Validity and reliability of a Persian version of the quality of masticatory function questionnaire for edentulous patients
Identifieur interne : 000622 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000621; suivant : 000623Validity and reliability of a Persian version of the quality of masticatory function questionnaire for edentulous patients
Auteurs : Niloufar Khodaeian ; Mansour Rismanchian ; Ali Behzadi ; Fariba JowkarSource :
- Dental Research Journal [ 1735-3327 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Questionnaire is a suitable tool for evaluating the subjective masticatory function in edentulous patients. However, there is no validated Persian version of masticatory function questionnaire. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the translated Persian version of the quality of masticatory function (QMF) questionnaire in terms of validity and reliability.
After translation of QMF questionnaire to Persian, its validity was evaluated by four expert prosthodontists. The tool was applied on 62 complete denture wearers (31 men and 31 women, mean age 64.85 ± 1.98 years, mean time of edentulism 12.17 ± 3.21 years) via face-to-face interviews. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure internal consistency. Construct validity was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between the summary scores of the tool and the years of edentulism and sex was also calculated for concurrent validity (α = 0.05)
It has been found that the Persian version of the questionnaire had an acceptable reliability (α = 0.910). Exploratory factor analysis extracted five domains: Masticatory problems with dentures, problems while consuming apple and carrot, meat products, fruits and vegetables, and changes need for better swallowing. A correlation was found between the tool scores and the years of edentulism (
The Persian version of QMF questionnaire for edentulous patients showed acceptable validity and reliability but further studies are needed to verify this tool.
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PubMed: 27076831
PubMed Central: 4810914
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Validity and reliability of a Persian version of the quality of masticatory function questionnaire for edentulous patients</title><author><name sortKey="Khodaeian, Niloufar" sort="Khodaeian, Niloufar" uniqKey="Khodaeian N" first="Niloufar" last="Khodaeian">Niloufar Khodaeian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Dental Materials Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rismanchian, Mansour" sort="Rismanchian, Mansour" uniqKey="Rismanchian M" first="Mansour" last="Rismanchian">Mansour Rismanchian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Dental Implant Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Behzadi, Ali" sort="Behzadi, Ali" uniqKey="Behzadi A" first="Ali" last="Behzadi">Ali Behzadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Dental Students’ Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jowkar, Fariba" sort="Jowkar, Fariba" uniqKey="Jowkar F" first="Fariba" last="Jowkar">Fariba Jowkar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27076831</idno><idno type="pmc">4810914</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810914</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4810914</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000622</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000622</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Validity and reliability of a Persian version of the quality of masticatory function questionnaire for edentulous patients</title><author><name sortKey="Khodaeian, Niloufar" sort="Khodaeian, Niloufar" uniqKey="Khodaeian N" first="Niloufar" last="Khodaeian">Niloufar Khodaeian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Dental Materials Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rismanchian, Mansour" sort="Rismanchian, Mansour" uniqKey="Rismanchian M" first="Mansour" last="Rismanchian">Mansour Rismanchian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Dental Implant Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Behzadi, Ali" sort="Behzadi, Ali" uniqKey="Behzadi A" first="Ali" last="Behzadi">Ali Behzadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Dental Students’ Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jowkar, Fariba" sort="Jowkar, Fariba" uniqKey="Jowkar F" first="Fariba" last="Jowkar">Fariba Jowkar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Dental Research Journal</title><idno type="ISSN">1735-3327</idno><idno type="eISSN">2008-0255</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>Questionnaire is a suitable tool for evaluating the subjective masticatory function in edentulous patients. However, there is no validated Persian version of masticatory function questionnaire. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the translated Persian version of the quality of masticatory function (QMF) questionnaire in terms of validity and reliability.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>After translation of QMF questionnaire to Persian, its validity was evaluated by four expert prosthodontists. The tool was applied on 62 complete denture wearers (31 men and 31 women, mean age 64.85 ± 1.98 years, mean time of edentulism 12.17 ± 3.21 years) via face-to-face interviews. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure internal consistency. Construct validity was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between the summary scores of the tool and the years of edentulism and sex was also calculated for concurrent validity (α = 0.05)</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>It has been found that the Persian version of the questionnaire had an acceptable reliability (α = 0.910). Exploratory factor analysis extracted five domains: Masticatory problems with dentures, problems while consuming apple and carrot, meat products, fruits and vegetables, and changes need for better swallowing. A correlation was found between the tool scores and the years of edentulism (<italic>P</italic> = 0.001), but there was no correlation between sex and the tool scores (<italic>P</italic> = 0.841).