Biomechanical effects of offset placement of dental implants in the edentulous posterior mandible
Identifieur interne : 000C81 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000C80; suivant : 000C82Biomechanical effects of offset placement of dental implants in the edentulous posterior mandible
Auteurs : Yuta Shimura ; Yuji Sato ; Noboru Kitagawa ; Miyuki OmoriSource :
- International Journal of Implant Dentistry [ 2198-4034 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Proper implant placement is very important for long-term implant stability. Recently, numerous biomechanical studies have been conducted to clarify the relationship between implant placement and peri-implant stress. The placement of multiple implants in the edentulous posterior mandible has been studied by geometric analysis, three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA), model experimentation, etc. Offset placement is a technique that reduces peri-implant load. However, few studies have used multiple analyses to clarify the value of the offset placement under identical conditions.
The present study aimed to clarify the biomechanical effects of offset placement on the peri-implant bone in edentulous posterior mandibles by comparative investigation using FEA and model experimentation with strain gauges.
Three implants were embedded in an artificial mandible in the parts corresponding to the first premolar, the second premolar, and the first molar. A titanium superstructure was mounted to prepare models (experimental models). Three load points (buccal, central, and lingual) were established on the part of the superstructure corresponding to the first molar. Three types of experimental models, each with a different implant placement, were prepared. In one model, the implants were placed in a straight line; in the other two, the implants in the parts corresponding to the second premolar and the first molar were offset each by a 1-mm increment to the buccal or lingual side. Four strain gauges were applied to the peri-implant bone corresponding to the first molar.
The experimental models were imaged by micro-computed tomography (CT), and FEA models were constructed from the CT data. A vertical load of 100 N was applied on the three load points in the experimental models and in the FEA models. The extent of compressed displacement and the strain in the peri-implant bone were compared between the experimental models and the FEA models.
Both experimental and FEA models suffered the least compressed displacement during central loading in all placements. The greatest stress and compressive strain was on the load side in all types of placements.
Offset placement may not necessarily be more biomechanically effective than straight placement in edentulous posterior mandibles.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s40729-016-0050-6
PubMed: 27747709
PubMed Central: 5005791
Links to Exploration step
PMC:5005791Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Biomechanical effects of offset placement of dental implants in the edentulous posterior mandible</title><author><name sortKey="Shimura, Yuta" sort="Shimura, Yuta" uniqKey="Shimura Y" first="Yuta" last="Shimura">Yuta Shimura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515 Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sato, Yuji" sort="Sato, Yuji" uniqKey="Sato Y" first="Yuji" last="Sato">Yuji Sato</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515 Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kitagawa, Noboru" sort="Kitagawa, Noboru" uniqKey="Kitagawa N" first="Noboru" last="Kitagawa">Noboru Kitagawa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515 Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Omori, Miyuki" sort="Omori, Miyuki" uniqKey="Omori M" first="Miyuki" last="Omori">Miyuki Omori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515 Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27747709</idno><idno type="pmc">5005791</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5005791</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5005791</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s40729-016-0050-6</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000C81</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000C81</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Biomechanical effects of offset placement of dental implants in the edentulous posterior mandible</title><author><name sortKey="Shimura, Yuta" sort="Shimura, Yuta" uniqKey="Shimura Y" first="Yuta" last="Shimura">Yuta Shimura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515 Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sato, Yuji" sort="Sato, Yuji" uniqKey="Sato Y" first="Yuji" last="Sato">Yuji Sato</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515 Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kitagawa, Noboru" sort="Kitagawa, Noboru" uniqKey="Kitagawa N" first="Noboru" last="Kitagawa">Noboru Kitagawa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515 Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Omori, Miyuki" sort="Omori, Miyuki" uniqKey="Omori M" first="Miyuki" last="Omori">Miyuki Omori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515 Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Implant Dentistry</title><idno type="eISSN">2198-4034</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Proper implant placement is very important for long-term implant stability. Recently, numerous biomechanical studies have been conducted to clarify the relationship between implant placement and peri-implant stress. The placement of multiple implants in the edentulous posterior mandible has been studied by geometric analysis, three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA), model experimentation, etc. Offset placement is a technique that reduces peri-implant load. However, few studies have used multiple analyses to clarify the value of the offset placement under identical conditions.</p><p>The present study aimed to clarify the biomechanical effects of offset placement on the peri-implant bone in edentulous posterior mandibles by comparative investigation using FEA and model experimentation with strain gauges.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Three implants were embedded in an artificial mandible in the parts corresponding to the first premolar, the second premolar, and the first molar. A titanium superstructure was mounted to prepare models (experimental models). Three load points (buccal, central, and lingual) were established on the part of the superstructure corresponding to the first molar. Three types of experimental models, each with a different implant placement, were prepared. In one model, the implants were placed in a straight line; in the other two, the implants in the parts corresponding to the second premolar and the first molar were offset each by a 1-mm increment to the buccal or lingual side. Four strain gauges were applied to the peri-implant bone corresponding to the first molar.</p><p>The experimental models were imaged by micro-computed tomography (CT), and FEA models were constructed from the CT data. A vertical load of 100 N was applied on the three load points in the experimental models and in the FEA models. The extent of compressed displacement and the strain in the peri-implant bone were compared between the experimental models and the FEA models.