Sir,</p><p>GAPO syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder and is associated with Growth retardation, Alopecia, Pseudoanodontia and Optic atrophy.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>] Here, we describe the anesthesia management of a case of 20 years female with diagnosis of GAPO syndrome who underwent craniosynostosis repair under general anesthesia. She had history of noisy breathing and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). She was short in stature with a weight of 20kg, trigonocephaly, large tongue, exophthalmos, alopecia, and short neck [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>]. She was edentulous with a large tongue and had Mallampati Grade IV score. Her neck was in a flexed position and extension was restricted. She was irritable and had difficult venous access. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems were normal. Routine investigations were normal. Lumbar puncture showed a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure of 26cmH<sub>2</sub> O. Intravenous (IV) access was secured after induction of anesthesia with incremental concentration of sevoflurane. Rocuronium 25mg was given to facilitate endotracheal intubation. To decrease intracranial pressure (ICP), hyperventilation and 50mgIV thiopentone was given at the time of induction. Anesthesia was maintained with oxygen, nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, fentanyl and vecuronium. Intraoperative monitoring included electrocardiography and noninvasive blood pressure, invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, capnography, temperature and central venous pressure monitoring. During flap removal, 100ml of 20% mannitol was administered. Neuromuscular blockade was reversed and trachea extubated when she was fully awake with good respiratory efforts. Thirty minutes after extubation, patient developed respiratory distress and SpO2 became 62%. Patient was reintubated and put on ventilator for 2 days. Five hours after extubation, her sensorium deteriorated and she required reintubation and ventilation. Subsequently, she remained tracheostomized for 12 days. Patient was discharged home on 20<sup>th</sup> postoperative day. In view of difficult venous access, uncooperative patient and anticipated difficult airway, we opted for an inhalational induction. Though the patient was awake and had good breathing efforts before each extubation, she required reintubation. This was most likely due to airway obstruction secondary to residual effect of anesthesia in the immediate postoperative period and diminished pulmonary function in the next occasion. Airway obstruction got aggravated due to the presence of OSA, large tongue, and flexed neck. Patients with GAPO syndrome may have other systemic anomalies such as dilated cardiomyopathy,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] pulmonary hypertension,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>] intracranial vascular malformations,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>] glaucoma,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>] and optic atrophy.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>] Anesthetic management of these cases should therefore, begin with a careful history and special attention to facial deformities, cardiorespiratory system, and associated congenital anomalies. Signs of raised ICP such as visual difficulties, nausea and vomiting, somnolence, or headaches should be noted. If ICP is raised, then adequate measures should be taken to prevent further rise in ICP. A difficult intubation trolley should always be ready in the operation theater before induction of anesthesia. Proper eye care should be given to patients with exophthalmos to prevent ophthalmic injury under anesthesia. These patients should be extubated only when they are fully awake and have good cough reflex. Patient should be closely monitored in the postoperative period for occurrence of respiratory obstruction, hypoventilation, hypoxia, and the possible need for reintubation.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The patient with alopecia, craniosynostosis, large tongue, and retrognathia</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JOACP-29-580-g001"></graphic></fig></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tipton</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name><name><surname>Gorlin</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Growth retardation, alopecia, pseudo-anodontia, and optic atrophy: The GAPO syndrome: Report of a patient and review of the literature</article-title><source>Am J Med Genet</source><year>1984</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>209</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6507471</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kocabay</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Mert</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>GAPO syndrome associated with dilated cardiomyopathy: An unreported association</article-title><source>Am J Med Genet A</source><year>2009</year><volume>149A</volume><fpage>415</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19206158</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Demirgüneº</surname><given-names>EF</given-names></name><name><surname>Ersoy-Evans</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Karaduman</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>GAPO syndrome with the novel features of pulmonary hypertension, ankyloglossia, and prognathism</article-title><source>Am J Med Genet A</source><year>2009</year><volume>149A</volume><fpage>802</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19291762</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Castrillon-Oberndorfer</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Seeberger</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Bacon</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Engel</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ebinger</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Thiele</surname><given-names>OC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>GAPO syndrome associated with craniofacial vascular malformation</article-title><source>Am J Med Genet A</source><year>2010</year><volume>152A</volume><fpage>225</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20034076</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mullaney</surname><given-names>PB</given-names></name><name><surname>Jacquemin</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>al-Rashed</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, and optic atrophy (GAPO syndrome) with congenital glaucoma</article-title><source>Arch Ophthalmol</source><year>1997</year><volume>115</volume><fpage>940</fpage><lpage>1</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9230846</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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