</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The Persian version of QMF questionnaire for edentulous patients showed acceptable validity and reliability but further studies are needed to verify this tool.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joshipura, Kj" uniqKey="Joshipura K">KJ Joshipura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willett, Wc" uniqKey="Willett W">WC Willett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Douglass, Cw" uniqKey="Douglass C">CW Douglass</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krall, E" uniqKey="Krall E">E Krall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayes, C" uniqKey="Hayes C">C Hayes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, R" uniqKey="Garcia R">R 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Dent Res J (Isfahan)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Dent Res J (Isfahan)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">DRJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Dental Research Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1735-3327</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2008-0255</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27076831</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4810914</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">DRJ-13-160</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Validity and reliability of a Persian version of the quality of masticatory function questionnaire for edentulous patients</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khodaeian</surname><given-names>Niloufar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rismanchian</surname><given-names>Mansour</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Behzadi</surname><given-names>Ali</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jowkar</surname><given-names>Fariba</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Dental Materials Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Dental Implant Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Dental Students’ Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Ali Behzadi, No. 82, 14<sup>th</sup> Alley, Janbazan Street, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail: <email xlink:href="behzadi89@gmail.com">behzadi89@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Mar-Apr</season><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>160</fpage><lpage>167</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><month>10</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Dental Research Journal</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>Questionnaire is a suitable tool for evaluating the subjective masticatory function in edentulous patients. However, there is no validated Persian version of masticatory function questionnaire. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the translated Persian version of the quality of masticatory function (QMF) questionnaire in terms of validity and reliability.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>After translation of QMF questionnaire to Persian, its validity was evaluated by four expert prosthodontists. The tool was applied on 62 complete denture wearers (31 men and 31 women, mean age 64.85 ± 1.98 years, mean time of edentulism 12.17 ± 3.21 years) via face-to-face interviews. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure internal consistency. Construct validity was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between the summary scores of the tool and the years of edentulism and sex was also calculated for concurrent validity (α = 0.05)</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>It has been found that the Persian version of the questionnaire had an acceptable reliability (α = 0.910). Exploratory factor analysis extracted five domains: Masticatory problems with dentures, problems while consuming apple and carrot, meat products, fruits and vegetables, and changes need for better swallowing. A correlation was found between the tool scores and the years of edentulism (<italic>P</italic> = 0.001), but there was no correlation between sex and the tool scores (<italic>P</italic> = 0.841).</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The Persian version of QMF questionnaire for edentulous patients showed acceptable validity and reliability but further studies are needed to verify this tool.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Dentures</kwd><kwd>edentulous</kwd><kwd>mastication</kwd><kwd>questionnaire</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Chewing ability is not only an important dimension of oral health, but it is also associated with general health status because it changes dietary choices and nutritional intakes, which may affect the general health.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref><xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] Long-term edentulism could eventually result in alveolar bone resorption, temporomandibular disorders, or muscle hypotonicity, which ultimately leads to direct damage to the masticatory function.[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] Furthermore, a reduction in the physiological secretion of gastric acid is characteristic of the aging human process, which reinforces the importance of efficient mastication to start food digestion processes.[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] Dion <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] adjusted the common risk factors affecting nutritional status and found that poor dental status was still related to malnutrition in elderly individuals and showed that decreased masticatory performance could increase the possibility of malnutrition. Kazemi <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] showed in their systematic review that most investigations found a significant relationship between the oral health status and nutrient intake; however, longitudinal studies were required for a better understanding of the diet-oral health relations. Food choice is largely affected by chewing ability.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] People report increasing difficulty in chewing special foods such as stringy, crunchy, and dry solid foods when the masticatory function reduces.