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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis and after kidney transplantation</title><author><name sortKey="Schmalz, Gerhard" sort="Schmalz, Gerhard" uniqKey="Schmalz G" first="Gerhard" last="Schmalz">Gerhard Schmalz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kauffels, Anne" sort="Kauffels, Anne" uniqKey="Kauffels A" first="Anne" last="Kauffels">Anne Kauffels</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kollmar, Otto" sort="Kollmar, Otto" uniqKey="Kollmar O" first="Otto" last="Kollmar">Otto Kollmar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Present address: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, HELIOS Dr. Horst Schmidt-Kliniken, Wiesbaden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slotta, Jan E" sort="Slotta, Jan E" uniqKey="Slotta J" first="Jan E." last="Slotta">Jan E. Slotta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Present address: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, St. Ingbert County Hospital, St. Ingbert, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasko, Radovan" sort="Vasko, Radovan" uniqKey="Vasko R" first="Radovan" last="Vasko">Radovan Vasko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Gerhard A" sort="Muller, Gerhard A" uniqKey="Muller G" first="Gerhard A." last="Müller">Gerhard A. Müller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haak, Rainer" sort="Haak, Rainer" uniqKey="Haak R" first="Rainer" last="Haak">Rainer Haak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ziebolz, Dirk" sort="Ziebolz, Dirk" uniqKey="Ziebolz D" first="Dirk" last="Ziebolz">Dirk Ziebolz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27531498</idno><idno type="pmc">4988025</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4988025</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4988025</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12903-016-0274-0</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000C08</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000C08</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis and after kidney transplantation</title><author><name sortKey="Schmalz, Gerhard" sort="Schmalz, Gerhard" uniqKey="Schmalz G" first="Gerhard" last="Schmalz">Gerhard Schmalz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kauffels, Anne" sort="Kauffels, Anne" uniqKey="Kauffels A" first="Anne" last="Kauffels">Anne Kauffels</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kollmar, Otto" sort="Kollmar, Otto" uniqKey="Kollmar O" first="Otto" last="Kollmar">Otto Kollmar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Present address: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, HELIOS Dr. Horst Schmidt-Kliniken, Wiesbaden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slotta, Jan E" sort="Slotta, Jan E" uniqKey="Slotta J" first="Jan E." last="Slotta">Jan E. Slotta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Present address: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, St. Ingbert County Hospital, St. Ingbert, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasko, Radovan" sort="Vasko, Radovan" uniqKey="Vasko R" first="Radovan" last="Vasko">Radovan Vasko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Gerhard A" sort="Muller, Gerhard A" uniqKey="Muller G" first="Gerhard A." last="Müller">Gerhard A. Müller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haak, Rainer" sort="Haak, Rainer" uniqKey="Haak R" first="Rainer" last="Haak">Rainer Haak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ziebolz, Dirk" sort="Ziebolz, Dirk" uniqKey="Ziebolz D" first="Dirk" last="Ziebolz">Dirk Ziebolz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Oral Health</title><idno type="eISSN">1472-6831</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Aim of this single center cross-sectional study was to investigate oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and after kidney transplantation (KT).</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Patients undergoing HD for end-stage renal failure and after KT were investigated. Oral health behavior was recorded using a standardized questionnaire, e.g. dental behavior, tooth brushing, oral hygiene aids. Oral investigation included screening of oral mucosa, dental findings (DMF-T) and periodontal situation (Papilla bleeding index [PBI] periodontal probing depth [PPD] and clinical attachment loss [CAL]). Additionally, microbiological analysis of subgingival biofilm samples (PCR) was performed. Statistical analysis: Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test or Mann–Whitney-<italic>U</italic>-test, Fisher’s exact test (α = 5 %).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A total of 70 patients (HD: <italic>n</italic> = 35, KT: <italic>n</italic> = 35) with a mean age of 56.4 ± 11.1 (HD) and 55.8 ± 10.9 (KT) years were included. Lack in use of additional oral hygiene (dental floss, inter-dental brush) was found. KT group presented significantly more gingivial overgrowth (<italic>p</italic> = 0.01). DMF-T was 19.47 ± 5.84 (HD) and 17.61 ± 5.81 (KT; <italic>p</italic> = 0.21). Majority of patients had clinically moderate and severe periodontitis; showing a need for periodontal treatment of 57 % (HD) and 71 % (KT; <italic>p</italic> = 0.30). Significantly higher prevalence of <italic>Parvimonas micra</italic> and <italic>Capnocytophaga species</italic> in the HD group were found (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Periodontal treatment need and lack in oral behavior for both groups indicate the necessity of an improved early treatment and prevention of dental and periodontal disease, e.g. in form of special care programs. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Oral Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Oral Health</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Oral Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1472-6831</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27531498</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4988025</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">274</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12903-016-0274-0</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis and after kidney transplantation</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schmalz</surname><given-names>Gerhard</given-names></name><address><email>gerhard.schmalz@medizin.uni-leipzig.