Evaluation of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies using panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography—influence of professional training
Identifieur interne : 000C91 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000C90; suivant : 000C92Evaluation of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies using panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography—influence of professional training
Auteurs : Michael Dau ; Paul Marciak ; Bial Al-Nawas ; Henning Staedt ; Abdulmonem Alshiri ; Bernhard Frerich ; Peer Wolfgang K MmererSource :
- International Journal of Implant Dentistry [ 2198-4034 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
A comparison of panoramic radiography (PAN) alone and PAN together with small field of view cone beam computed tomography (sFOV-CBCT) for diagnosis of symptomatic pathologies of the maxillary sinus was carried out by clinicians of different experience.
Corresponding radiographic images (PAN/sFOV-CBCT) of 28 patients with symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies were chosen and analyzed by two general practitioners (GP), two junior maxillofacial surgeons (MS1), and three senior maxillofacial surgeons (MS2) via questionnaire.
Visibility of maxillary pathologies in PAN was significantly different between the groups (GP 39%, MS1 48%, MS2 61%;
PAN alone is not sufficient for the evaluation of pathologies of the maxillary sinus. But, depending on the examiners’ clinical experience, it remains a useful diagnostic tool. Along with the observers’ training, significant benefits of an additional sFOV-CBCT for evaluation of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies were detected.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s40729-017-0075-5
PubMed: 28382560
PubMed Central: 5382121
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PMC:5382121Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies using panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography—influence of professional training</title><author><name sortKey="Dau, Michael" sort="Dau, Michael" uniqKey="Dau M" first="Michael" last="Dau">Michael Dau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marciak, Paul" sort="Marciak, Paul" uniqKey="Marciak P" first="Paul" last="Marciak">Paul Marciak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.410607.4</institution-id><institution>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre,</institution></institution-wrap>Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Nawas, Bial" sort="Al Nawas, Bial" uniqKey="Al Nawas B" first="Bial" last="Al-Nawas">Bial Al-Nawas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.410607.4</institution-id><institution>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre,</institution></institution-wrap>Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Staedt, Henning" sort="Staedt, Henning" uniqKey="Staedt H" first="Henning" last="Staedt">Henning Staedt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Private Dental Praxis Dr. Rossa, Ludwigshafen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alshiri, Abdulmonem" sort="Alshiri, Abdulmonem" uniqKey="Alshiri A" first="Abdulmonem" last="Alshiri">Abdulmonem Alshiri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.56302.32</institution-id><institution>Department of Biomaterial and Prosthetic Sciences,</institution><institution>King Saud University,</institution></institution-wrap>Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frerich, Bernhard" sort="Frerich, Bernhard" uniqKey="Frerich B" first="Bernhard" last="Frerich">Bernhard Frerich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K Mmerer, Peer Wolfgang" sort="K Mmerer, Peer Wolfgang" uniqKey="K Mmerer P" first="Peer Wolfgang" last="K Mmerer">Peer Wolfgang K Mmerer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28382560</idno><idno type="pmc">5382121</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382121</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5382121</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s40729-017-0075-5</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000C91</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000C91</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evaluation of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies using panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography—influence of professional training</title><author><name sortKey="Dau, Michael" sort="Dau, Michael" uniqKey="Dau M" first="Michael" last="Dau">Michael Dau</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marciak, Paul" sort="Marciak, Paul" uniqKey="Marciak P" first="Paul" last="Marciak">Paul Marciak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.410607.4</institution-id><institution>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre,</institution></institution-wrap>Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Nawas, Bial" sort="Al Nawas, Bial" uniqKey="Al Nawas B" first="Bial" last="Al-Nawas">Bial Al-Nawas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.410607.4</institution-id><institution>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre,</institution></institution-wrap>Mainz, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Staedt, Henning" sort="Staedt, Henning" uniqKey="Staedt H" first="Henning" last="Staedt">Henning Staedt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Private Dental Praxis