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Both experimental and FEA models suffered the least compressed displacement during central loading in all placements. The greatest stress and compressive strain was on the load side in all types of placements.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Offset placement may not necessarily be more biomechanically effective than straight placement in edentulous posterior mandibles.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frost, Hm" uniqKey="Frost H">HM Frost</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duyck, J" uniqKey="Duyck J">J Duyck</name></author><author><name sortKey="R Nold, Hj" uniqKey="R Nold H">HJ Rønold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Oosterwyck, H" uniqKey="Van Oosterwyck H">H Van Oosterwyck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naert, I" uniqKey="Naert I">I Naert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vander Sloten, J" uniqKey="Vander Sloten J">J Vander Sloten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ellingsen, Je" uniqKey="Ellingsen J">JE 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Implant Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Implant Dent</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Implant Dentistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2198-4034</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Berlin/Heidelberg</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27747709</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5005791</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s40729-016-0050-6</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Biomechanical effects of offset placement of dental implants in the edentulous posterior mandible</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Shimura</surname><given-names>Yuta</given-names></name><address><email>y-shimura@dent.showa-u.ac.jp</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sato</surname><given-names>Yuji</given-names></name><address><email>sato-@dent.showa-u.ac.jp</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kitagawa</surname><given-names>Noboru</given-names></name><address><email>kitagawa-n@dent.showa-u.ac.jp</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Omori</surname><given-names>Miyuki</given-names></name><address><email>m-omori@dent.showa-u.ac.jp</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1">Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515 Japan</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>17</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>17</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s). 2016</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Proper implant placement is very important for long-term implant stability. Recently, numerous biomechanical studies have been conducted to clarify the relationship between implant placement and peri-implant stress. The placement of multiple implants in the edentulous posterior mandible has been studied by geometric analysis, three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA), model experimentation, etc. Offset placement is a technique that reduces peri-implant load. However, few studies have used multiple analyses to clarify the value of the offset placement under identical conditions.</p><p>The present study aimed to clarify the biomechanical effects of offset placement on the peri-implant bone in edentulous posterior mandibles by comparative investigation using FEA and model experimentation with strain gauges.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Three implants were embedded in an artificial mandible in the parts corresponding to the first premolar, the second premolar, and the first molar. A titanium superstructure was mounted to prepare models (experimental models). Three load points (buccal, central, and lingual) were established on the part of the superstructure corresponding to the first molar. Three types of experimental models, each with a different implant placement, were prepared. In one model, the implants were placed in a straight line; in the other two, the implants in the parts corresponding to the second premolar and the first molar were offset each by a 1-mm increment to the buccal or lingual side. Four strain gauges were applied to the peri-implant bone corresponding to the first molar.</p><p>The experimental models were imaged by micro-computed tomography (CT), and FEA models were constructed from the CT data. A vertical load of 100 N was applied on the three load points in the experimental models and in the FEA models. The extent of compressed displacement and the strain in the peri-implant bone were compared between the experimental models and the FEA models.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Both experimental and FEA models suffered the least compressed displacement during central loading in all placements. The greatest stress and compressive strain was on the load side in all types of placements.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Offset placement may not necessarily be more biomechanically effective than straight placement in edentulous posterior mandibles.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Offset placement</kwd><kwd>Three-dimensional finite element analysis</kwd><kwd>FEA</kwd><kwd>Amount of compressed displacement</kwd><kwd>Stress distribution</kwd><kwd>Strain gauge</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (JP)</institution></funding-source><award-id>25463016</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Omori</surname><given-names>Miyuki</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2016</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1"><title>Background</title><p>Bone remodeling to maintain osseointegration between the bone and implant is absolutely essential to ensure favorable results and long-term stability in implant treatment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>]. Bone remodeling requires that various stresses generated around the bone caused by the occlusal load applied to the implant be within an appropriate range. The concentration of stress at the bone-implant interface, caused by overloading, has been reported to result in bone resorption [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>]. The stress generated in the implant will vary depending on the placement and the nature of the loading of the implants. Gunne et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>] stated that the allocation of the occlusal load was affected by the placement of the implant and the geometric form of the prosthetic device. When implants are being embedded, in contrast to the placement of three implants in a straight line, the term “offset placement” is used for a technique in which the central implant is shifted to the side. Rangert et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>] reported that in a patient missing three molars, straight placement of the three implants reduced the load to 67 % of that present when two implants were embedded to make a bridge configuration, while offset placement reduced the load to 33 %. However, they did not discuss the specific method they used to calculate the distribution of the load.