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</p><p>Overpreparation of fresh foods such as peeling fruits and vegetables or overcooking vegetables to make them easier to chew can affect the intake of wide range of nutrients including some that are thought to be important for prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disorders and for cellular defense. This problem is particularly important for edentulous patients with impaired chewing ability.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</p><p>Masticatory function has been evaluated by objective and subjective measures. The objective methods were accomplished through testing the subject's ability to break down foods into discrete portions.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] These methods usually measure the size of the test food samples that have been chewed for a specific number of chewing cycles by sieving methods or image analysis techniques.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] The subjective methods depend on the individuals’ perception about their masticatory performance and are usually measured by a questionnaire.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref><xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</p><p>Some authors believed the principal measures of masticatory efficiency should be based on the patients’ perceptions. Demers <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] and Slagter <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] evaluated the correlation between the masticatory efficiency using subjective and objective measures, in complete denture wearers. They concluded that the questionnaire method was rather weak compared to the objective tests and, thus, dentists should not rely solely on subjective responses to evaluate chewing problems, oral conditions, and prosthesis quality in order to determine masticatory efficiency. In addition, masticatory efficiency must be determined by scientifically proven objective tests, which may be supplemented by subjective tests, but never using the latter as a primary source of information. On the other hand, while the objective quantification of the masticatory efficiency may result in a low value and not clinically significant, the subjective masticatory efficiency measures, which are an analysis by the patient about his mastication, may reflect a most relevant aspect.[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref><xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] Thus, the combination of the two methods should be valuable for a thorough evaluation of masticatory.[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref><xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</p><p>Different types of questionnaires have been used to evaluate masticatory efficiency. Questions about perceived ease of chewing different foods and dietary intake are usually used for subjective evaluation, so the result of this method may be affected by psychological conditions.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] In complete dentures wearers, both the subjective and the objective masticatory efficiencies with their dentures are determined by several factors such as age, sex, duration of edentulism, oral conditions, and previous dentures experiences.[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref><xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</p><p>Quality of masticatory function (QMF) questionnaire, which is originally written in French, consists of 28 questions related to difficulty and frequency of chewing different types of foods in edentulous patients. Although this questionnaire was used in different studies, it has not yet been validated.[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref><xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</p><p>As the validated Persian masticatory function questionnaire for edentulous patients was not found, the aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the translated Persian version of the QMF questionnaire in terms of validity and reliability.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>An ethical clearance was obtained from the research and ethics committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. QMF questionnaire was translated from English to Persian and this version was then back-translated into English. Each question was assessed to make sure no change in meaning had been generated in the Persian translation. After this procedure, the content validity was evaluated in a panel of four experienced prosthodontists. Then, the inventory was applied on the samples. A total of 62 complete denture wearers who were referred to the Department of Prosthodontics in the School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, consented to participate in this study. Convenient sampling was used. Inclusion criteria comprised participants who had passed the functional adaptation and adjustment period. Participants had been wearing the dentures for 1 month or longer. All the participants signed the written informed consent. Sample size and appropriate structure for data analysis were approved through Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sample adequacy and Bartlett's test of sphericity.[<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</p><p>Persian-translated QMF questionnaire was carried out by one of the researchers through face-to-face interview. This was done in a room in the Department of Prosthodontics, which was specially used for this purpose to obtain privacy for patients. The mean time of interview was 35 min. Subjects responded by rating the frequency and difficulty of chewing different types of foods in the past 2 weeks on the five-point Likert scale: Ranging from “always” to “never” or “a lot” to “no difficulty.”[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref><xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>] Subjects who responded “always” or “a lot” got score 1 and who responded “never” or “no difficulty” got score 5. Questions # 16, 17, 19, 22, and 27 were recoded before analysis. The final score was the sum of all question scores, ranging from 28 to 140, and the higher score, the higher QMF.