Dr. Rossa, Ludwigshafen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alshiri, Abdulmonem" sort="Alshiri, Abdulmonem" uniqKey="Alshiri A" first="Abdulmonem" last="Alshiri">Abdulmonem Alshiri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.56302.32</institution-id><institution>Department of Biomaterial and Prosthetic Sciences,</institution><institution>King Saud University,</institution></institution-wrap>Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frerich, Bernhard" sort="Frerich, Bernhard" uniqKey="Frerich B" first="Bernhard" last="Frerich">Bernhard Frerich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K Mmerer, Peer Wolfgang" sort="K Mmerer, Peer Wolfgang" uniqKey="K Mmerer P" first="Peer Wolfgang" last="K Mmerer">Peer Wolfgang K Mmerer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Implant Dentistry</title><idno type="eISSN">2198-4034</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>A comparison of panoramic radiography (PAN) alone and PAN together with small field of view cone beam computed tomography (sFOV-CBCT) for diagnosis of symptomatic pathologies of the maxillary sinus was carried out by clinicians of different experience.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Corresponding radiographic images (PAN/sFOV-CBCT) of 28 patients with symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies were chosen and analyzed by two general practitioners (GP), two junior maxillofacial surgeons (MS1), and three senior maxillofacial surgeons (MS2) via questionnaire.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Visibility of maxillary pathologies in PAN was significantly different between the groups (GP 39%, MS1 48%, MS2 61%; <italic>p</italic> < 0.05). The number of incidental findings varied within examiner groups in PAN with a significant increase in MS2 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.027). The majority of examiners rated an additional sFOV-CBCT as “reasonable”/“required” with a significant influence of the examining groups (GP 98.2%, MS1 94.6%, MS2 80.9%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.008). In 58% of cases, an additional sFOV-CBCT was seen as “affecting therapy” with significant differences between the groups (GP 68%, MS1 50%, MS2 55%; <italic>p</italic> < 0.001).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>PAN alone is not sufficient for the evaluation of pathologies of the maxillary sinus. But, depending on the examiners’ clinical experience, it remains a useful diagnostic tool. Along with the observers’ training, significant benefits of an additional sFOV-CBCT for evaluation of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies were detected.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dragan, E" uniqKey="Dragan E">E Dragan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raghav, M" uniqKey="Raghav M">M Raghav</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lyros, I" uniqKey="Lyros I">I Lyros</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Steier, L" uniqKey="Steier L">L Steier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vogiatzi, T" uniqKey="Vogiatzi T">T Vogiatzi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Warhekar, S" uniqKey="Warhekar S">S 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Implant Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Implant Dent</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Implant Dentistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2198-4034</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Berlin/Heidelberg</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28382560</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5382121</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">75</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s40729-017-0075-5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Evaluation of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies using panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography—influence of professional training</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2619-3256</contrib-id><name><surname>Dau</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><address><phone>+49-381-494-6688</phone><email>michael.dau@med.uni-rostock.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marciak</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><address><email>paul_marciak@arcor.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Nawas</surname><given-names>Bial</given-names></name><address><email>bilal.al-nawas@uni-mainz.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Staedt</surname><given-names>Henning</given-names></name><address><email>henning@staedt.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alshiri</surname><given-names>Abdulmonem</given-names></name><address><email>monem.alshihri@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frerich</surname><given-names>Bernhard</given-names></name><address><email>bernhard.frerich@med.uni-rostock.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kämmerer</surname><given-names>Peer Wolfgang</given-names></name><address><email>peer.kaemmerer@med.uni-rostock.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.410607.4</institution-id><institution>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre,</institution></institution-wrap>Mainz, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>Private Dental Praxis Dr. Rossa, Ludwigshafen, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.56302.32</institution-id><institution>Department of Biomaterial and Prosthetic Sciences,</institution><institution>King Saud University,</institution></institution-wrap>Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>5</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>5</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><elocation-id>13</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s). 