</p><p>The usefulness of offset placement has been studied by geometric analysis, photoelasticity testing, strain gauging, finite element analysis (FEA), and several other techniques [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>]. However, each type of analysis has its own disadvantages [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>], and few studies have been carried out under ideal conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the usefulness of offset placement objectively, by using multiple analyses, so as to eliminate the disadvantages of the individual analyses.</p><p>Hence, the purpose of the present study was to clarify the biomechanical effects, such as reduction in strain and displacement of implant, of offset placement on the peri-implant bone in edentulous posterior mandibles, by comparative investigation using FEA and model experimentation with strain gauges.</p></sec><sec id="Sec2"><title>Methods</title><sec id="Sec3"><title>Fabrication of the experimental model</title><sec id="Sec4"><title>Artificial mandibular bone</title><p>An artificial mandibular bone (P9-X.1135, Nissin Dental Products, Kyoto, Japan) with free-end edentulism of the left mandibular first premolar (no. 34), second premolar (no. 35), and first molar (no. 36) was used (Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). The model was composed of a two-layer structure of artificial cortical bone (urethane resin) and artificial cancellous bone (urethane resin foam).<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>An artificial mandible</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec5"><title>Implant placement</title><p>Using the anatomical crown width diameter as a reference [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>], we embedded three implants. The distance between the second premolar and mandibular first premolar implants was 8 mm. The distance between the first molar and second premolar implants was 10 mm.</p><p>An implant placement guide (Landmark Guide™, iCAT, Osaka, Japan) was fabricated to precisely embed the implants in the artificial mandible. A drilling machine (Enkoh’s, Enshu Industrial, Shizuoka, Japan) and implant placement guide were used to embed the implants perpendicular to the bottom surface of the artificial mandible. A drill used to form implant cavities (Brånemark System® Twist Drills, Nobel Biocare, Göteborg, Sweden) was mounted onto the drilling machine, and three implant cavities 3.0 mm in diameter and 10 mm in depth were formed. Then, in each of the implant cavities, an implant 3.75 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length (Brånemark System® Mk III, Nobel Biocare, Göteborg, Sweden) was embedded using 40 N cm of torque (Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>).<fig id="Fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Three implants were embedded in an artificial mandible</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig2_HTML" id="MO2"></graphic></fig></p><p>Using models in which three implants were placed in a straight line (straight placement) as a reference, we also prepared two other types of models: (1) no. 35 was offset by 1.0 mm to the buccal side and no. 36 by 1.0 mm to the lingual side (buccal offset placement; B-offset), and (2) no. 35 was offset by 1.0 mm to the lingual side and no. 36 by 1.0 mm to the buccal side (lingual offset placement; L-offset) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">3</xref>). Three experimental models were prepared for each type of placement, i.e., a total of nine experimental models.<fig id="Fig3"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>Three different models with different placements</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig3_HTML" id="MO3"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec6"><title>Preparation of the superstructure</title><p>Using the anatomical crown width as a reference [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>], it was determined that the occlusal surface view of the superstructure would be trapezoidal with a 7-mm buccolingual width in the mesial first premolar section, a 10-mm buccolingual width in the distal first molar section, and a 26-mm mesiodistal width (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>). The vertical dimension was 8 mm; the upper 4 mm was the thickness of the superstructure and the lower 4 mm was the abutment connection. Three loading points 2 mm in diameter and 0.2 mm in depth were applied to the occlusal surface of the first molar; these formed the buccal loading point (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>(a)), central loading point (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>(b)), and lingual loading point (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>(c)). The superstructure was made of titanium (ISUS, DENTSPLY Sankin, Tokyo, Japan) and fabricated using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). For each type of placement, we prepared three models by mounting the superstructure onto an artificial mandible model in which implants had been embedded; these served as the experimental models.<fig id="Fig4"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><p>Experimental model. (<italic>a</italic>) Buccal load, (<italic>b</italic>) central load, and (<italic>c</italic>) lingual load</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig4_HTML" id="MO4"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec7"><title>Application of strain gauges</title><p>Four two-wire strain gauges (KFR-02N-120-C1-11, Kyowa Electronic Instruments, Tokyo, Japan) were applied to the no. 36 peri-implant bone surface [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">21</xref>]. The surface of the measurement site was polished with no. 320 sandpaper and then wiped clean with acetone, following which they were adhered with a special adhesive (CC-33A, Kyowa Electronic Instruments, Tokyo, Japan). The strain gauges were applied at four places—the mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual sides of the implant—and the strains they measured were designated as strain M, D, B, and L, respectively (Fig. <xref rid="Fig5" ref-type="fig">5</xref>).<fig id="Fig5"><label>Fig. 5</label><caption><p>Application of strain gauges</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig5_HTML" id="MO5"></graphic></fig></p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec8"><title>Construction of three-dimensional FEA models</title><p>The experimental models were fixed in a micro-CT scanner (ScanXmate-L090H, Comscantecno, Kanagawa, Japan) and scanned under the following imaging conditions: tube voltage, 90 kV; tube current, 10 μA; and slice thickness, 106 μm. FEA software (Mechanical Finder®, Research Center of Computational Mechanics, Tokyo, Japan) was used to construct three-dimensional FEA models from the resulting CT data. The mesh was constructed of tetrahedral elements, and the total numbers of nodes and elements were approximately 260,000 and 1,400,000, respectively. FEA models were prepared with appropriate physical properties (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>) determined by consulting the values published by the manufacturer of the artificial mandible models and Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio used in past research [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">22</xref>]. The implant, abutment, and superstructure were assumed to be a continuous structure made of titanium; no intervening conditions were set between the implant and abutment nor between the abutment and superstructure. The artificial cortical bone, artificial cancellous bone, implant, and superstructure were assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic. The boundary conditions for the implant and bone were a state of contact. The coefficient of friction of the interface between the implants and artificial mandibular bones was set to zero. The boundary conditions of the experimental model were reproduced by the contact model of FEA. Immediate loading was assumed in this model, because a state of contact was reproduced between the implant and artificial mandibular bone. The FEA models were made so as to correspond to each of the three experimental models with the respective placements, so nine FEA models were prepared similar to the experimental models.