Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Association between underweight and tooth loss among Korean adults</title><author><name sortKey="Song, In Seok" sort="Song, In Seok" uniqKey="Song I" first="In-Seok" last="Song">In-Seok Song</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea</institution></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Kyungdo" sort="Han, Kyungdo" uniqKey="Han K" first="Kyungdo" last="Han">Kyungdo Han</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea</institution>, Seoul,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ryu, Jae Jun" sort="Ryu, Jae Jun" uniqKey="Ryu J" first="Jae-Jun" last="Ryu">Jae-Jun Ryu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Prosthodontics, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea</institution></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jun Beom" sort="Park, Jun Beom" uniqKey="Park J" first="Jun-Beom" last="Park">Jun-Beom Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea</institution>, Seoul,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28128349</idno><idno type="pmc">5288795</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5288795</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5288795</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep41524</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000842</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000842</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Association between underweight and tooth loss among Korean adults</title><author><name sortKey="Song, In Seok" sort="Song, In Seok" uniqKey="Song I" first="In-Seok" last="Song">In-Seok Song</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea</institution></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Kyungdo" sort="Han, Kyungdo" uniqKey="Han K" first="Kyungdo" last="Han">Kyungdo Han</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea</institution>, Seoul,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ryu, Jae Jun" sort="Ryu, Jae Jun" uniqKey="Ryu J" first="Jae-Jun" last="Ryu">Jae-Jun Ryu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Prosthodontics, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea</institution></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jun Beom" sort="Park, Jun Beom" uniqKey="Park J" first="Jun-Beom" last="Park">Jun-Beom Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea</institution>, Seoul,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>There is growing interest in the relationship between body mass index and oral health. Previous study showed that being underweight was significantly associated with having lower masticatory performance. This study was performed to assess the relationship between an underweight body mass index lower than 18.5 and the number of natural teeth using nationally representative data. Initially, a total of 25,534 individuals were candidates in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The analysis in this study was confined to 17,870 subjects who were 19 years or older and without missing values for outcome variables. Body mass index and number of natural teeth were evaluated. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of tooth loss in relation to body mass index. Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for chewing discomfort in individuals who were underweight, normal, overweight, obese, and extremely obese were 1.712(1.156–2.535), 1.111(0.939–1.315), 1(reference), 0.949(0.798–1.128), and 1.172(0.807–1.700), respectively, after adjustment. The association between underweight and tooth loss was proven by multiple logistic regression analyses after adjusting for confounding factors. Underweight may be considered a potential risk indicator for tooth loss in Korean adults.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Santha, B" uniqKey="Santha B">B. Santha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sudheer, H" uniqKey="Sudheer H">H. Sudheer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saxena, V" uniqKey="Saxena V">V. Saxena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jain, M" uniqKey="Jain M">M. Jain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tiwari, V" uniqKey="Tiwari V">V. Tiwari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, Y S" uniqKey="Kim Y">Y. S. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, J H" uniqKey="Kim J">J. H. Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tomofuji, T" uniqKey="Tomofuji T">T. Tomofuji</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pikramenou, V" uniqKey="Pikramenou V">V. Pikramenou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dimitraki, D" uniqKey="Dimitraki D">D. Dimitraki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zoumpoulakis, M" uniqKey="Zoumpoulakis M">M. Zoumpoulakis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Verykouki, E" uniqKey="Verykouki E">E. Verykouki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kotsanos, N" uniqKey="Kotsanos N">N. Kotsanos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, E J" uniqKey="Kim E">E. J. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jin, B H" uniqKey="Jin B">B. H. Jin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bae, K H" uniqKey="Bae K">K. H. Bae</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gaio, E J" uniqKey="Gaio E">E. J. Gaio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ikebe, K" uniqKey="Ikebe K">K. Ikebe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matsuda, K" uniqKey="Matsuda K">K. Matsuda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morii, K" uniqKey="Morii K">K. Morii</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nokubi, T" uniqKey="Nokubi T">T. Nokubi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ettinger, R L" uniqKey="Ettinger R">R. L. Ettinger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Morais Tureli, M C" uniqKey="De Morais Tureli M">M. C. de Morais Tureli</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Souza Barbosa, T" uniqKey="De Souza Barbosa T">T. de Souza Barbosa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gaviao, M B" uniqKey="Gaviao M">M. B. Gaviao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sheiham, A" uniqKey="Sheiham A">A. Sheiham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steele, J G" uniqKey="Steele J">J. G. Steele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marcenes, W" uniqKey="Marcenes W">W. Marcenes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Finch, S" uniqKey="Finch S">S. Finch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walls, A W" uniqKey="Walls A">A. W. Walls</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chopra, A" uniqKey="Chopra A">A. Chopra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, N C" uniqKey="Rao N">N. C. Rao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, N" uniqKey="Gupta N">N. Gupta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vashisth, S" uniqKey="Vashisth S">S. Vashisth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lakhanpal, M" uniqKey="Lakhanpal M">M. Lakhanpal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guo, Y" uniqKey="Guo Y">Y. Guo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharma, A" uniqKey="Sharma A">A. Sharma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, S" uniqKey="Tanaka S">S. Tanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuroda, T" uniqKey="Kuroda T">T. Kuroda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saito, M" uniqKey="Saito M">M. Saito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shiraki, M" uniqKey="Shiraki M">M. Shiraki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kweon, S" uniqKey="Kweon S">S. Kweon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, D P" uniqKey="Agarwal D">D. P. Agarwal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oh, J Y" uniqKey="Oh J">J. Y. Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Y J" uniqKey="Yang Y">Y. J. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, B S" uniqKey="Kim B">B. S. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kang, J H" uniqKey="Kang J">J. H. Kang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nam, G E" uniqKey="Nam G">G. E. Nam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chun, Y H" uniqKey="Chun Y">Y. H. Chun</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jeon, J Y" uniqKey="Jeon J">J. Y. Jeon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weber, M A" uniqKey="Weber M">M. A. Weber</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, S Y" uniqKey="Han S">S. Y. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, J W" uniqKey="Hong J">J. W. Hong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noh, J H" uniqKey="Noh J">J. H. Noh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, D J" uniqKey="Kim D">D. J. Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahn, J H" uniqKey="Ahn J">J. H. Ahn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kang, M S" uniqKey="Kang M">M. S. Kang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, C H" uniqKey="Kim C">C. H. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeong, S J" uniqKey="Jeong S">S. J. Jeong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, T S" uniqKey="Park T">T. S. Park</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chun, H" uniqKey="Chun H">H. Chun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, I H" uniqKey="Kim I">I. H. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Min, K D" uniqKey="Min K">K. D. Min</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, Y H" uniqKey="Kim Y">Y. H. Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blankson, B" uniqKey="Blankson B">B. Blankson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, A" uniqKey="Hall A">A. Hall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barreto, S M" uniqKey="Barreto S">S. M. Barreto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Passos, V M" uniqKey="Passos V">V. M. Passos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lima Costa, M F" uniqKey="Lima Costa M">M. F. Lima-Costa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bauer, J" uniqKey="Bauer J">J. Bauer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deutz, N E" uniqKey="Deutz N">N. E. Deutz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muller, O" uniqKey="Muller O">O. Muller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krawinkel, M" uniqKey="Krawinkel M">M. Krawinkel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Flores Orozco, E I" uniqKey="Flores Orozco E">E. I. Flores-Orozco</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mishu, M P" uniqKey="Mishu M">M. P. Mishu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hobdell, M" uniqKey="Hobdell M">M. Hobdell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, M H" uniqKey="Khan M">M. H. Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hubbard, R M" uniqKey="Hubbard R">R. M. Hubbard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sabbah, W" uniqKey="Sabbah W">W. Sabbah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gaur, S" uniqKey="Gaur S">S. Gaur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nayak, R" uniqKey="Nayak R">R. Nayak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taguchi, A" uniqKey="Taguchi A">A. Taguchi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Marchi, R J" uniqKey="De Marchi R">R. J. De Marchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hugo, F N" uniqKey="Hugo F">F. N. Hugo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hilgert, J B" uniqKey="Hilgert J">J. B. Hilgert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Padilha, D M" uniqKey="Padilha D">D. M. Padilha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Willerhausen, B" uniqKey="Willerhausen B">B. Willerhausen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blettner, M" uniqKey="Blettner M">M. Blettner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kasaj, A" uniqKey="Kasaj A">A. Kasaj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hohenfellner, K" uniqKey="Hohenfellner K">K. Hohenfellner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Isabel, C A" uniqKey="Isabel C">C. A. Isabel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Marchi, R J" uniqKey="De Marchi R">R. J. De Marchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hugo, F N" uniqKey="Hugo F">F. N. Hugo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hilgert, J B" uniqKey="Hilgert J">J. B. Hilgert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Padilha, D M" uniqKey="Padilha D">D. M. Padilha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Singh, A" uniqKey="Singh A">A. Singh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, D H" uniqKey="Han D">D. H. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, S Y" uniqKey="Lim S">S. Y. Lim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, B C" uniqKey="Sun B">B. C. Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paek, D M" uniqKey="Paek D">D. M. Paek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, H D" uniqKey="Kim H">H. D. Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, K" uniqKey="Han K">K. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ko, Y" uniqKey="Ko Y">Y. Ko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Y G" uniqKey="Park Y">Y. G. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, J B" uniqKey="Park J">J. B. Park</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hu, H Y" uniqKey="Hu H">H. Y. Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Song, I S" uniqKey="Song I">I. S. Song</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, K" uniqKey="Han K">K. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hwang, E" uniqKey="Hwang E">E. Hwang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, J B" uniqKey="Park J">J. B. Park</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28128349</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5288795</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep41524</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep41524</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Association between underweight and tooth loss among Korean adults</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>In-Seok</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Kyungdo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ryu</surname><given-names>Jae-Jun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Jun-Beom</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea</institution></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea</institution>, Seoul,<country>Republic of Korea</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Department of Prosthodontics, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea</institution></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea</institution>, Seoul,<country>Republic of Korea</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>jbassoonis@yahoo.co.kr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>01</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><elocation-id>41524</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>There is growing interest in the relationship between body mass index and oral health. Previous study showed that being underweight was significantly associated with having lower masticatory performance. This study was performed to assess the relationship between an underweight body mass index lower than 18.5 and the number of natural teeth using nationally representative data. Initially, a total of 25,534 individuals were candidates in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The analysis in this study was confined to 17,870 subjects who were 19 years or older and without missing values for outcome variables. Body mass index and number of natural teeth were evaluated. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of tooth loss in relation to body mass index. Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for chewing discomfort in individuals who were underweight, normal, overweight, obese, and extremely obese were 1.712(1.156–2.535), 1.111(0.939–1.315), 1(reference), 0.949(0.798–1.128), and 1.172(0.807–1.700), respectively, after adjustment. The association between underweight and tooth loss was proven by multiple logistic regression analyses after adjusting for confounding factors. Underweight may be considered a potential risk indicator for tooth loss in Korean adults.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><p>There is growing interest in the relationship between body mass index and oral health because both are significant public health concerns<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>. Body mass index has been reported to be related to periodontitis, suggesting that obesity is a risk factor for periodontitis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref>. Similarly, being overweight has been considered a risk factor for periodontitis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref>. Overweight and obese preschool children have been shown to be at higher risk for dental caries than normal- and underweight children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">4</xref>. Conversely, in a multivariate logistic regression analysis, no association was found between body mass index and periodontitis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref>. In a previous study, it was shown that body mass index was not related to dental caries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref>. A sex difference was reported in a previous report, showing that obesity appeared to be a risk factor for periodontal attachment loss progression for females but not males<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref>.