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kauffels</surname><given-names>Anne</given-names></name><address><email>anne.kauffels@med.uni-goettingen.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kollmar</surname><given-names>Otto</given-names></name><address><email>Otto.Kollmar@helios-kliniken.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slotta</surname><given-names>Jan E.</given-names></name><address><email>jan.slotta@med.uni-goettingen.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vasko</surname><given-names>Radovan</given-names></name><address><email>radovan.vasko@med.uni-goettingen.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Müller</surname><given-names>Gerhard A.</given-names></name><address><email>gmueller@med.uni-goettingen.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haak</surname><given-names>Rainer</given-names></name><address><email>rainer.haak@medizin.uni-leipzig.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Ziebolz</surname><given-names>Dirk</given-names></name><address><phone>+49 341 97 21211</phone><email>dirk.ziebolz@medizin.uni-leipzig.de</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>Present address: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, HELIOS Dr. Horst Schmidt-Kliniken, Wiesbaden, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label>Present address: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, St. Ingbert County Hospital, St. Ingbert, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label>Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>17</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><elocation-id>72</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>9</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s). 2016</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Aim of this single center cross-sectional study was to investigate oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and after kidney transplantation (KT).</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Patients undergoing HD for end-stage renal failure and after KT were investigated. Oral health behavior was recorded using a standardized questionnaire, e.g. dental behavior, tooth brushing, oral hygiene aids. Oral investigation included screening of oral mucosa, dental findings (DMF-T) and periodontal situation (Papilla bleeding index [PBI] periodontal probing depth [PPD] and clinical attachment loss [CAL]). Additionally, microbiological analysis of subgingival biofilm samples (PCR) was performed. Statistical analysis: Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test or Mann–Whitney-<italic>U</italic>-test, Fisher’s exact test (α = 5 %).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A total of 70 patients (HD: <italic>n</italic> = 35, KT: <italic>n</italic> = 35) with a mean age of 56.4 ± 11.1 (HD) and 55.8 ± 10.9 (KT) years were included. Lack in use of additional oral hygiene (dental floss, inter-dental brush) was found. KT group presented significantly more gingivial overgrowth (<italic>p</italic> = 0.01). DMF-T was 19.47 ± 5.84 (HD) and 17.61 ± 5.81 (KT; <italic>p</italic> = 0.21). Majority of patients had clinically moderate and severe periodontitis; showing a need for periodontal treatment of 57 % (HD) and 71 % (KT; <italic>p</italic> = 0.30). Significantly higher prevalence of <italic>Parvimonas micra</italic> and <italic>Capnocytophaga species</italic> in the HD group were found (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Periodontal treatment need and lack in oral behavior for both groups indicate the necessity of an improved early treatment and prevention of dental and periodontal disease, e.g. in form of special care programs. Regarding microbiological findings, no major differences between KT and HD patients were found.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Dental care</kwd><kwd>Hemodialysis</kwd><kwd>Kidney transplantation</kwd><kwd>Oral health</kwd><kwd>Oral hygiene</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2016</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1" sec-type="introduction"><title>Background</title><p>When the functional capacity of the kidneys decreases below 5–10 % of the normal efficiency, renal replacement therapy, i.e. hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation (KT) is necessary as a life-supporting measure [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>]. HD, which improves the long-term survival of patients with end stage kidney disease, is the most common form of renal replacement therapy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>]. Patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) for chronic renal failure often suffer from different systemic changes such as general weakening and increased susceptibility toward infection [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>]. Alongside with these systemic changes these patients often present high need for dental and periodontal treatment due to various reasons [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>]. Hemodialysis and reduction of oral fluid intake can lead to reduced saliva and xerostomia resulting in changes of the oral mucous membranes, increased dental calculus formation and thus leading to risk for viral and fungal infection [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>]. In addition, a considerably high percentage of hemodialysis patients neglect oral hygiene measures, which is frequently caused by high burden of HD [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>]. Accordingly, oral health is often getting worse during HD therapy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>].</p><p>A further aspect is the fact, that HD patients are also candidates for KT [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>]. Due to the immunosuppression, patients with organ transplantations are on a potentially higher risk in dental practice [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>]. In order to avoid complications caused by dental interventions in transplant patients, a dental investigation before organ transplantation is recommended [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>]. Furthermore, patients waiting for organ transplantation should be early dentally rehabilitated [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>]. Beside of that, the associated immunosuppressive therapy often leads to undesired oral effects, especially gingival overgrowth or oral infections with Candida species [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>]. Consequently, a good maintenance is needed for transplant and HD patients to reduce oral inflammation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>].