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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Agenesis of Maxillary Lateral Incisors: Treatment Involves Much More Than Just Canine Guidance</title><author><name sortKey="Silveira, Giordani Santos" sort="Silveira, Giordani Santos" uniqKey="Silveira G" first="Giordani Santos" last="Silveira">Giordani Santos Silveira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mucha, Jose Nelson" sort="Mucha, Jose Nelson" uniqKey="Mucha J" first="José Nelson" last="Mucha">José Nelson Mucha</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27006720</idno><idno type="pmc">4780478</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780478</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4780478</idno><idno type="doi">10.2174/1874210601610010019</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000746</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000746</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Agenesis of Maxillary Lateral Incisors: Treatment Involves Much More Than Just Canine Guidance</title><author><name sortKey="Silveira, Giordani Santos" sort="Silveira, Giordani Santos" uniqKey="Silveira G" first="Giordani Santos" last="Silveira">Giordani Santos Silveira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mucha, Jose Nelson" sort="Mucha, Jose Nelson" uniqKey="Mucha J" first="José Nelson" last="Mucha">José Nelson Mucha</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Open Dentistry Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1874-2106</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective:</title><p>In this study, we aimed highlight some clinical features present
in patients whose maxillary lateral incisors are missing, and proposed more
logical, rational and predictable solutions to inform decision making in
rehabilitation procedures.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>Literature review and discussion.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Choosing the best possible treatment for congenital absence of
maxillary lateral incisors depends on the multidisciplinary diagnosis of facial,
occlusal, functional and periodontal features. It also depends on the individual
long-term stability, and it does not only rely on canine-guided disocclusion.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stamatiou, J" uniqKey="Stamatiou J">J. Stamatiou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Symons, A L" uniqKey="Symons A">A.L. Symons</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aasheim, B" uniqKey="Aasheim B">B. Aasheim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogaard, B" uniqKey="Ogaard B">B. Ögaard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Araujo, E A" uniqKey="Araujo E">E.A. Araújo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, D D" uniqKey="Oliveira D">D.D. Oliveira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Araujo, M T" uniqKey="Araujo M">M.T. Araújo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Robertsson, S" uniqKey="Robertsson S">S. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Open Dent J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Open Dent J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TODENTJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Open Dentistry Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1874-2106</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Bentham Open</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27006720</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4780478</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">TODENTJ-10-19</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1874210601610010019</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Agenesis of Maxillary Lateral Incisors: Treatment Involves Much More Than Just Canine Guidance</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Silveira</surname><given-names>Giordani Santos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mucha</surname><given-names>José Nelson</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff> Department of Orthodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Address correspondence to this author at the Av. Antônio Abrahão Caran, 820 sala 708, bairro São José, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Zip code: 31.275-000; Tel: 55 31 34910038, 55 31 99703704; E-mails:
<email xlink:href="giordanisilveira@hotmail.com">giordanisilveira@hotmail.com</email>,
<email xlink:href="giordanisilveira@id.uff.br">giordanisilveira@id.uff.br</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Silveira and Mucha; Licensee <italic>Bentham Open.</italic></copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Silveira and Mucha</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode"><license-p>This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International Public License (CC BY-NC 4.0)
(<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode</uri>), which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the
work is properly cited. </license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objective:</title><p>In this study, we aimed highlight some clinical features present
in patients whose maxillary lateral incisors are missing, and proposed more
logical, rational and predictable solutions to inform decision making in
rehabilitation procedures.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>Literature review and discussion.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Choosing the best possible treatment for congenital absence of
maxillary lateral incisors depends on the multidisciplinary diagnosis of facial,
occlusal, functional and periodontal features. It also depends on the individual