</p><p>As for underweight, relatively fewer studies have been performed regarding the relationship with oral health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref>. The percentage of participants who were underweight varied depending on the studies—4.8%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref>, 7.74%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>, and 13.6%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">10</xref>. Underweight has been reported to be associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">11</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref>. Furthermore, being underweight has been reported to raise the risk of fracture and bone loss<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">13</xref>. In multiple logistic regression analyses, it was shown that being underweight was significantly associated with having lower masticatory performance (odds ratio of 2.0)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref>. In addition, people without teeth were significantly more likely to be underweight than those with 11 or more teeth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref>. It was hypothesized that there is no significant association between underweight and number of natural teeth. Thus, this study was performed to assess the relationship between underweight, with a body mass index lower than 18.5, and number of natural teeth using nationally representative data.</p><sec disp-level="1"><title>Materials and Methods</title><sec disp-level="2"><title>Subjects</title><p>The data for this study were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) in 2010–2012. This survey is conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare annually to monitor the general health and nutritional status of the Republic of Korea population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref>. The KNHANES is composed of a health examination survey, a health interview survey, and a nutritional survey by trained staff members. A rolling sampling design that involves complex, stratified, and multistage probability samples is used to collect the data. The KNHANES was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Korea Centers for Disease Control, and all participants signed an informed consent form. This study was conducted according to the Helsinki Declaration-based ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.</p><p>Initially, a total of 25,534 individuals were candidates in the KNHANES survey. The analysis in this study was confined to a total of 19,599 respondents over 19 years old. Finally, 17,870 individuals without missing values for the outcome variables were analyzed for the analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Measurement and classification of variables</title><p>Anthropometric measurements were performed by trained staff members. Body weight and height were measured with the subject wearing light clothing, and body mass index was calculated using the following formula: body mass index = weight (kg)/height (m<sup>2</sup>). Waist circumference was measured at the level midway between the costal margin and the iliac crest at the end of a normal expiration.</p><p>Smoking status was categorized as current smoker or not from the interview. Individuals were categorized using the criterion for alcohol consumed within one month in accordance with respondents’ answers on the self-reported questionnaire<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref>. Individuals were regarded as regular physical exercisers if they performed moderate exercise at least 5 times per week for at least 30 minutes per session or performed vigorous exercise at least 3 times per week for at least 20 minutes per session<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref>. Socioeconomic status was indicated by monthly household income and education level. Monthly household income level was divided into quartiles; the lowest quartile included households with a monthly income <$1092.4. Education level was categorized as high school graduate or higher. Residential areas were categorized into urban areas in the case of administrative divisions of “dong”<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref>. Having a spouse and recognition of stress were self-reported.</p><p>Concentrations of serum fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured from blood samples collected from the antecubital vein after fasting for more than eight hours. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement criteria for Asians<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref>. To be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, three or more of the following criteria must be fulfilled: fasting triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or use of lipid-lowering medication; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women or use of cholesterol-lowering medication; waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women; blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medication; or fasting blood glucose ≥100 mg/dL or current use of antidiabetic medication. Diabetes was diagnosed when fasting blood sugar was >126 mg/dL or when the individual was currently using antidiabetic medications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref>. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of >160 mm Hg, a diastolic blood pressure of >90 mm Hg, or the current use of systemic antihypertensive drugs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">20</xref>. The level of kidney function was determined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the following equation: eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) = 186.3 × (serum creatinine<sup>−1.154</sup>) × (age<sup>−0.203</sup>); this result was then multiplied by the constant 0.742 if the patient was female<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref>. Stroke was defined if diagnosed by a doctor or if the individual had experienced complications. Congenital heart defect was defined if diagnosed by a doctor. Cardiovascular disease was considered present if the individual had experienced stroke and congenital heart defect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">23</xref>. Hypercholesterolemia was considered as a fasting blood cholesterol level >240 mg/mL or use of medication for the condition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref>.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Oral health behaviors and number of natural teeth</title><p>In this study, the time of day when toothbrushing was undertaken was evaluated. We calculated the frequency of daily toothbrushing by the total number of times participants brushed their teeth per day<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref>. Dental checkup within a year, experience of dental pain within a year, and self-reported oral status were also evaluated.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>The data are presented as means ± standard errors for continuous variables and as proportions (standard errors) for categorical variables. A chi-square test for categorical variables or an independent t-test for continuous variables was performed to assess the differences in characteristics categorized by body mass index. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of tooth loss in relation to body mass index. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to identify the risk of tooth loss. Model was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, drinking, exercise, income, education, metabolic syndrome, stress, and frequency of toothbrushing.</p></sec></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Results</title><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes the baseline characteristics of the study individuals according to body mass index. Age was significantly lower in participants with a body mass index lower than 18.5. The percentage of current smokers and current drinkers was significantly lower in underweight participants. The percentage of individuals with a high school or higher education was higher in the underweight group. The percentage of metabolic syndrome was significantly lower in underweight participants.