<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Mechanical properties of materials used in the FEA models</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th>Material</th><th>Young’s modulus (MPa)</th><th>Poisson’s ratio</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>Artificial cancellous bone</td><td>6.29</td><td char="." align="char">0.3</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Artificial cortical bone</td><td>13.73</td><td char="." align="char">0.3</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Implant and superstructure</td><td>108,000</td><td char="." align="char">0.3</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>FEA</italic> finite element analysis</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="Sec9"><title>Displacement measurements</title><sec id="Sec10"><title>Implant displacement measurements under loading conditions in the experimental model</title><p>Implant displacement under loading conditions was measured using an Instron-type universal testing machine (Instron-5500R®, Instron Japan, Kanagawa, Japan) for the experimental model. The experimental models were placed on the worktable of an Instron-type universal testing machine, and compression tests were performed using a conical jig. A vertical load was applied at a rate of 0.5 mm/s on the three loading points. Using a report [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">23</xref>] stating that the maximum occlusal force applied to an implant superstructure in the molar region is 200 N as a reference, we selected 100 N for loading, to simulate the forces generated during mastication. A strain gauge (2630-100, Instron Japan, Kanagawa, Japan) was attached between the worktable and jig, and the change in the distance between the worktable and jig was measured under the assumption that it would be the same as the implant displacements under loading conditions (Fig. <xref rid="Fig6" ref-type="fig">6</xref>). Measurements were taken five times at each loading site, and the mean of the five measurements was considered the representative value of the loading site in that model.<fig id="Fig6"><label>Fig. 6</label><caption><p>Loading test in the experimental model</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig6_HTML" id="MO6"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec11"><title>Implant displacement measurements under loading conditions in the FEA models</title><p>All nodes at the bottom of the artificial mandible were completely restrained, 100 N of vertical load was applied to the three loading points, and an elastic analysis was performed. The vertical displacement of the loading points was assumed to be the displacement of the implants under loading conditions, and analyses were performed for the three loading sites (Fig. <xref rid="Fig7" ref-type="fig">7</xref>).<fig id="Fig7"><label>Fig. 7</label><caption><p>A finite element analysis (FEA) model. (<italic>a</italic>) Buccal load, (<italic>b</italic>) central load, and (<italic>c</italic>) lingual load</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig7_HTML" id="MO7"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec12"><title>Measurements of the three-dimensional displacement in the FEA models</title><p>We analyzed the three-dimensional displacements of the three implants when 100 N of vertical load was applied. The assessment sites were the neck and tip of the implant, and the displacements of the implants under loading were analyzed with respect to the buccolingual direction (<italic>x</italic>-axis), the mesiodistal direction (<italic>y</italic>-axis), and the inferior-superior direction (<italic>z</italic>-axis).</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec13"><title>Measurement of strain</title><sec id="Sec14"><title>Measurement of strain in the experimental models</title><p>An Instron-type universal testing machine was used to run a compression test during which strain was measured simultaneously. The strain gauges and a laptop computer (Latitude E5500, Dell, Texas, USA) were connected to a sensor interface (PCD-300B, Kyowa Electronic Instruments, Tokyo, Japan), and the strain in the peri-implant bone during the application of a 100-N load was measured.</p></sec><sec id="Sec15"><title>Measurement of strain in the FEA models</title><p>The places on the experimental models where the strain gauges were applied were represented as coordinate points on the FEA models, and the strain in the FEA models was calculated by dividing the change in length between before and after loading by the length of the strain gauges.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec16"><title>Assessment of the stress distribution in the FEA models</title><p>An equivalent stress occurring in the peri-implant bone during loading was observed and assessed in a buccolingual cross-section of the no. 36 implant. The stress distributions were compared between placements.</p></sec><sec id="Sec17"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Compressed displacement and strain values were examined by two-way analysis of variance using differences in load site and placement as factors. The level of significance was set to 5 %. Subsequently, Tukey’s method was used to perform a multiple comparison test, and for this also, the level of significance was set to 5 %.</p><p>PASW Statistics Ver18 (SPSS, Tokyo, Japan) was used for statistical processing.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec18"><title>Results</title><sec id="Sec19"><title>Compressed displacement</title><p>Figures <xref rid="Fig8" ref-type="fig">8</xref> and <xref rid="Fig9" ref-type="fig">9</xref> and Tables <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref> and <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref> show the results for the compressed displacement of the implants, by loading site, during the application of a 100-N vertical load in each of the models.