</p><p>The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 statistical package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability in terms of internal consistency of the summary scores for QMF questionnaire and various subscales.[<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] Furthermore, corrected item total correlation was calculated for the different items of the questionnaire. Construct validity of the instrument was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis.[<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref><xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] Concurrent validity of the tool was analyzed by evaluation of the interpretability of the instrument through measuring the correlation between the years of edentulism/sex and the QMF scores using Spearman's correlation coefficient. <italic>P</italic> < 0.05 denoted statistical significance.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>Sixty-two complete denture wearers (31 men and 31 women, mean age 64.85 ± 1.98 years, range 45-75 years, mean time of edentulism 12.17 ± 3.21 years) participated in this study. The KMO coefficient for this dataset was 0.801 and the Bartlett test of sphericity was statistically significant (χ<sup>2</sup>= 1124.96, df = 351, <italic>P</italic> < 0.001), indicating that properties of the correlation matrix justified factor analysis being carried out. An overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.910, which shows a good internal consistency of the tool. <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> shows the individual Cronbach's alpha when each item of the questionnaire is deleted. Corrected item total correlation of each item of the questionnaire was also shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>. The question # 21 did not have a minimally acceptable correlation with other items and, therefore was omitted [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>]. After deletion of this question, an overall Cronbach's alpha was increased to 0.914, and the QMF was scored between 27 and 135.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Corrected item-total correlation and Cronbach's alpha when each item of the Persian-translated QMF questionnaire was deleted</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-13-160-g001"></graphic></table-wrap><p>Construct validity was obtained by exploratory factor analysis. The principal component analysis with orthogonal rotation using the Varimax procedure and Kaiser Normalization extracted 8 factors. Eight components have initial Eigenvalues >1, further the scree plot confirmed the extraction of eight components, and they could explain 77.6% of the total variation. Three components had fewer than three questions, so their items incorporated to other components according to item scores and Cronbach's alpha of the resultant domains, so five domains were finally organized [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Principal exploratory factor analysis with extracted components of the Persian-translated QMF questionnaire</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-13-160-g002"></graphic></table-wrap><p>Domains were named according to the content of their loaded questions. The Persian version of the QMF questionnaire included five subscales as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>. Masticatory problems with dentures (five items, questions # 8, 9, 10, 15, 16), problems while consuming apple and carrot (six items, questions #22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28), meat products (seven items, questions #1, 2, 3, 17, 18, 19, 20), fruits and vegetables (four items, questions # 4, 5, 6, 7) as well as changes needed for better swallowing (five items, questions #11, 12, 13, 14, 26) [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>]. Mean, standard deviation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of domains were summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The Persian version of the quality of masticatory function questionnaire.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-13-160-g003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Mean, SD, and Cronbach's alpha of the Persian-translated QMF</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-13-160-g004"></graphic></table-wrap><p>A correlation was found between the QMF scores and the years of edentulism (<italic>P</italic> = 0.001) [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4</xref>]. It was seen that the QMF scores were lower for those patients who had more years of edentulism and vice versa. There was no correlation between sex and QMF scores (mean scores in males: 92.74 ± 17.50, mean scores in females 89.54 ± 15.11, <italic>P</italic> = 0.841).</p><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Correlation between the QMF-P scores and the years of edentulism</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-13-160-g005"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>The investigation of validity and reliability of questionnaire translated from other languages is very important. A translation of QMF questionnaire into Persian would not necessarily ensure applicability among Iranian population because of cultural diversity in different environments.[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] Although the English version of this questionnaire has not been validated, it demonstrated the capacity to identify some intergroup differences in Muller <italic>et al</italic>.'s study.[<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>] The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of this questionnaire. The Persian version of questionnaire was applied with an interview format because most of the subjects were elderly patients, and this format would be preferred compared with the self-reporting questionnaire.[<xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] The internal consistency of the QMF questionnaire was evaluated via estimating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. This coefficient ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 and the value similar to or >0.7 is considered acceptable.[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref><xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref><xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>] The overall reliability of QMF questionnaire was 0.910. The minimally acceptable correlation coefficient is 0.3,[<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] whereas this coefficient for question #21 was 0.02. After deletion of this question, the overall Cronbach's alpha increased to 0.914. Consuming meat in puree form is not common among Iranian people. In Persian culture, meat is usually used in the form of kebab or stew and most of the subjects had no experience of consuming meat in the form of puree. Bartlett's test of sphericity is used to evaluate whether a correlation matrix is suitable for factor analysis. If a low probability is obtained, this supports the use of factor analysis as an appropriate procedure. If a KMO measure in the range of 0.80s and 0.90s is achieved, this supports the use of factor analysis for the data. In this study, the probability and KMO measure (0.801) showed that the factor analysis is suitable for data analysis. The factor solution could explain 77.5% of total variance and it was above 50%, so it is a good solution.[<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</p><p>After completing exploratory factor analysis, five subscales were resulted: Masticatory problems with dentures (five items), problems while consuming apple and carrot (six items), meat products (seven items), fruits and vegetables (four items), and changes need for better swallowing (five items).</p><p>The highest score was given to the domain, “problems while consuming meat products” (4.31 ± 0.61) and the lowest score belonged to the domain, “problems while consuming apple and carrot” (1.65 ± 0.85). The highest and lowest scores were given to the items, “Do you have difficulty to chew ground beef?” (4.75 ± 0.59) and “Have you eaten fresh carrot without cutting it?” (1.34 ± 0.92), respectively. According to the results of this study, the most difficult foods to chew were apple and carrot, followed by fruits and vegetables, and the least difficult foods to chew were meat products. In Leake's study,[<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>] a scale with five food items was used as an indicator of the perception of the individual masticatory function. In this scale, the least difficult food to chew was boiled vegetables following in order by lettuce, firm meat, carrot, and apple. In a study by Demers <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] the most difficult foods to chew were fresh apple followed by fresh carrot and celery sticks. Steak or firm meat, hamburger, fresh lettuce or spinach salad, dry toast, mashed potato, boiled vegetables, and vegetable soap were placed in subsequent orders. Our findings were in agreement with these studies[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref><xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>] that edentulous patients have more chewing difficulties with fresh fruits and vegetables, especially apple and carrot. Meat products and crusted bread had lesser chewing difficulties in previous studies[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref><xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>] and in our study. Boiled vegetables were not assessed in QMF questionnaire. Ground meat seems to be the least difficult food to chew in this questionnaire. Hamburger, an example of ground meat, and dry toast were chewed easier than fresh fruits and vegetables in Demers <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] study and in our study.</p><p>In this study, all subscales had an acceptable α values ranging from 0.89 to 0.71.[<xref rid="ref34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] The highest and lowest Cronbach's alpha belonged to “problems while consuming apple and carrot” and “changes need for better swallowing” domains, respectively.</p><p>A correlation was found between the QMF scores and the years of edentulism. Patients who experienced more years of edentulism had less QMF scores. This correlation supports the construct validity of the questionnaire. One of the common consequences occurred after teeth loss is the continuous residual ridge resorption,[<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] temporomandibular disorders, or muscle hypotonicity, which can cause denture instability and chewing difficulty in complete denture wearers.[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="ref36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>] Increased years of edentulism may lead to the reduced residual ridge height and more complete denture problems. Based on this result, this tool is capable to distinguish between patients with different clinical characteristics.</p><p>Small sample size with geographical and cultural similarities was the major limitation of our study. As the construct validity is an ongoing process, it is recommended that the present version of QMF questionnaire can be assessed in other geographic areas of Iran with a larger sample size and different demographic variables.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec1-5"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Persian version of QMF questionnaire showed satisfactory reliability and validity. Use of this version as an outcome measurement for clinical research is feasible, as long as the limitations are known. Due to the new domains suggestion in this version, more studies are needed to evaluate the sensitivity of this version and the assessment of possible factors associated with masticatory function in edentulous patients.</p><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Financial support and sponsorship</title><p>This study was supported by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Grant Number 393350.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-2"><title>Conflicts of interest</title><p>The authors of this manuscript declare that they have no conflicts of interest, real or perceived, financial or non-financial in this article.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title><p>The authors would like to thank Torabinejad Dental Materials Research Center for their kind support.</p></ack><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group 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