</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the average number of natural teeth categorized by body mass index. The average number of natural teeth showed increasing trends up to a body mass index of 26 to 28 (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05).</p><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the association between number of natural teeth and oral health behavior in systemic diseases. Cardiovascular disease, stroke, congenital heart defect, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, body mass index, and waist circumference were significantly associated with the number of natural teeth (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05).</p><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> indicates the average number of natural teeth categorized by body mass index. In the adjusted model, the number of natural teeth was lowest in the underweight group with a body mass index lower than 18.5 (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05).</p><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals from multivariate logistic regression analyses for individuals with less than 20 natural teeth categorized by body mass index after adjustment for age, sex, smoking, drinking, exercise, income, education, metabolic syndrome, stress, and frequency of toothbrushing. Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals with less than 20 natural teeth in individuals who were underweight, normal, overweight, obese, and extremely obese were 1.712(1.156–2.535), 1.111(0.939–1.315), 1(reference), 0.949(0.798–1.128), and 1.172(0.807–1.700), respectively, after adjustment.</p></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Discussion</title><p>This study aimed to identify associations between number of natural teeth and body mass index using nationally representative data. The results showed that an increased risk of tooth loss was associated, with statistically significant differences, with participants who were underweight.</p><p>This association may be explained by the following. The participants who were underweight have the possibility of undernutrition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>. Being underweight may mean the participants are deficient in a healthy, balanced diet<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref>. Underweight individuals may have inadequate intake and absorption of essential amino acids and vitamins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">28</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">29</xref>. Underweight individuals may be prone to infectious disease due to weaker immune systems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">30</xref>. Poor masticatory performance also has a significant relationship with being underweight<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref>. For example, it was reported that participants who were underweight chewed more asymmetrically and more slowly than normal-weight or obese participants<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref>. Furthermore, children with at least one decayed tooth were reported to be significantly underweight, with odds ratios of 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.3) and 1.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.0) for 6–8-year-old and 9–12-year-old children, respectively, in the adjusted model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">32</xref>. Children with severe early childhood caries had a weight below the 3rd percentile (underweight; mean 15.49 ± 1.87 kg), which was less than the controls (mean weight of 16.34 ± 1.46 kg)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33">33</xref>.</p><p>The present study identified that underweight can be considered a risk factor for tooth loss among Korean adults. However, previous reports have shown conflicting results. Similar to our results, postmenopausal women who were underweight showed increased risk of tooth loss, especially of the anterior teeth, compared with women who had a normal body mass index<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">34</xref>. Edentulous participants were more likely to be underfat, with odds ratios of 3.11 (95% confidence interval: 1.27–7.61)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref>. Conversely, 44.7% of underweight children showed natural, healthy teeth, as did 40.7% of those with normal weight, whereas only 30.5% and 31.7% of children with a high weight and obesity, respectively, showed natural, healthy teeth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">36</xref>. However, a previous report showed that there were no significant differences in the number of remaining teeth between under- and overweight participants<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">34</xref>. In another report, the authors did not observe large differences in masticatory performance or swallowing variables among the four different weight groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">37</xref>.</p><p>Various methods have been used to assess obesity, including body mass index, waist circumference, and percentage of body fat<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref>. Another report measured the circumferences of the waist and the hip in order to provide the waist–hip ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38">38</xref>. In a previous report, no association was found between body mass index and periodontitis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref>. However, a high waist circumference seems to be associated with periodontitis, suggesting that abdominal obesity is significantly correlated with periodontitis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref>. Central obesity is more prevalent than general obesity among older adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">39</xref>, and visceral fat area has been suggested to be the most suitable indicator of obesity in relation to periodontitis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">40</xref>.</p><p>This study had several limitations. Due to the cross-sectional design of the study, the causal direction of the associations cannot be ascertained<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">41</xref>. A longitudinal study may prove a cause-and-effect relationship regarding underweight and tooth loss. Additionally, in this study underweight was defined using body mass index, but other methods may present an individual’s status better. However, it should be stressed that body mass index is one of the most widely used methods for evaluating weight status. The strengths of the data lie here: The number of natural teeth was used as a representation of oral health status, and it is one of the most efficient and reliable methods<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">42</xref>. In addition, the data used in this study were obtained by a rolling sampling design that involved complex, stratified, and multistage probability samples, and therefore, these data can be considered nationally representative<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43">43</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">44</xref>. The association between number of natural teeth and body mass index was proven by multiple logistic regression analyses after adjusting for confounding factors, and consequently, the results can be considered representative and reliable.</p><p>In conclusion, the association between underweight and tooth loss was proven by multiple logistic regression analyses after adjusting for confounding factors. Underweight may be considered a potential risk indicator for tooth loss in Korean adults.</p></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Additional Information</title><p><bold>How to cite this article</bold>: Song, I.-S. <italic>et al</italic>. Association between underweight and tooth loss among Korean adults. <italic>Sci. Rep.</italic><bold>7</bold>, 41524; doi: 10.1038/srep41524 (2017).</p><p><bold>Publisher's note:</bold> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2014R1A1A1003106). The authors thank the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for providing the data.</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="b1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Santha</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sudheer</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Saxena</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Jain</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Tiwari</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><article-title>The Impact of Body Mass Index on Oral Hygiene Practices of Adolescents in Bhopal City, India</article-title>. <source>J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak.</source><volume>26</volume>, <fpage>125</fpage>–<lpage>129</lpage> (<year>2016</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26876400</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Y. S.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>J. H.</given-names></name><article-title>Body mass index and oral health status in Korean adults: the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</article-title>. <source>Int. J. Dent. Hyg.</source> (<year>2016</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Tomofuji</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Relationships between eating habits and periodontal condition in university students</article-title>. <source>J. Periodontol.</source><volume>82</volume>, <fpage>1642</fpage>–<lpage>1649</lpage> (<year>2011</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21513478</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Pikramenou</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dimitraki</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Zoumpoulakis</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Verykouki</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Kotsanos</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><article-title>Association between dental caries and body mass in preschool children</article-title>. <source>Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent.</source><volume>17</volume>, <fpage>171</fpage>–<lpage>175</lpage> (<year>2016</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27160759</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b5"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>E. J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Jin</surname><given-names>B. H.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Bae</surname><given-names>K. H.</given-names></name><article-title>Periodontitis and obesity: a study of the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</article-title>. <source>J. Periodontol.</source><volume>82</volume>, <fpage>533</fpage>–<lpage>542</lpage> (<year>2011</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21043799</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gaio</surname><given-names>E. J.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Effect of obesity on periodontal attachment loss progression: a 5-year population-based prospective study</article-title>. <source>J. Clin. Periodontol.</source><volume>43</volume>, <fpage>557</fpage>–<lpage>565</lpage> (<year>2016</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26970086</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ikebe</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Matsuda</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Morii</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nokubi</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Ettinger</surname><given-names>R. L.</given-names></name><article-title>The relationship between oral function and body mass index among independently living older Japanese people</article-title>. <source>Int. J. Prosthodont.</source><volume>19</volume>, <fpage>539</fpage>–<lpage>546</lpage> (<year>2006</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17165290</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>de Morais Tureli</surname><given-names>M. C.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>de Souza Barbosa</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Gaviao</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name><article-title>Associations of masticatory performance with body and dental variables in children</article-title>. <source>Pediatr. Dent.</source><volume>32</volume>, <fpage>283</fpage>–<lpage>288</lpage> (<year>2010</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20836946</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sheiham</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Steele</surname><given-names>J. G.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Marcenes</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Finch</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Walls</surname><given-names>A. W.</given-names></name><article-title>The relationship between oral health status and Body Mass Index among older people: a national survey of older people in Great Britain</article-title>. <source>Br. Dent. J.</source><volume>192</volume>, <fpage>703</fpage>–<lpage>706</lpage> (<year>2002</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12125796</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Chopra</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Rao</surname><given-names>N. C.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Vashisth</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Lakhanpal</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><article-title>Influence of behavioral determinants on deviation of body mass index among 12-15 years old school children of Panchkula</article-title>. <source>Epidemiol. Health</source><volume>36</volume>, <fpage>e2014021</fpage> (<year>2014</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25266420</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Body mass index and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A dose-response meta-analysis.</article-title><source>Medicine</source><volume>95</volume>, <fpage>e4225</fpage> (<year>2016</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27428228</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Meta-analysis of the relation of body mass index to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization in patients with chronic heart failure</article-title>. <source>Am. J. Cardiol.</source><volume>115</volume>, <fpage>1428</fpage>–<lpage>1434</lpage> (<year>2015</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25772740</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b13"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kuroda</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Saito</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Shiraki</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><article-title>Overweight/obesity and underweight are both risk factors for osteoporotic fractures at different sites in Japanese postmenopausal women</article-title>. <source>Osteoporos Int.</source><volume>24</volume>, <fpage>69</fpage>–<lpage>76</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23229467</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kweon</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).</article-title><source>Int. J. Epidemiol.</source><volume>43</volume>, <fpage>69</fpage>–<lpage>77</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24585853</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Agarwal</surname><given-names>D. P.</given-names></name><article-title>Cardioprotective effects of light-moderate consumption of alcohol: a review of putative mechanisms</article-title>. <source>Alcohol Alcohol</source><volume>37</volume>, <fpage>409</fpage>–<lpage>415</lpage> (<year>2002</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12217928</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b16"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>J. Y.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Y. J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>J. H.</given-names></name><article-title>Validity and reliability of Korean version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form</article-title>. <source>J. Korean Acad. Fam. Med.</source><volume>28</volume>, <fpage>532</fpage>–<lpage>541</lpage> (<year>2007</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Nam</surname><given-names>G. E.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Socioeconomic status and dyslipidemia in Korean adults: the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</article-title>. <source>Prev. Med.</source><volume>57</volume>, <fpage>304</fpage>–<lpage>309</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23769897</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Chun</surname><given-names>Y. H.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Total cholesterol and lipoprotein composition are associated with dry eye disease in Korean women</article-title>. <source>Lipids Health. Dis.</source><volume>12</volume>, <fpage>84</fpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23734839</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Jeon</surname><given-names>J. Y.