<fig id="Fig8"><label>Fig. 8</label><caption><p>The displacement of the implants under loading in experimental models</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig8_HTML" id="MO8"></graphic></fig><fig id="Fig9"><label>Fig. 9</label><caption><p>The displacement of the implants under loading in finite element analysis (FEA) models</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig9_HTML" id="MO9"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Means and standard deviations (SD) of displacement of the implants (μm) under loading in experimental models</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th rowspan="2">Models</th><th colspan="3">Displacement (μm)</th></tr><tr valign="top"><th>Buccal loading</th><th>Central loading</th><th>Lingual loading</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>Buccal offset</td><td char="±" align="char">54.60 ± 8.53</td><td char="±" align="char">37.39 ± 5.53</td><td char="±" align="char">40.22 ± 4.24</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Straight</td><td char="±" align="char">80.66 ± 7.47</td><td char="±" align="char">52.92 ± 1.07</td><td char="±" align="char">63.03 ± 3.69</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Lingual offset</td><td char="±" align="char">53.11 ± 4.35</td><td char="±" align="char">40.36 ± 3.18</td><td char="±" align="char">48.22 ± 4.18</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="Tab3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Means and standard deviations (SD) of displacement of the implants (μm) under loading in finite element analysis (FEA) models</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th rowspan="2">Models</th><th colspan="3">Displacement (μm)</th></tr><tr valign="top"><th>Buccal loading</th><th>Central loading</th><th>Lingual loading</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>Buccal offset</td><td char="±" align="char">72.24 ± 1.43</td><td char="±" align="char">28.24 ± 1.86</td><td char="±" align="char">28.02 ± 1.41</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Straight</td><td char="±" align="char">68.49 ± 5.24</td><td char="±" align="char">31.43 ± 1.23</td><td char="±" align="char">40.18 ± 1.29</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Lingual offset</td><td char="±" align="char">49.63 ± 2.03</td><td char="±" align="char">26.39 ± 0.37</td><td char="±" align="char">38.44 ± 1.46</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p>In all placements, the compressed displacement in the experimental models and FEA models was greatest with buccal loading and smallest with central loading at the three loading points. For both the experimental models and the FEA models, the compressed displacement during buccal loading with straight placement was significantly greater than that with the L-offset (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). The compressed displacement during lingual loading with straight placement was significantly greater than that with the B-offset (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05).</p></sec><sec id="Sec20"><title>Three-dimensional displacement in the FEA models</title><p>Figure <xref rid="Fig10" ref-type="fig">10</xref> shows the results for the three-dimensional displacement of the implants, by loading site, during the application of a 100-N vertical load. Displacement in the buccolingual direction (<italic>x</italic>-axis direction) during buccal loading exhibited movement such that the implant neck was displaced to the buccal side, the implant tip was displaced to the lingual side, and the implant body rotated and tilted to the loading side. There was little displacement of the implant tip during lingual loading, while the implant body showed movement with the displacement to the lingual side. The least displacement was observed during central loading. Displacement in the mesiodistal direction (<italic>y</italic>-axis direction) was such that the three implant bodies were rotated and tilted distally at all three loading sites. The three-dimensional displacement in the vertical direction (<italic>z</italic>-axis direction) was such that in all three loading sites, no. 36 was displaced the most, and the more mesial the implant body, the lesser the displacement was, and the distal parts sank. The least displacement was during central loading; buccal loading and lingual loading exhibited similar displacements. Between placements, similar trends were found, and differences in implant placement were not found to affect the three-dimensional displacement or the direction of displacement.<fig id="Fig10"><label>Fig. 10</label><caption><p>The displacement of the three implants</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig10_HTML" id="MO10"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec21"><title>Strain on the peri-implant bone</title><sec id="Sec22"><title>Strain in the experimental models</title><p>Figure <xref rid="Fig11" ref-type="fig">11</xref> and Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref> show the strain, by loading site, in the implant part corresponding to the first molar in the experimental models during the application of a 100-N vertical load.<fig id="Fig11"><label>Fig. 11</label><caption><p>The strain around the no. 36 implant in the experimental models</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig11_HTML" id="MO11"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="Tab4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Means and standard deviations (SD) of strain around the no. 36 implant (με) in the experimental models</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th rowspan="2">Models</th><th rowspan="2">Loading</th><th colspan="4">Strain (με)</th></tr><tr valign="top"><th>Strain M</th><th>Strain B</th><th>Strain D</th><th>Strain L</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="3">Buccal offset</td><td>Buccal loading</td><td char="±" align="char">−599.33 ± 595.46</td><td>−4507.35 ± 1192.62</td><td char="±" align="char">1164.77 ± 169.94</td><td char="±" align="char">−148.09 ± 174.19</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Central loading</td><td>−697.29 ± 651.92</td><td char="±" align="char">−2526.69 ± 570.91</td><td char="±" align="char">1272.93 ± 144.11</td><td char="±" align="char">−1038.21 ± 151.61</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Lingual loading</td><td char="±" align="char">−928.19 ± 779.29</td><td char="±" align="char">−536.22 ± 431.65</td><td char="±" align="char">1458.01 ± 281.15</td><td char="±" align="char">−1997.40 ± 93.43</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="3">Straight</td><td>Buccal loading</td><td char="±" align="char">−0.64 ± 762.69</td><td char="±" align="char">−2462.40 ± 2202.81</td><td char="±" align="char">650.61 ± 926.87</td><td char="±" align="char">7.84 ± 171.37</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Central loading</td><td char="±" align="char">7.80 ± 597.37</td><td char="±" align="char">−907.59 ± 1126.39</td><td char="±" align="char">608.12 ± 804.44</td><td char="±" align="char">−1131.15 ± 713.48</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Lingual loading</td><td char="±" align="char">−46.63 ± 503.19</td><td char="±" align="char">374.18 ± 85.59</td><td char="±" align="char">535.71 ± 624.55</td><td char="±" align="char">−2135.81 ± 1341.85</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="3">Lingual offset</td><td>Buccal loading</td><td char="±" align="char">137.71 ± 198.50</td><td char="±" align="char">−1116.87 ± 846.02</td><td char="±" align="char">442.81 ± 620.37</td><td char="±" align="char">−441.78 ± 735.38</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Central loading</td><td char="±" align="char">157.83 ± 137.02</td><td char="±" align="char">−494.15 ± 565.61</td><td char="±" align="char">18.56 ± 645.98</td><td char="±" align="char">−1236.11 ± 1290.83</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Lingual loading</td><td char="±" align="char">171.26 ± 104.51</td><td char="±" align="char">125.42 ± 283.74</td><td char="±" align="char">−234.42 ± 662.75</td><td char="±" align="char">−2085.35 ± 1804.50</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p>Considerable compressive strain was observed with the load-side strain gauges in all placements, and similar trends were observed between placements. As much as about 4500 με of