2017</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p>A comparison of panoramic radiography (PAN) alone and PAN together with small field of view cone beam computed tomography (sFOV-CBCT) for diagnosis of symptomatic pathologies of the maxillary sinus was carried out by clinicians of different experience.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Corresponding radiographic images (PAN/sFOV-CBCT) of 28 patients with symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies were chosen and analyzed by two general practitioners (GP), two junior maxillofacial surgeons (MS1), and three senior maxillofacial surgeons (MS2) via questionnaire.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Visibility of maxillary pathologies in PAN was significantly different between the groups (GP 39%, MS1 48%, MS2 61%; <italic>p</italic> < 0.05). The number of incidental findings varied within examiner groups in PAN with a significant increase in MS2 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.027). The majority of examiners rated an additional sFOV-CBCT as “reasonable”/“required” with a significant influence of the examining groups (GP 98.2%, MS1 94.6%, MS2 80.9%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.008). In 58% of cases, an additional sFOV-CBCT was seen as “affecting therapy” with significant differences between the groups (GP 68%, MS1 50%, MS2 55%; <italic>p</italic> < 0.001).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>PAN alone is not sufficient for the evaluation of pathologies of the maxillary sinus. But, depending on the examiners’ clinical experience, it remains a useful diagnostic tool. Along with the observers’ training, significant benefits of an additional sFOV-CBCT for evaluation of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies were detected.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Panoramic radiography</kwd><kwd>Cone beam computed tomography</kwd><kwd>Maxillary sinus site</kwd><kwd>Subjective rating</kwd><kwd>Incidental radiographic findings</kwd><kwd>Education</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2017</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1"><title>Background</title><p>Non-symptomatic abnormalities of the maxillary sinus such as mucosal thickening, retention cysts, and opacification are reported to occur in up to 74% of all cases [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>]. For diagnosis of symptomatic pathologies of the maxillary sinus like retention cysts, polyps, and tumors, panoramic radiographies (PAN) are commonly used and widely available. In PAN, not every area of interest is accurately detected and allocated. Furthermore, small maxillary sinus lesions with diameter less than 3 mm show poor detection rates [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>]. Three-dimensional imaging is useful in the maxilla for a wide range of clinical settings, such as trauma, bone pathology, and neoplastic diseases, as well as in dental implantology and sinus augmentation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>].</p><p>Computed tomography (CT) is an excellent tool for maxillary sinus examination and diagnosis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>]. A survey among 331 otolaryngologists showed that the majority (75%) did not obtain confirmatory CT scan before initial non-surgical therapy. Though, prior proceeding with sinus surgery, an average of one (59%) or even two (37%) CT scans was reported [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>]. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is mostly used for dental implant planning [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>] and offers diagnostic options similar to CT scans but without contrast agents and with about 10–50% less radiation exposure [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>]. Especially if small fields of view are used for CBCT, radiation exposure is significantly reduced. However, this exposure to radiation as well as the costs are still significantly higher when compared to those of conventional dental imaging [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">22</xref>]. For diagnosis and general preoperative planning, both PAN and CBCT are described to be useful and important diagnostic tools [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">23</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">24</xref>]. Nonetheless, there are only few studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">25</xref>] and some case reports [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">26</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">28</xref>] that showed an additional clinical benefit of CBCT for evaluation of maxillary sinus when compared to PAN. In most studies, non-symptomatic sites were visualized in order to exclude pathologic findings prior to dental implant surgery [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">23</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">24</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">30</xref>].</p><p>In order to justify CBCT use for clinical examination and diagnosis of the maxillary sinus, the aim of this study was to compare the subjective quality rating of PAN and PAN together with a small field of view (sFOV) CBCT to evaluate symptomatic maxillary sinus by clinicians with different training and clinical experience.</p></sec><sec id="Sec2" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Methods</title><sec id="Sec3"><title>Patients and examiners</title><p>In an experimental diagnostic comparison, radiographic images of 15 female and 13 male patients were assessed. Patients’ radiographs were selected from the Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery of the University Medical Centre of Mainz and Rostock, Germany. All patients have had referrals to the hospitals with symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies and received PAN (Orthophos XG Plus (Sirona Dental Systems GmbH, Bensheim, Germany)) as well as CBCT (KaVo 3D eXam, KaVo Dental GmbH, Biberach/Riß, Germany or Accuitomo Morita, J. MORITA Mfg. Corp., Kyoto, Japan) for radiographic analysis and diagnosis. All CBCT images contained a limited field of view (size of FOV 60 × 60 mm) for the pathological site only (sFOV-CBCT). Clinical information were given to all examiners before rating. Patients with incomplete medical records were excluded. Seven examiners with a different professional training and experience in using PAN and CBCT were participating. They were two general practitioners with 2–3 years of clinical experience (GP), two junior maxillofacial surgeons with 2–3 years of clinical experience (MS1), and three senior maxillofacial surgeons with 6–7 years of clinical experience (MS2). A standardized questionnaire for PAN (three questions) and CBCT (two questions) was given to each individual separately to answer. The participant examined only PAN in the first part of the project. Afterwards, he/she filled out the respective questionnaire. At the next step, he/she examined the CBCT scans and answered its related questions. All examiners had undergone a structured postgraduate curriculum for usage of CBCT before, and they used CBCT on daily basis. This curriculum, as demanded by German authorities for using CBCT, consisted of at least two classroom-based trainings (each for 1 day) together with 25 documented CBCT cases and a written examination. Besides, there was no further training for this study. In each case, the same reading environment using a beamer (Epson® EB G5450WU, Epson® Germany, Meerbusch, Germany; data sheet: resolution 1920 × 1200, brightness 4000 lumens, contrast ratio 1000:1) and a 2 × 3 m screen was provided. This study on anonymous radiographic images was performed in accordance to the current version of the Declaration of Helsinki [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">31</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="Sec4"><title>Questionnaire</title><p>The first question for PAN addressed the imaging quality in the clinical relevant area of interest (clinical data were given). Three answers were possible: 1 = good visibility and can be evaluated, 2 = visible but cannot be evaluated, and 3 = not visible. The second question asked for an additional need for CBCT scans. Three answers were possible: 1 = required, 2 = reasonable, and 3 = not required. The third question was referring to the number of additional incidental findings in PAN not related to the sinus disease that led to the radiographic examination.</p><p>For CBCT, the first question was referring to a possible additional value in the area of interest. The examiners had to choose between three possible answers (1 = showed no additional information, 2 = was useful, 3 = was affecting therapy). The second question targeted the number of incidental findings in CBCT in addition to PAN not related to the sinus disease that led to the radiographic examination.</p></sec><sec id="Sec5"><title>Statistics</title><p>Due to the experimental design, no prior power analysis was conducted. All results in this study were expressed as number of cases, incidence value (percentage), or as arithmetic means ± standard deviation (SD). For comparison of groups, one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey B simultaneous post hoc tests as well as chi-square tests were performed and descriptive <italic>p</italic> values of the tests are reported. A <italic>p</italic> value ≤0.05 was termed significant. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec6"><title>Results</title><p>This study focused on three different aspects in our analysis—PAN, PAN and CBCT, as well as the influence of the different clinical and radiological experience (examples in Figs. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref> and <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>).