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Prevalence of Diabetes and Prediabetes according to Fasting Plasma Glucose and HbA1c</article-title>. <source>Diabetes Metab. J</source>. <volume>37</volume>, <fpage>349</fpage>–<lpage>357</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24199164</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b20"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Weber</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Blood pressure dependent and independent effects of antihypertensive treatment on clinical events in the VALUE Trial</article-title>. <source>Lancet.</source><volume>363</volume>, <fpage>2049</fpage>–<lpage>2051</lpage> (<year>2004</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15207957</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>S. Y.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hong</surname><given-names>J. W.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Noh</surname><given-names>J. H.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names></name><article-title>Association of the estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion with albuminuria in adult koreans: the 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</article-title>. <source>PLoS One.</source><volume>9</volume>, <fpage>e109073</fpage> (<year>2014</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25313865</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ahn</surname><given-names>J. H.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Prevalence and determinants of diabetic nephropathy in Korea: Korea national health and nutrition examination survey</article-title>. <source>Diabetes Metab. J</source>. <volume>38</volume>, <fpage>109</fpage>–<lpage>119</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24851205</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>C. H.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Jeong</surname><given-names>S. J.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>T. S.</given-names></name><article-title>Dietary Sodium Intake in People with Diabetes in Korea: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2008 to 2010</article-title>. <source>Diabetes. Metab. J</source>. (<year>2016</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b24"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Chun</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>I. H.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Min</surname><given-names>K. D.</given-names></name><article-title>Accuracy of Self-reported Hypertension, Diabetes, and Hypercholesterolemia: Analysis of a Representative Sample of Korean Older Adults</article-title>. <source>Osong Public Health Res. Perspect.</source><volume>7</volume>, <fpage>108</fpage>–<lpage>115</lpage> (<year>2016</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27169009</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b25"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Y. H.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Oral health behaviors and metabolic syndrome: the 2008–2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</article-title>. <source>Clin. Oral. Investig.</source> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b26"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Blankson</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Hall</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><article-title>The anthropometric status of elderly women in rural Ghana and factors associated with low body mass index</article-title>. <source>J. Nutr. Health Aging.</source><volume>16</volume>, <fpage>881</fpage>–<lpage>886</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23208026</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b27"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Barreto</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Passos</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Lima-Costa</surname><given-names>M. F.</given-names></name><article-title>Obesity and underweight among Brazilian elderly: the Bambui Health and Aging Study</article-title>. <source>Cad. Saude Publica.</source><volume>19</volume>, <fpage>605</fpage>–<lpage>612</lpage> (<year>2003</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12764476</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b28"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bauer</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group</article-title>. <source>J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc.</source><volume>14</volume>, <fpage>542</fpage>–<lpage>559</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23867520</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Deutz</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group</article-title>. <source>Clin. Nutr.</source><volume>33</volume>, <fpage>929</fpage>–<lpage>936</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24814383</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b30"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Muller</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Krawinkel</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><article-title>Malnutrition and health in developing countries</article-title>. <source>CMAJ</source><volume>173</volume>, <fpage>279</fpage>–<lpage>286</lpage> (<year>2005</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16076825</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b31"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Flores-Orozco</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Lack of relationship between masticatory performance and nutritional status in adults with natural dentition</article-title>. <source>Arch. Oral Biol.</source><volume>71</volume>, <fpage>117</fpage>–<lpage>121</lpage> (<year>2016</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27494213</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b32"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Mishu</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hobdell</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>M. H.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hubbard</surname><given-names>R. M.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Sabbah</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><article-title>Relationship between Untreated Dental Caries and Weight and Height of 6- to 12-Year-Old Primary School Children in Bangladesh</article-title>. <source>Int. J. Dent.</source><volume>2013</volume>, <fpage>629675</fpage> (<year>2013</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23690777</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b33"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gaur</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Nayak</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><article-title>Underweight in low socioeconomic status preschool children with severe early childhood caries</article-title>. <source>J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent.</source><volume>29</volume>, <fpage>305</fpage>–<lpage>309</lpage> (<year>2011</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22016314</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b34"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Taguchi</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Interaction of obesity and skeletal bone mineral density in tooth retention in Japanese postmenopausal women</article-title>. <source>Menopause</source>. <volume>14</volume>, <fpage>500</fpage>–<lpage>504</lpage> (<year>2007</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17224853</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b35"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>De Marchi</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hugo</surname><given-names>F. N.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hilgert</surname><given-names>J. B.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Padilha</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name><article-title>Association between number of teeth, edentulism and use of dentures with percentage body fat in south Brazilian community-dwelling older people</article-title>. <source>Gerodontology</source><volume>29</volume>, <fpage>e69</fpage>–<lpage>76</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21054508</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b36"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Willerhausen</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Blettner</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kasaj</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Hohenfellner</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><article-title>Association between body mass index and dental health in 1,290 children of elementary schools in a German city</article-title>. <source>Clin. Oral Investig.