compressive strain was observed. Strain B was significantly higher for the B-offset than for any of the other placements during buccal loading (Table <xref rid="Tab5" ref-type="table">5</xref>). Strain L did not show a significant difference between placements during lingual loading (Table <xref rid="Tab6" ref-type="table">6</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab5"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Tukey’s test for strain B in the experimental models</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th colspan="2">Models</th><th>Mean difference</th><th><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>Straight</td><td>B-offset</td><td char="." align="char">1524.82</td><td char="." align="char">0.044</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Straight</td><td>L-offset</td><td char="." align="char">−503.40</td><td char="." align="char">0.670</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>B-offset</td><td>L-offset</td><td char="." align="char">−2028.22</td><td char="." align="char">0.007</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="Tab6"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Tukey’s test for strain L in the experimental models</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th colspan="2">Models</th><th>Mean difference</th><th><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>Straight</td><td>B-offset</td><td char="." align="char">−25.14</td><td char="." align="char">0.999</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Straight</td><td>L-offset</td><td char="." align="char">168.04</td><td char="." align="char">0.948</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>B-offset</td><td>L-offset</td><td char="." align="char">193.18</td><td char="." align="char">0.932</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="Sec23"><title>Strain in the FEA models</title><p>Figure <xref rid="Fig12" ref-type="fig">12</xref> and Table <xref rid="Tab7" ref-type="table">7</xref> show the strain, by loading site, in the implant part corresponding to the first molar in the FEA models during the application of a 100-N vertical load.<fig id="Fig12"><label>Fig. 12</label><caption><p>The strain around the no. 36 implant in the finite element analysis (FEA) models</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig12_HTML" id="MO12"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="Tab7"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Means and standard deviations (SD) of strain around the no. 36 implant (με) in the finite element analysis (FEA) models</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th rowspan="2">Models</th><th rowspan="2">Loading</th><th colspan="4">Strain (με)</th></tr><tr valign="top"><th>Strain M</th><th>Strain B</th><th>Strain D</th><th>Strain L</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="3">Buccal offset</td><td>Buccal loading</td><td>−222.34 ± 158.56</td><td>−934.84 ± 76.82</td><td>252.11 ± 103.72</td><td>−98.32 95.94</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Central loading</td><td>−336.26 ± 94.27</td><td>−477.17 ± 87.68</td><td>35.05 ± 102.98</td><td>−385.89 ± 240.13</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Lingual loading</td><td>−448.13 ± 78.51</td><td>−49.85 ± 139.33</td><td>−210.45 ± 206.82</td><td>−676.08 ± 383.54</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="3">Straight</td><td>Buccal loading</td><td>−203.99 ± 99.82</td><td>−1717.66 ± 179.51</td><td>124.50 ± 30.18</td><td>−72.26 ± 86.36</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Central loading</td><td>−151.55 ± 110.05</td><td>−857.84 ± 83.22</td><td>21.12 ± 157.01</td><td>−447.40 ± 140.88</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Lingual loading</td><td>−94.09 ± 97.43</td><td>−95.19 ± 81.18</td><td>−47.47 ± 275.05</td><td>−817.47 ± 215.71</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td rowspan="3">Lingual offset</td><td>Buccal loading</td><td>−397.70 ± 51.11</td><td>−1121.79 ± 453.39</td><td>−68.01 ± 87.44</td><td>−204.14 ± 14.05</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Central loading</td><td>−293.21 ± 56.29</td><td>−574.07 ± 261.34</td><td>−176.54 ± 16.66</td><td>−696.83 ± 87.11</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Lingual loading</td><td>−175.14 ± 171.13</td><td>−3.47 ± 51.47</td><td>−289.54 ± 78.95</td><td>−1248.16 ± 180.57</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p>Similar to the experimental models, considerable compressive strain was observed on the load side in all placements, and similar trends were noted between placements. As much as about 1700 με of compressive strain was observed. Strain B was significantly greater with straight placement than with offset placement during buccal loading (Table <xref rid="Tab8" ref-type="table">8</xref>). Stain L with lingual loading was significantly higher in the L-offset than in the B-offset (Table <xref rid="Tab9" ref-type="table">9</xref>). There were differences between the experimental and FEA models in the magnitude of strain around the peri-implant bone. However, the trends for the occurrence of strain based on differences in loading site were similar between the two groups.<table-wrap id="Tab8"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>Tukey’s test for strain B in the FEA models</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th colspan="2">Models</th><th>Mean difference</th><th><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>Straight</td><td>B-offset</td><td char="." align="char">−402.94</td><td char="." align="char">0.007</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Straight</td><td>L-offset</td><td char="." align="char">−323.79</td><td char="." align="char">0.029</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>B-offset</td><td>L-offset</td><td char="." align="char">79.16</td><td char="." align="char">0.772</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="Tab9"><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>Tukey’s test for strain L in the FEA models</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th colspan="2">Models</th><th>Mean difference</th><th><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td>Straight</td><td>B-offset</td><td char="." align="char">−58.94</td><td char="." align="char">0.855</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>Straight</td><td>L-offset</td><td char="." align="char">270.67</td><td char="." align="char">0.061</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>B-offset</td><td>L-offset</td><td char="." align="char">329.61</td><td char="." align="char">0.020</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec24"><title>Stress distributions in the FEA models</title><p>Figures <xref rid="Fig13" ref-type="fig">13</xref> and <xref rid="Fig14" ref-type="fig">14</xref> show the stress distributions in the peri-implant bone in the FEA models during the application of a 100-N vertical load. In all placements, considerable stress was concentrated in the load-side peri-implant bone. Stress was found to be concentrated over a broad range in the cancellous bone surrounding the implant body bottom in the B-offset during buccal loading and in the L-offset during lingual loading.<fig id="Fig13"><label>Fig. 13</label><caption><p>The distribution of equivalent stress around the peri-implant bone in the finite element analysis (FEA) models</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig13_HTML" id="MO13"></graphic></fig><fig id="Fig14"><label>Fig. 14</label><caption><p>The distribution of equivalent stress around the no. 36 implant in the finite element analysis (FEA) models</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig14_HTML" id="MO14"></graphic></fig></p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec25"><title>Discussion</title><sec id="Sec26"><title>Experimental models</title><p>Reported studies verifying the effects of offset placement include ones where implant bodies were embedded in rectangular experimental models [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>], ones where rectangular bone models were constructed with FEA models [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>], and ones where FEA models were constructed from CT data on human mandibles [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>]. The artificial mandible models used in the present study were type II in the Lekholm and Zarb classification [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">24</xref>] and created using clinically valid estimates of bone quality, bone structure, and bone morphology. If the effects of implant placement alone are being verified, then models that are simple in form can be used. However, artificial mandibles were used in the present study in order to take into account the constraints on offset amounts due to anatomical morphology, the differences in stress distribution in the surrounding bone due to bone morphology, and other aspects of clinical practice.</p></sec><sec id="Sec27"><title>FEA models</title><p>Analysis was done with FEA models, in which the cancellous bone was simplified as being a homogeneous body. FEA models have been reported to be useful for verifying the behavior of implants when loaded [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">22</xref>], and so, the effects of different placements were verified with FEA models and compared with the results from the experimental models. In a previous study, Omori et al. compared the compressed displacement between experimental models and FEA models to verify the validity of the FEA models [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">22</xref>]. They reported that the constraint conditions in the artificial mandible bottom and differences in the actual Young’s modulus were two reasons why the two models produced different absolute values for the compressed displacement. In order to apply the actual Young’s modulus to the FEA models in the present study, FEA models with a known Young’s modulus were created and the resulting values of compressed displacement were compared with the results from the experimental models; after the appropriate Young’s modulus was found, the FEA models were created again for further analysis. In previous studies verifying the usefulness of offset placement, one set of FEA models was created and analyzed by changing the conditions or settings. Few studies used different FEA models with the same placement models [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>]. In the present study, we carried out the same experiments with both the models to verify the validity of each analysis.</p><p>Moreover, considering the possibility of error while using an implant placement guide, we created many FEA models for each placement to compare the accuracy between the same placement models used with different FEA models.</p></sec><sec id="Sec28"><title>Use of multiple analyses</title><p>Most studies verifying the usefulness of offset placement used a single technique for analysis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>]. Therefore, the results regarding the usefulness of offset placement vary depending on the techniques used in the studies, and hence, the issue remains controversial. The present study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of offset placement objectively by using two analyses—experimental and FEA models—and to verify the validity of each analysis. The limitation with experimental models is that it is not possible to observe internal stress, while FEA models have the disadvantage that it is required to confirm the agreement of the results with those obtained from the oral cavity of the living body. In the present study, we believe that it was possible to evaluate the usefulness of offset placement objectively by using multiple analyses so that the disadvantage of each analysis was compensated for by the other.</p></sec><sec id="Sec29"><title>Sites of strain measurement</title><p>There is reportedly a concentration of stress in the surrounding cortical bone when occlusal load is applied to an implant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">22</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">25</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">26</xref>]. Based on this, the strain gauges were applied to the peri-implant bone surface in the present study as well.</p></sec><sec id="Sec30"><title>Experimental results</title><sec id="Sec31"><title>Amount of compressed displacement</title><p>The experimental models and FEA models were similar and exhibited the same trends for compressed displacement based on differences in loading sites. In all placements, central loading resulted in the least compressed displacement and buccal loading the greatest. Thus, compressed displacement exhibited the same trend in the experimental models and FEA models. The results of both models may be reliable. When the effects of offset placement are considered, there is the concept of the load-supporting area (Fig. <xref rid="Fig15" ref-type="fig">15</xref>) put forth by Sato [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">27</xref>]. The load-supporting area is the area surrounded by the lines connecting the implant peripheries, and if a loading point falls within this area, there is little lateral force on the implant body. In the L-offset with buccal loading and the B-offset with lingual loading conditions, where the loading points are close to the load-supporting area, there is significantly less force than there is with straight placement (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Compared to the experimental models, the FEA models showed 10 μm less compressed displacement, but this may be the influence of the minute perturbations caused by differences in the constraint conditions in the artificial mandible bottom. The ability to completely reproduce the behaviors of experimental models with the FEA models would produce results with better approximation.<fig id="Fig15"><label>Fig. 15</label><caption><p>Load supporting area in the superstructures</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40729_2016_50_Fig15_HTML" id="MO15"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec32"><title>Three-dimensional displacement in the FEA models</title><p>Similar trends were observed in the direction and magnitude of displacement between placements. Buccal loading exhibited considerable motion towards the buccal rotation/tilting of the implant bodies, and lingual loading exhibited little motion towards lingual displacement. This corresponds to the fact that there was more compressed displacement during buccal loading than during lingual loading.</p></sec><sec id="Sec33"><title>Strain on the peri-implant bone</title><p>In past reports where models were used, it was reported that compressive strain in the peri-implant bone occurs in sites close to the loading side and tensile strain occurs on the side opposite to the loading side [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">25</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">28</xref>]. Concentration of stress leads to bone resorption [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>]. In the experimental models in the present study as well, considerable compressive strain was observed in the loading-side peri-implant bone. Strain in the FEA models also exhibited considerable compressive strain on the loading side, similar to the experimental models. In terms of quantitative data for comparison with the experimental models, the length of the places where the strain gauges were applied was measured on the FEA models and the strain was calculated from the length before and after loading and compared with the experimental models. In previous verifications of offset placement with FEA models [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>], the maximum stress that occurs in the peri-implant bone has been measured and compared with the observed stress distribution with straight placement. In the present study, we measured strain at the same sites in the experimental models and the FEA models, and therefore, we believe that it was possible to carry out a more multifaceted and objective assessment of the mechanical effects on the surrounding bone. The strain values for the experimental and FEA models showed similar trends with change in the loading site and placement of implants. However, the values of strain were different between the experimental and FEA models, the difference being greater than 10-fold at several sites. While comparing the experimental and FEA models, the difference in the accuracy of the cancellous bone and the difference in boundary conditions for the implant and the bone would affect the strain values. The cancellous bone in the experimental model was made of urethane resin foam that mimicked the trabecular structure. The cancellous bone of the FEA model, on the other hand, had a uniform structure, not a trabecular one. This seems to be the reason behind the difference in the strain values between the experimental and FEA models. While determining the boundary conditions between the implant and the artificial mandibular bone, immediate loading was assumed, but not osseointegration. The implant and artificial mandible in the FEA model were in complete contact. The coefficient of friction of the interface between the implants and artificial mandibular bones was set to zero. The boundary conditions of the experimental model were not bonded together, but they were completely fitted together mechanically. The difference in boundary conditions would affect the difference in strain values between the experimental and FEA models. Regarding how different placements affect strain, there was a trend for the strain to be greater when the loading site was at a greater distance from the load-supporting area (Fig. <xref rid="Fig15" ref-type="fig">15</xref>). In addition, there was not a significantly less strain site by offset placement. Anitua et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">29</xref>] have reported that offset placement did not affect marginal bone loss around the implant in the oral cavity of the living body. Overloading of the peri-implant bone has been reported to result in bone resorption [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>], and the concentration of considerable stress in the load-side peri-implant bone observed in our study confirms this. Hence, we conclude that our observation that offset placement did not reduce the stress around the peri-implant bone in both the experimental and FEA models is similar to that of the clinical report by Anitua et al. In addition, we also conclude that our results confirm the validity of both analyses. Thus, offset placement may not necessarily be more biomechanically effective than straight placement.</p></sec><sec id="Sec34"><title>Stress distribution</title><p>Concentration of stress in the loading-side peri-implant bone was observed in all placements and for both the experimental and the FEA models. Considerable stress was also found to be concentrated in the no. 36 peri-implant bone in buccal loading with buccal offset and lingual loading with lingual offset. Similar to the strain results, stress was observed in a large range under conditions where the loading site was far from the load-supporting area (Fig. <xref rid="Fig15" ref-type="fig">15</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec35"><title>Limitations of the study</title><p>This study does have a few limitations. The only items assessed in these experiments were the compressed displacement of the implant bodies and strain in the peri-implant bone. More specifically, the stress and strain applied to the implant bodies themselves, among other items, should be verified in order to verify the effects of offset placement. Moreover, the occlusal loading conditions and the jawbone models used in this study were different from those in the body, and hence, future studies addressing these limitations are needed.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec36"><title>Conclusions</title><p>In the present study, which aimed to verify the biomechanical effects of offset placement on peri-implant bone, we created multiple finite element models and models where implants were actually placed. We compared the compressed displacement as well as the strain and stress distribution in the peri-implant bone between both kinds of models, and the results can be summarized as follows:<list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Central loading resulted in the least compressed displacement in all placements in the experimental models as well as the FEA models.</p></list-item><list-item><p>In both the experimental models and the FEA models, compressive stress was observed to be concentrated in the loading-side peri-implant bone.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The strain and stress was significantly greater under conditions of offset placement where the loading site was far from the load-supporting area.</p></list-item></list></p><p>These results suggest that compared to straight placement, offset placement is not necessarily more biomechanically effective.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Competing interests</bold></p><p>Yuta Shimura, Yuji Sato, Noboru Kitagawa, and Miyuki Omori declare that they have no competing interests.</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Authors’ contributions</bold></p><p>YS drafted the manuscript. YS, NK, and MO contributed advice for the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p></fn></fn-group><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We are sincerely grateful for the assistance we received from the teaching staff of the Geriatric Dentistry course at Showa University Dental Hospital; Professor Takashi Miyazaki and the late Akihiro Fujishima of the Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Oral Biomaterials and Engineering; Professor Masanori Nakamura of the Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology; and Professor Masahiko Ozeki of the Department of Implant Dentistry. The present study was funded in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research C (no. 25463016) by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture. 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