<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p><bold>a</bold> Panoramic radiography with area of interest (maxillary sinus) and <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> examples of corresponding images in cone beam computed tomography</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2017_75_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic></fig><fig id="Fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p><bold>a</bold> Panoramic radiography with area of interest (maxillary sinus) and <bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold> examples of corresponding images in cone beam computed tomography</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2017_75_Fig2_HTML" id="MO2"></graphic></fig><list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p>Panoramic radiography (PAN)</p></list-item></list></p><p>When assessing PAN, the ratings were significantly lower at “good visible and can be evaluated” (9.9%) compared to “visible but cannot be evaluated” (39.5%; <italic>p</italic> < 0.001) and compared to “not visible” (50.6%; <italic>p</italic> < 0.001) ratings (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>). An additional CBCT was needed in most cases (“required” (28%) and “reasonable” (63.3%) versus “not required” (8.7%; Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>)). All examiners found an average number of 1.7 ± 1.3 additional findings in PAN (Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>). The three most common findings were retained third molars with putative follicular cysts (22% of all findings), followed by radiological insufficient root filling (21%) and caries/insufficient filling of teeth (19%; Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Results of the question “Based on PAN, the clinical area of interest, is…”</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th>Question</th><th>General practitioner (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</th><th>Junior maxillofacial surgeon (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</th><th>Senior maxillofacial surgeon (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</th><th><italic>p</italic> value*</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>1 = good visibility and can be evaluated</td><td>3 (5.4%)</td><td>5 (8.9%)</td><td>13 (15.5%)</td><td rowspan="3"><italic>p</italic> < 0.002</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>2 = visible but cannot be evaluated</td><td>19 (33.9%)</td><td>22 (39.3%)</td><td>38 (45.2%)</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>3 = not visible</td><td>34 (60.7%)</td><td>29 (51.8%)</td><td>33 (39.3%)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>*One-way ANOVA test with post hoc Tukey B: GP versus MS1 <italic>p</italic> = 0.034, MS1 versus MS2 <italic>p</italic> = 0.211, and GP versus MS2 <italic>p</italic> = 0.001</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Results of the question “An additional sFOV-CBCT of the clinical area of interest is…”</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th>Question</th><th>General practitioner (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</th><th>Junior maxillofacial surgeon (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</th><th>Senior maxillofacial surgeon (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</th><th><italic>p</italic> value*</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>1 = required</td><td>14 (25.0%)</td><td>21 (37.5%)</td><td>18 (21.4%)</td><td rowspan="3"><italic>p</italic> = 0.008</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>2 = reasonable</td><td>41 (73.2%)</td><td>32 (57.1%)</td><td>50 (59.5%)</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>3 = not required</td><td>1 (1.8%)</td><td>3 (5.4%)</td><td>16 (19.0%)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>*One-way ANOVA test with post hoc Tukey B: GP versus MS1 <italic>p</italic> = 0.369, MS1 versus MS2 <italic>p</italic> = 0.006, and GP versus MS2 <italic>p</italic> = 0.038</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="Tab3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Number of additional incidental findings in PAN and sFOV-CBCT not related to the sinus disease that led to the radiographic examination</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th>Number of cases</th><th>General practitioner (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</th><th>Junior maxillofacial surgeon (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</th><th>Senior maxillofacial surgeon (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</th><th><italic>p</italic> value*</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td></td><td colspan="4">Number of incidental findings in PAN</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>(<italic>n</italic> = 28)</td><td>1.5 ± 1.3</td><td>1.6 ± 1.1</td><td>2.1 ± 1.5</td><td><italic>p</italic> = 0.027</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td></td><td colspan="4">Number of additional, incidental findings in sFOV-CBCT</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>(<italic>n</italic> = 28)</td><td>0.7 ± 0.5</td><td>0.6 ± 0.5</td><td>0.7 ± 0.7</td><td><italic>p</italic> = 0.912</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>*One-way ANOVA test</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="Tab4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Description of incidental findings in PAN not related to the sinus disease that led to the radiographic examination</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th>Additional incidental findings in panoramic radiography</th><th>Relative incidence (%) in relation to total number of therapy affecting findings</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>Retained third molar/follicular cyst</td><td>22</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Insufficient root filling</td><td>21</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Caries/insufficient filling of teeth</td><td>19</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Apical ostitis</td><td>17</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Remaining root remnants</td><td>9</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Periodontal bone loss</td><td>8</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Anatomic particularities (enlargement of the mental foramen/retromolar foramen/bifid nerve)</td><td>4</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><list list-type="simple"><list-item><label>(b)</label><p>Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)</p></list-item></list></p><p>The majority of the answers indicated the usefulness of an additional sFOV-CBCT. Whereas it only “showed no additional information” in 10.1% and was “useful” in 32.4% of cases, an additional CBCT was rated as “affecting therapy” in 57.5% of cases (Table <xref rid="Tab5" ref-type="table">5</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab5"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Results of the question “Is there an additional clinical value of sFOV-CBCT?”</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th>Question</th><th>General practitioner (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</th><th>Junior maxillofacial surgeon (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</th><th>Senior maxillofacial surgeon (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</th><th><italic>p</italic> value*</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>1 = it showed no additional information</td><td>2 (3.6%)</td><td>5 (8.9%)</td><td>15 (17.9%)</td><td rowspan="3"><italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>2 = it was useful</td><td>16 (28.6%)</td><td>23 (41.1%)</td><td>23 (27.4%)</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>3 = it was affecting therapy</td><td>38 (67.8%)</td><td>28 (50.0%)</td><td>46 (54.8%)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>*One-way ANOVA test with post hoc Tukey B: GP versus MS1 <italic>p</italic> = 0.002, MS1 versus MS2 <italic>p</italic> = 0.890, and GP versus MS2 <italic>p</italic> = 0.001</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p>Overall, the examiners observed an average number of 0.6 ± 0.6 additional incidental findings (Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>). The findings were radiological caries/insufficient filling of teeth (88%) as well as insufficient root filling (22%).<list list-type="simple"><list-item><label>(c)</label><p>Influence of examiners’ clinical background</p></list-item></list></p><p>In PAN, MS1 (51.8%) and MS2 (39.3%) rated significantly less for “not visible” when compared to GPs (60.7%; <italic>p</italic> < 0.001). The difference was significant between MS1 and MS2 as well (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). Significantly more “good visibility” ratings were obtained for MS2 (15.5%) when compared to MS1 (8.9%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.021) and GP (5.4%; <italic>p</italic> < 0.001; Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>). A significant higher number of additional incidental findings in PAN was seen in MS2 (mean = 2.1 ± 1.5) versus GP (mean = 1.5 ± 1.3; <italic>p</italic> = 0.021) as well as in MS2 versus MS1 (mean = 1.6 ± 1.1; <italic>p</italic> = 0.048; Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>).</p><p>GPs rated an additional CBCT significantly less often to be “not required” (1.8%) when compared to MS1 (5.4%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.038) and to MS2 (19%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.006). Moreover, GPs rated significantly more for a CBCT to be “reasonable” or “required” (98.2%) when compared to MS1 (94.6%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.002) and compared to MS2 (80.9%; <italic>p</italic> = 0.001; Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>). Also, in the GP group, the additional CBCT was seen significantly more often to be “affecting therapy” (67.8%) when compared to MS1 (50%) and to MS2 (53.8%; all <italic>p</italic> < 0.001; Table <xref rid="Tab5" ref-type="table">5</xref>). Between the groups, there was no difference in the average number of additional incidental diagnoses in sFOV-CBCT scans (GD, average = 0.7 ± 0.5; MS1, average = 0.6 ± 0.5; MS2, average = 0.7 ± 0.7; <italic>p</italic> = 0.912, Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec7"><title>Discussion</title><p>In dentistry, PAN is a widely available, useful, and important diagnostic tool for diagnosis and general preoperative planning [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">32</xref>] with less radiation exposure then CBCT [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">21</xref>]. While most dentists have used it routinely successful for years and gained significant experience in doing so [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">33</xref>], there are certain limitations in dependence of the region to be examined [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>]. The high number of “not visible” ratings of the area of interest in the study at hand underlines this conclusion. Nevertheless, PAN showed several additional incidental findings showing its important value being a basic diagnostic tool, also in preventive dentistry [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">32</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">33</xref>]. It is noticeable that most of these incidental findings were described by senior surgeons. This demonstrates the impact of clinical experience of evaluation of PAN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">34</xref>]. A lack of experience in 2D imaging might even result in unnecessary additional 3D diagnostics (such as additional CBCTs) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>].</p><p>For the diagnosis of symptomatic pathologies in the maxillary sinus, PAN alone is not sufficient. Benefits (in dependence of clinical and radiological experience) offered from additional sFOV-CBCT imaging were proven in the presented study. The high number of “therapy affecting” ratings when adding CBCT supports such statement. Wolf et al. reported the general demand for three-dimensional imaging of maxillary sinus in order to minimize intra- and postoperative complications and to localize any foreign body in relation to other anatomical structures [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">35</xref>]. Similarly, various studies reported an average of one or more CT scans prior proceeding with sinus surgery [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>]. Sharma et al. recommended CT scans prior sinus surgery in order to guide the surgeon [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">36</xref>]. Other researcher found the same diagnostic accuracy of CBCT scans of maxillary sinus pathologies when compared to sinus endoscopy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">37</xref>] which underlines the importance of CBCT within this field. As shown by others as well [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">38</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR43">43</xref>], a better evaluation of anatomical structures was found when using CBCT. CBCT scans offer an extremely valuable diagnostic and clinical tool for maxillary sinus pathologies in general [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">36</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">45</xref>] for vital findings like posterior superior alveolar arteries in the lateral sinus wall [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">46</xref>] as well as for anatomical variations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR47">47</xref>]. Especially in cases with symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies, three-dimensional diagnostic is helpful [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">36</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR48">48</xref>] and a sFOV-CBCT offers limited radiation exposure as well.</p><p>The influence of clinical experience of evaluation of PAN [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">34</xref>] as well as the clinical experience and routine analysis of 3D radiographs (as assumed for maxillofacial surgeons when compared to those for general practitioners) strongly influence the diagnostic value of additional three-dimensional imaging. The number of incidental findings in CBCT in addition to those seen in PAN was not of major difference and did not correlate to the examiners’ experience. This difference can be explained by using sFOV-CBCTs for evaluation of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies only. The smaller field of view shows less incidental findings, but the radiation exposure will be kept lower as well. Nonetheless, sFOV-CBCT is not meant to be a replacement for PAN especially for patients’ screening. It seems that advanced diagnostic tools such as CBCT offer an effective solution with more precise diagnosis of the maxillary sinus when compared to PAN together with a lower radiation dose compared to a CT.</p><p>There are some limitations of the study and potential bias caused by the experimental design, the subjective evaluation, and the low number of patients. Nevertheless, the additional value of CBCT strongly depends on the level on medical and radiographic knowledge of the anatomy of sites of interest [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">38</xref>] and the surrounding structures [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>]. Based on the findings of this study and the literature, an adjunct sFOV-CBCT is a valuable diagnostic tool for cases of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies.</p></sec><sec id="Sec8"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Depending on the observers’ clinical and radiological experience, PAN alone may not be sufficient for evaluation of pathologies of the maxillary sinus. On the contrary, significant benefits of sFOV-CBCT for diagnosing symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies were reported. Having sFOV-CBCT seems to have added additional information and confidence in comparison to PAN alone. Nonetheless, also with the examiners’ increased clinical experience, PAN remains a valuable diagnostic tool.</p></sec></body><back><ack><sec id="FPar1"><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>The organization of data acquisition as well as preparation and evaluation of questionnaires were conducted by PM, BA, HS, and PWK. MD, BA, AA, BF, and PWK did the statistical evaluation together with the preparation, drafting, and finalization of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p></sec><sec id="FPar2"><title>Competing interests</title><p>Michael Dau, Paul Marciak, Bial Al-Nawas, Henning Staedt, Abdulmonem Alshiri, Bernhard Frerich, and Peer Wolfgang Kämmerer declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec id="FPar3"><title>Ethics approval and consent to participate</title><p>All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">31</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="FPar4"><title>Informed consent</title><p>This experimental diagnostic comparison was performed without any further consequences for the patient. 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