</source><volume>11</volume>, <fpage>195</fpage>–<lpage>200</lpage> (<year>2007</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b37"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Isabel</surname><given-names>C. A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>The relationship between masticatory and swallowing behaviors and body weight</article-title>. <source>Physiol. Behav.</source><volume>151</volume>, <fpage>314</fpage>–<lpage>319</lpage> (<year>2015</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26253216</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b38"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>De Marchi</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hugo</surname><given-names>F. N.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hilgert</surname><given-names>J. B.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Padilha</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name><article-title>Number of teeth and its association with central obesity in older Southern Brazilians</article-title>. <source>Community Dent. Health.</source><volume>29</volume>, <fpage>85</fpage>–<lpage>89</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22482256</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b39"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Gender differences in the association between tooth loss and obesity among older adults in Brazil</article-title>. <source>Rev. Saude Publica.</source><volume>49</volume>, <fpage>44</fpage> (<year>2015</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26270016</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b40"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>D. H.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lim</surname><given-names>S. Y.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>B. C.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Paek</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>H. D.</given-names></name><article-title>Visceral fat area-defined obesity and periodontitis among Koreans</article-title>. <source>J. Clin. Periodontol.</source><volume>37</volume>, <fpage>172</fpage>–<lpage>179</lpage> (<year>2010</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20041978</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b41"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ko</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Y. G.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>J. B.</given-names></name><article-title>Associations Between the Periodontal Disease in Women Before Menopause and Menstrual Cycle Irregularity: The 2010-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.</article-title><source>Medicine</source><volume>95</volume>, <fpage>e2791</fpage> (<year>2016</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26871840</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b42"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>H. Y.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Association Between Tooth Loss, Body Mass Index, and All-Cause Mortality Among Elderly Patients in Taiwan</article-title>. <source>Medicine</source><volume>94</volume>, <fpage>e1543</fpage> (<year>2015</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26426618</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b43"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Associations between the consumption of carbonated beverages and periodontal disease: The 2008-2010 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey.</article-title><source>Medicine</source><volume>95</volume>, <fpage>e4253</fpage> (<year>2016</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27428235</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b44"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hwang</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>J. B.</given-names></name><article-title>Association between Consumption of Coffee and the Prevalence of Periodontitis: The 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source><volume>11</volume>, <fpage>e0158845</fpage> (<year>2016</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27387296</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Author Contributions</bold> I.S., K.H., J.R., and J.P. conceived experiments; I.S., K.H., J.R., and J.P. analyzed the data; I.S., K.H., J.R., and J.P. wrote the manuscript; all authors reviewed the manuscript.</p></fn></fn-group></back><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Participant flow chart.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep41524-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Average number of natural teeth categorized by body mass index.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep41524-f2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Baseline characteristics of study participants according to body mass index lower than 18.5.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Unweighted n</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Body mass index <18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">No</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yes</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P-</italic>value<sup>*</sup></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">17043</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">827</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Number of natural teeth</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.6 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.6 ± 0.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.9276</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Age (years)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">46.0 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">38.0 ± 0.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sex (male)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">50.3 (0.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">28.6 (2.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Smoking (current)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23.9 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">19.6 (1.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0423</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Drinking (current)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">58.6 (0.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">53.7 (2.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0369</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Exercise (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">20.0 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.7 (1.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Income (lowest quartile)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16.3 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">18.0 (1.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.3293</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">High school graduate or higher</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">70.4 (0.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">81.3(1.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cardiovascular disease (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.7 (0.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.1 (0.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0024</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Stroke (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.8 (0.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.4 (0.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0722</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Congenital heart defect (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.0 (0.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.8 (0.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0164</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Diabetes mellitus (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.7 (0.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.2 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Hypertension (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">28.4 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9.6 (1.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Hypercholesterolemia (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12.9 (0.