</p><p>Considering these demands, it should be expected, that patients after KT show a better oral hygiene compared to patients under HD. Furthermore, both KT and HD patients should show better oral health behavior and status compared to general population. However, the current data show a reduced oral health behavior and status, especially for HD patients [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>], what is contradictory to the demand of a sufficient maintenance of these patients. Very few data concerning this are available, especially for KT patients [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>]. Accordingly, a recent meta-analysis concluded further investigations of these patients to be necessary [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>]. Therefore, the current study examined patients with renal insufficiency undergoing hemodialysis and after kidney transplantation for their oral hygiene behavior, dental and periodontal status. Additionally, all patients were screened for periodontal pathogens. It was therefore aim of the current study to test the hypothesis that KT patients have better oral health behavior and status compared to HD patients.</p></sec><sec id="Sec2" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Methods</title><p>This clinical single center cross-sectional study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (No. 43/9/07). All patients provided written informed consent and guidelines for ethical approvals for human subjects were followed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p><sec id="Sec3"><title>Patients</title><p>The included HD and KT patients are part of a dialysis and transplant study and were selected for this specific question using previously defined in- and exclusion as well as specific matching criteria. No preliminary power calculation was performed. The patient group size was determined by the number of patients after KT attending the Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery of the University Medical Center Goettingen (transplant center) from February to July 2012. Patients undergoing HD for end-stage renal failure attending the Department of Nephrology of the University Medical Center Goettingen were matched according to age, gender, smoking habits and diabetes status of the KT group, if possible.</p><p>HD group: Patients who before had been registered on the Eurotransplant waiting list for KT were asked to voluntarily participate in the current study. The following exclusion criteria were defined: patients <18 years, presence of an additional infectious disease (HIV or TBC infection), seizure or nervous disorder and inability to undergo oral examination.</p><p>KT group: Patients having undergone KT irrespective to the time span since transplantation were asked to take part in the current study in the context of a regular/routine subsequent appointment at the transplantation outpatient clinic of the University Medical Center Goettingen. Exclusion criteria were equal in both groups. Patients were assigned to one group only. Patients with dental or periodontal treatment need were not treated, but informed about the necessity of treatment.</p></sec><sec id="Sec4"><title>Patient questionnaire</title><p>Both groups of patients were asked to fill out a standardized questionnaire regarding their general anamnesis (general illnesses, general medication, reason for dialysis and/or transplantation, especially for KT: date of transplantation and current immunosuppressive therapy). In a special dental questionnaire patients were interrogated whether information about the association between oral health and dialysis/transplantation had been provided and a dental check-up or comprehensive dental treatment had taken place before transplantation (during HD time) or registration on the Eurotransplant waiting list (yes/no, when). In addition, patients were questioned about their personal oral hygiene behavior (tooth brushing, additional oral hygiene aids), and their habit of visiting their dentist, i.e. regular dental check-up or only in case of complaints. The questionnaires were designed in accordance to previous studies by this working group [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">21</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="Sec5"><title>Dental examination</title><p>All patients were examined under standardized conditions in a dental unit with light using mirror and probe. The examination was performed by a skilled dentist in the Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University Medical Center Goettingen. Investigation included inspection of the oral mucous membranes, dental findings and evaluation of the periodontal situation.</p><sec id="Sec6"><title>Inspection of the oral mucous membranes</title><p>At the beginning of the examination, the oral mucous membranes were examined visually to detect existing gingival overgrowth (yes or no).</p></sec><sec id="Sec7"><title>Dental findings (DMF-T)</title><p>The DMF-T was assessed visually with mirror and probe. Based on the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth, the DMF-T index was determined: All teeth with a reasonable suspicion of/or definitely showing a cavity in the dentine layer was assigned to the D (= decayed) component, filled and crowned teeth were evaluated component F (=filled), missing teeth were assigned to the M (=missing) component. The DMF-T generally reflects the caries experience of the person examined. In addition, the degree of caries restoration (%) was calculated: ratio of filled teeth (FT) to the carious (DT) plus filled teeth (FT) (FT/(DT + FT) × 100) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">22</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="Sec8"><title>Periodontal situation</title><p>Assessment of gingival inflammation was performed with Papilla bleeding index (PBI) using a periodontal probe (PCP 15; Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL, USA); PBI ranged from score 0 (no bleeding/inflammation-free gingiva) to 4 (profuse bleeding/severe inflammation) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">23</xref>]. To investigate periodontal situation a periodontal status was executed, including periodontal probing depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP: positive) as well as clinical attachment loss (CAL) at 6 measurement points per tooth using a millimeter-scaled periodontal probe (PCP 15; Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL, USA). According to the definition of Page and Eke [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">24</xref>] periodontitis was determined in three categories: 1) severe periodontitis, 2) moderate periodontitis or 3) no/mild periodontitis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">24</xref>]. The periodontal treatment need was determined by the results of the periodontal status according the periodontal screening index (PSR®/PSI); periodontal treatment need: PSR®/PSI scores of 3 (PPD: 3.5–5.5 mm) and 4 (PPD: > 5,5 mm) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">25</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">27</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec9"><title>Microbiological analysis</title><p>After removal of supragingival plaque from ≥2 teeth (maxilla and mandible) up to a maximum of four teeth (first to fourth quadrant) with the deepest periodontal pockets, subgingival plaque biofilm samples were taken using sterile paper tips (10 s) and pooled. To avoid contamination with saliva, cotton rolls were placed before sample collection. Paper points, which were contaminated with blood, were discarded. Microbiological analysis of the periodontal pathogens was carried out using polymerase chain reaction analysis (PCR) in the clinical laboratory of the Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University Medical Center Goettingen. For the semiquantitative detection of the bacterial colonization of the patients’ oral samples a commercial test system was used (Micro-IDentplus®-Test, HainLifescience, Nehren, Germany) according to the manufacturers protocol. The amplification was executed using a 35-μl mixture of primers and dNTPs (Hain Lifescience, Nehren, Germany), 10.5 μl Mastermix (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and 5 μl of the DNA sample or 5 μl of water as a negative control. Amplification cycles were performed in a thermo cycler (Biometra, Goettingen, Germany). The hybridization was executed in accordance to Micro-IDent plus protocol in a TwinCubator (Hain Lifescience, Nehren, Germany).</p><p>With this analysis, the following 11 different periodontal pathogenic bacteria were detected: <italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</italic> (<italic>Aa, detection threshold >10</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>)<italic>, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Parvimonas micra (PM), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Campylobacter rectus (Cr), Eubacterium nodatum (En), Eikenalla corrodens (Ec), Capnocytophaga species(Cs);</italic> detection threshold >10<sup>3</sup>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec10"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Data were entered prospectively in a Microsoft Excel-based database (Microsoft Corporation, Redmont, WA, USA). Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software package SPSS Statistics 21® (IBM, Chicago, USA). Data are presented as absolute numbers, mean value (MV) ± standard deviation (SD), or percentage unless indicated otherwise. For quantitative data, comparison of mean values was performed using Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test or Mann–Whitney-<italic>U</italic>-test, depending on normal distribution of the data, respectively. Categorical variables were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test. A <italic>p</italic>-value 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec11" sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><sec id="Sec12"><title>Patients</title><p>A total of 70 patients (HD: <italic>n</italic> = 35, KT: <italic>n</italic> = 35) with a mean age of was 56.4 ± 11.1 (HD) and 55.8 ± 10.9 (KT) years were included in the current study. All demographic data, underlying kidney disease for dialysis/transplantation and immunosuppresive medication are listed in Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>.<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Characteristics of patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD, <italic>n</italic> = 35) and after kidney transplantation (KT, <italic>n</italic> = 35). Data are given as %(n) or mean ± standard deviation, [range]</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th>HD group</th><th>KT group</th><th><italic>p</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2">Gender (female)</td><td>40 % (14)</td><td>43 % (15)</td><td>>0.05</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Age in years</td><td>56.4 ± 11.1 (29–79)</td><td>55.8 ± 10.9 (35–78)</td><td>>0.05</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Smoking habits</td><td>Smoker</td><td>17.6 % (6/34)</td><td>10 % (3/30)</td><td rowspan="2">>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>Non-smoker</td><td>82.4 % (28/34)</td><td>90 % (27/30)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Causal underlying disease</td><td>Polycystic kidney</td><td>8.6 % (3)</td><td>11.4 % (4)</td><td rowspan="5">>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>Unknown</td><td>5.7 % (2)</td><td>22.9 % (8)</td></tr><tr><td>Glomerulonephritis</td><td>28.6 % (10)</td><td>51.4 % (18)</td></tr><tr><td>Diabetic nephropathy</td><td>14.3 % (5)</td><td>2.9 % (1)</td></tr><tr><td>Others</td><td>42.8 % (15)</td><td>11.4 % (4)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Co-morbidities</td><td>Diabetes</td><td>14.3 % (5)</td><td>14.3 % (5)</td><td rowspan="6">>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>CHD</td><td>62.9 % (22)</td><td>28.6 % (10)</td></tr><tr><td>Arterial hypertension</td><td>94.3 % (33)</td><td>74.3 % (26)</td></tr><tr><td>Pulmonary disease</td><td>28.6 % (10)</td><td>14.3 % (5)</td></tr><tr><td>Tumor</td><td>25.7 % (9)</td><td>8.6 % (3)</td></tr><tr><td>Osteoporosis</td><td>11.4 % (4)</td><td>17.1 % (6)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Time after KT</td><td>Years</td><td rowspan="3">-</td><td>14.1 ± 7.1 [4–30]</td><td rowspan="3">-</td></tr><tr><td>>1 to 5 years</td><td>11.4 % (4)</td></tr><tr><td>>5 years</td><td>88.4 % (31)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Time undergoing HD</td><td>Years</td><td>5.5 ± 6.4 [1–36]</td><td rowspan="4">-</td><td rowspan="4">-</td></tr><tr><td><1 year</td><td>13.3 %</td></tr><tr><td>>1 to 5 years</td><td>38.2 % (13)</td></tr><tr><td>>5 years</td><td>35.3 % (12)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Immunosuppressive medication</td><td>Tacrolimus (Prograf)</td><td rowspan="6">-</td><td>11 % (4)</td><td rowspan="6">-</td></tr><tr><td>Tacrolimus (Advagraf)</td><td>26 % (9)</td></tr><tr><td>Cyclosporin A</td><td>34 % (12)</td></tr><tr><td>MMF (Cellcept)</td><td>23 % (8)</td></tr><tr><td>MMF (Myfortic)</td><td>26 % (9)</td></tr><tr><td>GC (Prednisolon)</td><td>43 % (15)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Significance level < 0.05</p><p><italic>CHD</italic> coronary heart disease, <italic>MMF</italic> Mycophenolat mofetil, <italic>GC</italic> glucocorticoide, <italic>KT</italic> kidney transplantation, <italic>HD</italic> hemodialysis</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="Sec13"><title>Patient questionnaire</title><p>Results of the patient questionnaire concerning dental check-ups and oral hygiene behavior are given in Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>. The number of returned answers is also displayed in Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref> as not every patient answered each question. Majority of patients were found to visit the dentist for regular dental check-up (HD: 85.7 % (30/35), KT: 93.3 % (28/30), <italic>p</italic> > 0.05). Of the KT patients, 69 % (20/29) stated to had dental treatment before transplantation, and 68 % (21/31) answered to know about the necissity of antibiotical prophylaxes for dental treatment. In performing oral hygiene lack in usage of dental floss/IDR-brush (HD: 31.4 % (11/35) KT: 50 % (15/30), <italic>p</italic> > 0.05) and fluoride gel (HD: 5.7 % (2/35), KT: 20 % (6/30), <italic>p</italic> > 0.05) was found. There were no significant differences between groups (<italic>p</italic> > 0.05).<table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Results of the patients’ questionnaire. Data are given as %(n)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th>HD group</th><th>KT group</th><th><italic>p</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2">Regular contact with a dentist</td><td>77.1 % (27/35)</td><td>83.3 % (25/30)</td><td>>0.05</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Reason for visiting dentist</td><td>Regular check-up</td><td>85.7 % (30/35)</td><td>93.3 % (28/30)</td><td rowspan="2">>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>Complaint</td><td>14.3 % (5/35)</td><td>6.7 % (2/30)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Last dental examination</td><td>0–3 months</td><td>28.6 % (10/35)</td><td>40 % (12/30)</td><td rowspan="3">>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>3–12 months</td><td>54.3 % (19/35)</td><td>53.3 % (16/30)</td></tr><tr><td>>12 months</td><td>17.1 % (6/35)</td><td>6.7 % (2/30)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Dental treatment before KT</td><td>-</td><td>69 % (20/29)</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Information about necessity of antibiotical prophylaxis</td><td>-</td><td>68 % (21/31)</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Oral hygiene: tooth brushing</td><td><1×/day</td><td>2.9 % (1/35)</td><td>0.0 % (0/27)</td><td rowspan="3">>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>1–2×/day</td><td>88.7 % (30/35)</td><td>85.2 % (23/27)</td></tr><tr><td>>2×/day</td><td>11.4 % (4/35)</td><td>14.8 % (4/27)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Oral hygiene aids</td><td>Manual toothbrush</td><td>85.7 % (30/35)</td><td>62.9 % (22/35)</td><td rowspan="5">>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>Power toothbrush</td><td>31.4 % (11/35)</td><td>33.3 % (10/35)</td></tr><tr><td>Dental floss / inter-dental brush</td><td>31.4 % (11/35)</td><td>50 % (15/30)</td></tr><tr><td>Mouth rinse</td><td>48.6 % (17/35)</td><td>50 % (15/30)</td></tr><tr><td>Fluoride gel</td><td>5.7 % (2/35)</td><td>20 % (6/30)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Significance level < 0.05</p><p><italic>KT</italic> kidney transplantation, <italic>HD</italic> hemodialysis</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="Sec14"><title>Dental examination</title><sec id="Sec15"><title>Inspection of the oral mucous membranes</title><p>Patients in the KT group were found to present significantly more gingivial overgrowth (HD: 0 % (0/35), KT: 20 % (7/35), <italic>p</italic> = 0.01).</p></sec><sec id="Sec16"><title>Dental findings (DMF-T)</title><p>Dental findings of patients in both groups are shown in Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>. Five HD and 2 KT patients were toothless (<italic>p</italic> = 0.43). A significant difference comparing DMF-T of both groups could not be found (HD: 19.47 ± 5.84, KT: 17.61 ± 5.81, <italic>p</italic> = 0.21).<table-wrap id="Tab3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Comparison of the oral health parameters in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD, <italic>n</italic> = 35) and after kidney transplantation (KT, <italic>n</italic> = 35). Data are given as %(n) or mean ± standard deviation, [range]</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="2">Oral health parameters</th><th>HD group</th><th>KT group</th><th><italic>p</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2">Gingivial overgrowth</td><td>0 % (0/35)</td><td>20 % (7/35)</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Edentulous patients</td><td>14.3 % (5/35)</td><td>5.7 % (2/35)</td><td>0.43</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">DMF-T patients with teeth</td><td>19.47 ± 5.84 [4–28]</td><td>17.61 ± 5.81 [8–28]</td><td>0.21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">D-T patients with teeth</td><td>1.13 ± 1.68 [0–6]</td><td>0.58 ± 1.15 [0–6]</td><td>0.13</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">M-T patients with teeth</td><td>9.67 ± 8.90 [1–27]</td><td>7.15 ± 6.69 [0–27]</td><td>0.21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">F-T patients with teeth</td><td>8.67 ± 5.56 [1–18]</td><td>9.88 ± 4.46 [1–19]</td><td>0.34</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Degree of caries restoration</td><td>89.76 ± 17.97 % [33.3–100 %]</td><td>94.29 ± 12.61 % [33.3–100 %]</td><td>0.23</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Gingivial inflammation (PBI)</td><td>0.38 ± 0.27 [0–1.00]</td><td>0.52 ± 0.49 [0–1.62]</td><td>0.17</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Periodontitis</td><td>No/mild</td><td>6.7 % (2/30)</td><td>20.6 % (7/34)</td><td>0.16</td></tr><tr><td>Moderate</td><td>40 % (12/30)</td><td>47.1 % (16/34)</td><td>0.62</td></tr><tr><td>Severe</td><td>53.3 % (16/30)</td><td>32.4 % (11/34)</td><td>0.13</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Need for periodontal treatment</td><td>56.7 % (17/30)</td><td>71.4 % (25/35)</td><td>0.30</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Significance level < 0.05</p><p><italic>DMF-T</italic> number of carious, missing and filled teeth (caries index), <italic>D-T</italic> carious teeth, <italic>M-T</italic> missing teeth, <italic>F-T</italic> filled teeth, <italic>PBI</italic> papillary bleeding index, <italic>KT</italic> kidney transplantation, <italic>HD</italic> hemodialysis</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="Sec17"><title>Periodontal situation</title><p>Periodontal findings were not significantly different comparing both groups. Majority of patients had clinically moderate (HD: 40 %, KT: 47 %; <italic>p</italic> = 0.62) and severe periodontitis (HD: 53 %, KT: 32 %; <italic>p</italic> = 0.13), showing a need for periodontal treatment of 57 % (HD) and 71 % (KT; <italic>p</italic> = 0.3; Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec18"><title>Microbiological analysis</title><p>Prevalence of the different bacteria was similar in both groups (Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>), but with significantly higher prevalence of <italic>Pm</italic> (HD: 97 %, KT: 16 %) and <italic>Cs</italic> (HD: 93 %, KT: 44 %) in the HD group (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01; Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Dental findings (DMF-T) and periodontal findings (periodontal treatment need, PSR®/PSI) of the Fourth German Oral Health Study (DMS IV) and the present study. Data are given as % or mean ± standard deviation</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Oral finding</th><th colspan="2">DMS IV</th><th colspan="2">Present study</th></tr><tr><th>Age group:<break></break>35 – 44 years</th><th>Age group<break></break>65 – 74 years</th><th>HD group<break></break>56.4 years</th><th>KT group<break></break>55.7 years</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2">DMF-T</td><td>14.5 ± 5.7</td><td>22.1 ± 5.9</td><td>19.5 ± 5.8</td><td>17.6 ± 5.8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">D-T</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.1 ± 1.7</td><td>0.6 ± 1.2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">M-T</td><td>2.4</td><td>14.1</td><td>9.7 ± 8.9</td><td>7.2 ± 6.7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">F-T</td><td>11.7</td><td>7.7</td><td>8.7 ± 5.6</td><td>9.9 ± 4.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Prevalence of periodontitis</td><td>No/mild</td><td>27 %</td><td>12 %</td><td>7 %</td><td>21 %</td></tr><tr><td>Moderate</td><td>53 %</td><td>48 %</td><td>40 %</td><td>47 %</td></tr><tr><td>Severe</td><td>20 %</td><td>40 %</td><td>53 %</td><td>32 %</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Periodontal treatment need [PSR®/PSI]</td><td>No [score 0–2]</td><td>26.5 %</td><td>12 %</td><td>43 %</td><td>29 %</td></tr><tr><td>Yes [score 3–4]</td><td>73.5 %</td><td>88 %</td><td>57 %</td><td>71 %</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>DMF-T</italic> number of carious, missing and filled teeth (caries index), <italic>D-T</italic> carious teeth, <italic>M-T</italic> missing teeth, <italic>F-T</italic> filled teeth, <italic>PSR®/PSI</italic> Periodontal Screening Index, <italic>KT</italic> kidney transplantation, <italic>HD</italic> hemodialysis</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Prevalence of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD, <italic>n</italic> = 29) and after kidney transplantation (KT, <italic>n</italic> = 32). Data are given in %. Aa: <italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (</italic>detection threshold: >10<sup>2</sup>)<italic>,</italic> Pg: <italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis,</italic> Tf: <italic>Tanerella forsythia,</italic> Td: <italic>Treponema denticola,</italic> Pi: <italic>Prevotella intermedia</italic>, Pm: <italic>Parvimonas micra,</italic> Fn: <italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum,</italic> Cr: <italic>Campylobacter rectus</italic>, En: <italic>Eubacterium nodatum,</italic> Ec: <italic>Eikanella corrodens</italic> and Cs: <italic>Capnocytophaga spec.;</italic> detection threshold: >10<sup>3</sup>; KT: kidney transplantation, HD: hemodialysis; significance level < 0.05, significant results are given in bold</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="12903_2016_274_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic></fig></p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec19" sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>Summary of the main results: Although most patients (HD: 77.1 %, KT: 83.3 %) stated to be in regular contact with a dentist, high need for periodontal treatment (HD: 56.7 %, KT: 71.4 %; <italic>p</italic> = 0.30) was found. Gingival overgrowth was only detected in KT group. Subsequently, no significant differences in dental examination (DMF-T) and severity of periodontitis was shown between groups. Furthermore, a significantly higher prevalence of <italic>Pm</italic> and <italic>Cs</italic> in the HD group was found (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01).</p><p>Comparison with existing literature: it must be considered the fact that this is, to the best of author’s knowledge, the first study comparing HD and KT patients regarding oral health behavior, dental and periodontal as well as microbiological findings. Accordingly, an interpretation considering the recent literature is difficult. Taking into account no healthy control was investigated, results of dental and periodontal examination can be discussed in relation to Fourth German Oral Health study (DMS IV) by Micheelis and Schiffner 2006, a representative study for German population [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">28</xref>].</p><p>Looking at the dental behavior, a previous study of this working group presented similar results regarding oral hygiene for HD patients in Germany, but showed that only the half of patients visit dentist in case of problems [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">21</xref>]. A recent meta-analysis by Rouspo et al. demonstrated worse results in oral hygiene behavior for HD patients compared to the current studies results. Especially regarding use of dental floss Ruospo et al. showed values of 11.4 %, which was three fold higher in the current study (HD: 31.4 %). Furthermore, while the current study demonstrated only 2.9 % of HD patients to brush their teeth <1×/day, the meta-analysis showed 25.5 % to never brush their teeth [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>]. It must be taken into account that the studies included in the analysis were executed in different countries with different hygienic standards, which might explain the large differences. Therefore, a multinational cohort study of HD patients showed 91.5 % of patients to brush their teeth daily, but also only 8.2 % using dental floss [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">29</xref>]. While the current study did not show an increased dental and oral hygiene behavior, results are not available for KT patients in literature. An increased oral health behavior is therefore not found for HD and KT patients.</p><p>Regarding gingival overgrowth, the higher prevalence in KT patients is confirmed by recent literature [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">30</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">31</xref>], resulting in a high need for good oral hygiene, because deficiencies regarding this issue decisively encourage gingival overgrowth [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>]. It must be considered, that gingival overgrowth is a multifactorial process with different influencing factors, e.g. age, gender, genetic predisposition, additional medications and oral hygiene status [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">32</xref>].</p><p>Dental findings showed a DMF-T of on average 19.47 (HD) and 17.61 (KT). In DMS IV, similar DMF-T values were demonstrated for patients with an age of 35–44 years (14.5) and of 65–74 years (22.1; Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">28</xref>]. The mean age in the current study was 56.4 ± 11.1 years, so the values of DMF-T for HD and KT patients in the current study are lying between DMS IV values and age groups and thus appear not different compared to German population. The previous study of this working group showed a higher DMF-T with an average 22.1 ± 6.5 for HD patients. However, patients were at a higher mean age (63.9 ± 13.0 years) in that study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>]. In international literature, DMF-T values show a high diversity in HD patients, with ranges between 6.6 and 26 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>]. This might be caused by different populations, mean ages and study designs as well. A recent multinational cohort study showed a mean DMF-T of 19.3, which is similar to the current study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">29</xref>]. Only few results are available for KT patients, so Vesterinen et al. showed a DMF-T of 25.7, which is almost higher compared to the current study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">33</xref>]. In contrast, Bots et al. found lower values of 15.5 for KT patients, and showed no significant differences in dental findings between KT and HD patients, what corresponds to the findings of the current study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">34</xref>].</p><p>Periodontal findings demonstrated high periodontal treatment need in both groups (HD: 57 %, KT: 71 %). Compared to DMS IV results (35–44 years: 74 %, 65–74 years: 88 %) these findings were slightly lower (Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">28</xref>]. This is in accordance to findings for HD patients of comparable studies, however they showed periodontal situation becoming worse with duration of dialysis therapy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>]. Furthermore, the mean prevalence of periodontitis in HD patients in Europe was reported to be 67.7 %, which is lower than in the current study (HD: 93 %, KT: 80 %) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>]. Bots et al. found no statistically significant differences in periodontal situation between HD and KT patients over a period of two years [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">34</xref>]. Further available studies for KT patients are rare. In this context, the immunosuppressive therapy might have an influence on periodontal inflammation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">35</xref>]. This issue was not investigated in the current study. Nevertheless, lack of periodontal health might lead to complications for KT patients [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">36</xref>].</p><p>Taking into account, that HD patients are also candidates for transplantation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>], recommendations and a good maintenance is need for transplant and HD patients to reduce periodontal inflammation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>]. Albeit periodontal treatment need of HD and KT patients in the current study was slightly lower than in DMS IV results for German population, clearly lower treatment need should be given, especially for KT patients. It is therefore necessary to mention, that not the same patients were investigated before and after KT and mean time after KT was 14.1 years in the current study. Because of 69 % of KT patients had dental treatment before transplantation, one might expect a better oral health after transplantation, however, in this case a lack of maintenance is apparent.</p><p>Microbiological analysis showed significantly higher prevalence of <italic>Pm</italic> and <italic>Cs</italic> in the HD group. An explanation could be a change in the subgingival microflora caused by uremia, resulting in increased bacterial growth [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">37</xref>]. However, there is no founded hypothesis, why in the current study uremia should cause especially higher prevalence of <italic>Pm</italic> and <italic>Cs</italic> in HD group. Higher prevalence of periodontal pathogenic bacteria were detected in HD patients compared to healthy controls in several studies, however, findings of the current study are not confirmed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">37</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">39</xref>]. Results for KT showed fewer putative anaerobic pathogens in periodontal pocket of immunosuppressed KT patients [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR40">40</xref>]; the current study confirms this for <italic>Pm</italic> and <italic>Cs</italic>. Furthermore Leung et al. concluded a subgingival alteration [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR41">41</xref>]. Comparative results between HD and KT are not available, what makes an interpretation difficult, but an influence of KT and immunosuppression on subgingival bacteria appears to be possible. Accordingly, the clinical relevance of the current study’s findings is not clear. It is questionable, if it has an influence on clinical and periodontal alteration or resistance to periodontal treatment.</p><sec id="Sec20"><title>Strengths and limitations</title><p>To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the first study, comparing HD and KT patients regarding oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings. The waiver of a healthy control group is a limitation of the current study. Finding a healthy control group for the population in the current study would have been difficult, and a comprehensive study of general German population (DMS IV) serves as a good reference to discuss the results as well. Previous studies of this working group also used DMS IV results for discussion of their results [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">21</xref>]. Nevertheless, for microbiological findings a healthy control group would help to correctly interpret the findings. A further limitation is the fact that it was not possible to investigate same patients before and after KT. Additionally, the time span after KT might affect the oral health status and behavior. For a stronger statement, time span after KT could have been accounted. However, it was chosen to include all recruited patients in order to reach a preferably large group. In addition, the examination of influence of specific immunosuppressive therapy on clinical and microbiological findings would be interesting. However, because of the heterogeneity of the medication used, the sample size for the different immunosuppressive medications would be very small, and therefore not very meaningful. These questions are specific and should be subject of future studies. The current study serves as a first overview on potential differences between HD and KT patients and presents results as required by Ruospo et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec21" sec-type="conclusion"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Within the limitations of the study, dental and periodontal health is not different between HD and KT patients and appears to be not clearly better than for general population. Neither HD nor KT patients seem to have an increased oral health behavior, although this is suggested in literature and based on the current study’s findings. Consequently, an improved early treatment and prevention of dental and periodontal disease, e.g. in form of special care programs is needed. Regarding microbiological findings, no major differences between KT and HD patients were found.</p></sec></body><back><glossary><title>Abbreviations</title><def-list><def-item><term>BOP</term><def><p>Bleeding on probing</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>CAL</term><def><p>Clinical attachment loss</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>DMF-T</term><def><p>Decayed (D) missing (M), and filled (F) teeth (T) index</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>HD</term><def><p>Hemodialysis</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>HIV</term><def><p>Human immunodeficiency virus</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>KT</term><def><p>Kidney transplantation</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PBI</term><def><p>Papilla bleeding index</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PCR</term><def><p>Polymerase chain reaction analysis</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PPD</term><def><p>Periodontal probing depth</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PSR®/PSI</term><def><p>Periodontal screening index</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>TBC</term><def><p>Tuberculosis</p></def></def-item></def-list></glossary><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The authors thank Mrs. M. Hoch for support in the laboratory microbiological analysis. Furthermore, the authors acknowledge support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) and Universität Leipzig within the program of Open Access Publishing.</p><sec id="FPar1"><title>Funding</title><p>The authors declare that they have no funding.</p></sec><sec id="FPar2"><title>Availability of data and materials</title><p>Not applicable.</p></sec><sec id="FPar3"><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>GS participated in data interpretation and wrote the manuscript. AK performed medical care and data acquisition for kidney transplant patients, wrote medical part of manuscript and reviewed manuscript. OK was the clinical supervisor of all kidney transplant patients, data analysis and reviewed manuscript. JES performed the overall data analysis and statistics and reviewed manuscript. RV performed medical care and data acquisition for haemodialysis patients and reviewed manuscript. GAM was clinical supervisor of all haemodialysis patients and reviewed manuscript. RH participated in data interpretation, reviewed manuscript and gave final approval. DZ was the head of the study, designed research, data analysis and reviewed manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p></sec><sec id="FPar4"><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec id="FPar5"><title>Consent to publish</title><p>Not applicable.</p></sec><sec id="FPar6"><title>Ethics approval and consent to participate</title><p>This clinical single center cross-sectional study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany (No. 43/9/07). 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