long-term stability, and it does not only rely on canine-guided disocclusion.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Dental implant</kwd><kwd>dental prosthesis</kwd><kwd>lateral incisor</kwd><kwd>orthodontic space closure</kwd><kwd>tooth agenesis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Upper lateral incisors agenesis affects approximately 2% of population. Bilateral cases are more common than unilateral, and women have a slightly higher prevalence than men [<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"> 2</xref>]. This is a condition that involves the anterior dental arch region; therefore, it raises concern in patients and their families considering that diastemata, mesially positioned canines, and dental asymmetries significantly compromise facial esthetics, particularly the smile [<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr"> 4</xref>].</p><p>Since the 1970s, because of advances in dental materials used to bond to the tooth structure and osseointegration with dental implants, there are more therapeutic options available for addressing the problem of missing upper lateral incisors. Nowadays, many alternatives exist, including removable partial denture [<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>], conventional fixed partial denture [<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>], fixed partial denture in cantilever [<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>], adhesive denture [<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>-<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>], implant-supported denture [<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>], and orthodontic space closure followed by dental recontouring [<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>-<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Despite all these treatment modalities, considering the position of the maxillary canine in normal occlusion with the lower canine as a therapeutic goal to ensure canine guidance has prompted much controversy and debate [<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>-<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>-<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>].</p><p>Regardless of the type of prosthetic replacement, this consists in opening or at least maintaining the space between missing teeth. The canine would then be placed or kept in an Angle Class I relationship, according to the gnathological principles of an ideal or pure lateral disocclusion <italic>via</italic> the canines [<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>].</p><p>Space closure is achieved by moving cuspid to mesial. Moreover, the loss of canine guidance during lateral
movements of the mandible finds greater acceptance among orthodontists than dentists and specialists of dental
restoration [<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>, <xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>].</p><p>Thus, it is important to understand whether the disocclusion of canines through functional lateral movements always represents the main goal when designing a multidisciplinary approach to address the agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors.</p><p>The aim of this article was to highlight and discuss some of the features present in certain clinical situations, such as those where facial esthetics, periodontal integrity, and even an optimum functional occlusion should be prioritized over a canine protected occlusion.</p></sec><sec><title>DIAGNOSIS</title><sec><title>A- Age</title><p>Teenagers with late mixed dentition or newly developed permanent dentition are often seeking treatment for congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors, because during this period the esthetic problem becomes more evident [<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"> 14</xref>-<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. The professional’s decision to maintain or open the space through orthodontic correction implies waiting the end of craniofacial growth before completing a definitive rehabilitation treatment, particularly if this is an implant-supported prosthesis [<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>-<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]. </p><p>During this period that can last several years, a temporary (preferably fixed) prosthodontics should be installed in those cases scheduled for implant placement [<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>, <xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr"> 10</xref>, <xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr"> 23</xref>]. The longer the time elapsed between the completion of orthodontic treatment and placement of the implant, the greater the risk of atrophy of the alveolar ridge [<xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>] and the roots adjacent to the space moving once again closer together [<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. In the first case, additional bone graft surgical procedures may be necessary [<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]; in the second one, a fixed orthodontic appliance may have to be placed once more, to restore parallelism and adequate space between the roots of the teeth adjacent to the future implant recipient bed [<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. </p><p>On the other hand, implant restorations in the anterior maxilla represent a challenge in terms of proper esthetic results, particularly in the gingival contour aspect [<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>, <xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr"> 20</xref>, <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr"> 25</xref>]. And even when a good immediate result is achieved [<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr"> 27</xref>], one can expect that, over the years, there will be misalignment, both gingivally and on the incisal edge, between the implant crown and the teeth adjacent to it resulting from the continuous eruption of natural teeth [<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>, <xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr"> 20</xref>, <xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr"> 28</xref>]. In addition, the incisors will be uprighted over the years, which can cause a virtual protrusion of the implant crown [<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr"> 29</xref>].</p><p>In contrast, closure of the orthodontic space through mesially moved canine can be performed even before the end of dental development, because it takes advantage of the flexibility and metabolism of young, growing bones [<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr"> 16</xref>]. The key word is result “predictability” thanks to the treatment option involving space closure and the use of natural teeth [<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr"> 25</xref>]. In addition, it is important that the treatment ends during adolescence, as this exerts a positive impact on individual self-esteem and social acceptance without the need to use temporary prosthodontics [<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>B- Lip Protrusion</title><p>Diagnosis and orthodontic planning should have several goals, including improved appearance (esthetics), normal oral function, optimum proximal and occlusal contacts (occlusion), and long-term stability [<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>].</p><p>The esthetic analysis necessary for decision-making should not be restricted only to structures framed by the lips on smiling nor should it be limited to the frontal view. Evaluations of the face in profile with the lips at rest have been widely employed in orthodontic diagnostic procedures since the dawn of orthodontics [<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]. </p><p>Beside the full facial orthognathic profile, the lower face should also be considered. The relationship between nose, chin, and mouth can be easily analyzed by lines such as the Steiner (“S”) Steiner line [<xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>], and the ideal situation would be the one where the most anterior points of both lips are touching this line (Fig. <bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref></bold>). When the lips are positioned posterior to the “S” line, a concave aspect of the lower face emerges, which is typical of senility. In contrast, when the lips appear anterior to this line, the lower face profile looks full, protrusive, and convex. From an esthetic point of view, situations of extreme concavity or protrusion are equally unpleasant, and often lead patients and their legal guardians to seek correction with an orthodontist [<xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>].</p><p>The position of the lips on the face is directly related to the anteroposterior one of the incisors. Retraction or dental protrusion through orthodontic mechanics causes changes in the lips to a greater or lesser degree, depending on ethnicity, gender, and/or the type of sagittal malocclusion [<xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]. The relationship between incisors and lips retraction is approximately 3.0 mm from the upper incisor to 1.0 mm for the upper lip (3:1), and 1:1 for the lower incisor and lower lip [<xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>].</p><p>The presence of lip biprotrusion accompanied by dental biprotrusion may be the patient’s chief complaint (Fig. <bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref></bold>). Extraction of teeth in the mandibular arch (bicuspids) through bimaxillary dental retraction is indicated in individuals with congenital absence of maxillary laterals to achieve lip retraction and a balanced facial relationship [<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr"> 25</xref>, <xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr"> 36</xref>]. In these cases, it would be contraindicated to extract premolars in view of the absence of upper lateral incisors. Furthermore, it does not seem reasonable to trade two natural teeth for two lateral incisor prostheses just to keep the canines in Class I.</p><p>There are clinical situations where a biprotrusion is accompanied by reduced overbite, thereby compromising the effectiveness of the anterior guidance. The closure of upper spaces (or agenesis spaces) and, in some cases the extraction of lower teeth (premolars), can also be justified, because retraction increases overbite (Fig. <bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref></bold>), thus enabling a proper anterior disocclusion of the mandibular protrusive movements [<xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr"> 38</xref>].</p><p>In biprotrusion cases that compromise facial esthetics, anterior disocclusion is preferable to lateral canine disocclusion, as it can be satisfactorily replaced by group function [<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>-<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]. The anterior guidance, on the other hand, can only be performed by anterior teeth that, after treatment, exhibit adequate overbite and overjet.</p><p>Therefore, both the maintenance and the opening of space would be contraindicated in cases of lip and dental biprotrusion and, consequently, when the goal is to address this issue.</p></sec><sec><title>C- Severe Crowding of the Lower Incisors</title><p>In cases with a severe lack of space in the lower dental arch, it is mandatory to indicate dental extractions, irrespective of other features the patient may present [<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr"> 32</xref>, <xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr"> 38</xref>]. Often, the alveolar bone positioned buccally to the incisors becomes increasingly thinner due to protrusion and the buccal position of these teeth..., and may even have ...gingival recessions, fenestration and bone dehiscence [<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]. In such cases, facial esthetics may also be compromised [<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]. </p><p>When upper lateral incisors are missing and there is an appropriate maxillomandibular sagittal relationship of the posterior segments (<italic>i.e</italic>., molars in Class I, or next to a Class I Angle relationship), the preferred option is to extract the mandibular first premolars while closing both upper and lower spaces [<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr"> 36</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>D- Angle Class II Malocclusion</title><p>Angle Class II malocclusion is characterized by a more anterior position of the maxillary dental arch relative to the mandibular one. It may also result from a more anterior position of the upper arch, a more posterior position of the lower arch, or a combination of both. Furthermore, these deviations may be located only in the dental aspect or as secondary signs of disharmony between the bony bases of the maxilla <italic>versus</italic> the mandible, which is characteristic of a skeletal origin malocclusion [<xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>].</p><p>One of the strategies to treat Angle Class II malocclusion through maxillary protrusion, particularly in patients at the end of growth or with no growth, is to extract teeth in the upper arch, usually the first bicuspids so to create space for retraction of these teeth [<xref rid="R45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>] and obtain adequate overjet and overbite (Fig. <bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref></bold>).</p><p>In Class II malocclusions with congenital absence of the upper lateral incisors and no crowding in the lower arch, the use of existing spaces to retract the upper anterior teeth, central incisors, and canines is more conservative and predictable. Moreover, it requires less total treatment time than the maintenance of spaces for prostheses of the lateral incisors and extraction of the maxillary first premolars [<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr"> 36</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>E- Gummy Smile</title><p>This situation poses a daunting challenge to dental professionals, namely when the treatment of missing teeth is undertaken in the anterior maxilla. The major concerns consist in imparting a harmony of color and hue to the teeth, appropriate gingival contour, and natural topography of the alveolar process [<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr"> 19</xref>, <xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr"> 20</xref>].</p><p>At present, the first prosthetic treatment option for cases of missing teeth is the implant [<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. Gingival recession is commonly found in adults, where it may give rise to color change in the marginal gingiva (bluish hue) and/or exposure of the implant edge [<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. In addition, over time, it is possible that the implant crown and the crowns of the other teeth become unlevelled in both the gingival and incisal aspects, as the implant tends to behave like an ankylosed tooth [<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr"> 19</xref>, <xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr"> 20</xref>]. These limitations are particularly important in patients with gingival exposure on smiling, thus implants are not indicated in these cases [<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr"> 25</xref>]. </p><p>In tooth-supported fixed dentures, the presence of a depression in the alveolar ridge in the edentulous region, which results from a growing bone atrophy over the years, should not be disregarded from an esthetic point of view [<xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>, <xref rid="R46" ref-type="bibr"> 46</xref>].</p><p>Moving canine to mesial, in order to close the spaces left by missing teeth, leads to great esthetic advantages compared to other options. However, it is important that orthodontists perform canine extrusion to allow a lower gingival contour relative to the central incisor and the first premolar, and apply a lingual root torque to these teeth to prevent the emergence of a canine eminence in the lateral incisor region [<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr"> 17</xref>]. Given that all the teeth are natural, eruption will occur jointly and the teeth will remain leveled [<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>F- Excessive Overbite</title><p>In the presence of a deep bite and when the intrusion of the maxillary central incisors is proposed as orthodontic treatment, maintenance or opening spaces for replacement with implants should be cautiously reassessed, as some intrusion relapse will manifest in the future [<xref rid="R47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>, <xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr"> 48</xref>], and the esthetic result can be catastrophic in the long term [<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>, <xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr"> 20</xref>], particularly if a slight gummy smile is present [<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr"> 17</xref>].</p><p>When fixed dentures have already been planned, situations of unilateral agenesis should raise concern, because the two central incisors may become unlevelled as the central incisor on the side unaffected by agenesis are free to express recurrence and the central incisor adjacent is fixed to the canine by means of a fixed partial denture. </p><p>Therefore, the best suited treatment option seem to be the mesially moved canines, as they are natural teeth whose mechanical behavior is similar to that of incisors. Another option would be to bond a retainer on the palatal side not only to prevent the opening of space but also to maintain the leveling of the recontoured central incisors and canines [<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr"> 15</xref>, <xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr"> 17</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec><title>CANINE PROTECTED OCCLUSION</title><p>According to articles published by gnathologists, pure lateral disocclusion <italic>via</italic> canines (<italic>i.e</italic>., canine unilateral contact on the working side) is ideal for maintaining homeostasis of the stomatognathic system. Therefore, the whole rehabilitation treatment with prosthodontics or orthodontics should aim to set such lateral disocclusion whenever possible [<xref rid="R49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>, <xref rid="R50" ref-type="bibr"> 50</xref>]. In situations where the malocclusion does not allow to achieve a canine protected occlusion (CPO), a group function would be acceptable, if contacts and prematurities are not present on the balancing side [<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]. But for orthodontists, who treat malocclusions, obtaining this type of lateral disocclusion at the end of treatment would be tacit, at the risk of the professional being accused of not practicing state-of-the-art orthodontics [<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>, <xref rid="R51" ref-type="bibr"> 51</xref>]. </p><p>The criterion for the acceptance of specific type of disocclusion (<italic>i.e</italic>., canine protected occlusion) as the ideal should be based on the premise that it is more prevalent in nature and that these individuals display fewest TMD signs and symptoms and less periodontal impairment [<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>, <xref rid="R51" ref-type="bibr"> 51</xref>].</p><p>However, studies on the prevalence of the different types of lateral disocclusion show divergent distributions for balanced occlusion, canine protected occlusion, group function and mixed occlusion (<italic>i.e</italic>., protected by the canine in a group function) [<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]. The presence of balanced occlusion, namely bilateral contacts during mandibular lateral movement, range from 34% to 89% in untreated individuals with different malocclusions. Therefore, there is no such thing as a predominant functional occlusion in nature [<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>].</p><p>In addition, the superiority of any type of occlusal function to improve or prevent TMD problems has not been demonstrated yet [<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr"> 40</xref>, <xref rid="R52" ref-type="bibr"> 52</xref>]. The etiology of TMD is known to be multifactorial, and static, functional occlusion plays only a secondary role [<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>-<xref rid="R53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]. Occlusal factors may also contribute to TMD, but only very slightly (10% to 20%) without, however, being directly connected in a cause-and-effect relationship [<xref rid="R52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>].</p><p>Another point that should be addressed is the instability of CPO over the years. Canine protected occlusion tends to be replaced by group function due to an inevitable and rather common wear of maxillary canines [<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>, <xref rid="R54" ref-type="bibr"> 54</xref>].</p><p>Concerning the treatment of agenesis of lateral incisors, studies [<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr"> 5</xref>] compared occlusion in cases subjected to space closure through canine mesialization <italic>versus</italic> space maintenance followed by prosthetic replacement. A comparison of sagittal, vertical, and lateral discrepancies between centric relation (CR) and centric occlusion (CO), occlusal contacts in CO, and premature contacts on the balancing side showed no significant differences. The presence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and the prevalence of gingival recession on the buccal surfaces of the premolars were no different [<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr"> 5</xref>, <xref rid="R55" ref-type="bibr"> 55</xref>].</p><p>There is no strong or irrefutable evidence to prove that the relentless pursuit of canine protected occlusion is beneficial for all orthodontic patients, particularly those with missing maxillary lateral incisors [<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]. </p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Treating maxillary lateral incisor agenesis requires the joint work of a multidisciplinary team that, after evaluating all parameters of oral health, facial esthetic, dental and smile esthetics, occlusal, functional, periodontal, and stability, decides to adopt a therapeutic modality that offers the best biological cost-effectiveness in terms of time and financial support for the patient, that is, the most effective treatment.</p><p>Space closure in young patients is very often the procedure of choice, as it is reversible and thus provides future options and esthetic considerations.</p><p>Occlusion through canine guidance is not an absolute condition for maintaining the balance of the stomatognathic system, as it may well be replaced by group function. 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J.</source><year>2012</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>248</fpage><lpage>254</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1874210601206010248</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23346262</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Fig. (1)</label><caption><p>Ideal position of the upper and lower lips with respect to the Steiner (“S”) line (obtained from the midpoint of the lower contour of the nose to the most anterior point on the chin).
</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TODENTJ-10-19_F1"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Fig. (2)</label><caption><p>Case with dental biprotrusion before and after correction, showing excellent esthetic results of the facial profile contour.
</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TODENTJ-10-19_F2"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Fig. (3)</label><caption><p>The uprighting of protrusive incisors (<bold>A</bold>) provides optimum overbite with excellent incisal guidance (<bold>B</bold>).
</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TODENTJ-10-19_F3"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Fig. (4)</label><caption><p>Class II case (<bold>A</bold>), where closure space results in adequate overjet and overbite (<bold>B</bold>).
</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TODENTJ-10-19_F4"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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