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.3 (0.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Chronic kidney disese (Estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.9 (0.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.5 (0.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.4532</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Metabolic syndrome (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">27.2 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.4 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Stress (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">27.5 (0.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">32.0 (2.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0339</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Frequency of toothbrushing per day</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0032</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> ≤1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">12.0 (0.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9.8 (1.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">45.4 (0.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">39.9 (2.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> ≥3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">42.7 (0.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">50.3 (2.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Body mass index category</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Underweight (x < 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0 (0.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">100.0 (0.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Normal (18.5 ≤ x < 23 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">42.4 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0 (0.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Overweight (23 ≤ x < 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23.9 (0.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0 (0.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Obese (25 ≤ x < 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29.0 (0.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0 (0.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Extreme obese (x ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.7 (0.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0 (0.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p>Data are presented as means ± standard error or percentages (standard error).</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn2"><p><sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic>-values were obtained by independent t-test for continuous variables or chi-square test for categorical variables.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>The association between number of natural teeth and oral health behavior in systemic diseases.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">n</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Number of natural teeth<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">≤20</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">21–27</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">28</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P-</italic>value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3,475</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7,342</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7,053</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cardiovascular disease (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.3 (0.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.9 (0.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.8 (0.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Stroke (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.5 (0.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.8 (0.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.2 (0.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Congenital heart defect (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.0 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.2 (0.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.6 (0.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Diabetes mellitus (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">20.8 (0.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.9 (0.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Hypertension (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">56.0 (1.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">32.2 (0.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">15.5 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Hypercholesterolemia (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">20.0 (1.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">14.7 (0.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.6 (0.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Chronic kidney disease (Estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.8 (0.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.8 (0.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.4 (0.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Metabolic syndrome (yes)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">48.9 (1.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">30.1 (0.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16.6 (0.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Normal to extreme obese individuals</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">32.9 (1.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">34.4 (0.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29.7 (0.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t2-fn1"><p>Data are presented as percentages (standard error).</p></fn><fn id="t2-fn2"><p><sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic>-values were obtained by chi-square test for categorical variables.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>The number of natural teeth categorized by body mass index.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Body mass index</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Model</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><18.5 (underweight)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.6 ± 0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">18.5 ≤ x < 23 (normal)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23.7 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">23 ≤ x < 25 (overweight)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.3 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">25 ≤ x < 30 (obesity)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.4 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">≥30 (extreme obesity)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.0 ± 0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.0001</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t3-fn1"><p>Data are presented as means ± standard error.</p></fn><fn id="t3-fn2"><p>Model: age, sex, smoking, drinking, exercise, income, education, metabolic syndrome, stress, and frequency of toothbrushing adjusted.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of individuals with less than 20 natural teeth categorized by body mass index in multivariate logistic regression models.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Body mass index</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Model</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><18.5 (underweight)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.712 (1.156–2.535)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">18.5 ≤ x < 23 (normal)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.111 (0.939–1.315)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">23 ≤ x < 25 (overweight)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">25 ≤ x < 30 (obesity)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.949 (0.798–1.128)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">≥30 (extreme obesity)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.172 (0.807–1.700)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.0354</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t4-fn1"><p>Mode: age, sex, smoking, drinking, exercise, income, education, metabolic syndrome, stress, and frequency of toothbrushing adjusted.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000842 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000842 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= EdenteV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |