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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Salivary levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in patients undergoing hemodialysis</title><author><name sortKey="Khozeymeh, Faezeh" sort="Khozeymeh, Faezeh" uniqKey="Khozeymeh F" first="Faezeh" last="Khozeymeh">Faezeh Khozeymeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Torabinejad Dental Research Center and Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mortazavi, Mojgan" sort="Mortazavi, Mojgan" uniqKey="Mortazavi M" first="Mojgan" last="Mortazavi">Mojgan Mortazavi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Nephrology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khalighinejad, Navid" sort="Khalighinejad, Navid" uniqKey="Khalighinejad N" first="Navid" last="Khalighinejad">Navid Khalighinejad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akhavankhaleghi, Mehrdad" sort="Akhavankhaleghi, Mehrdad" uniqKey="Akhavankhaleghi M" first="Mehrdad" last="Akhavankhaleghi">Mehrdad Akhavankhaleghi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alikhani, Milad" sort="Alikhani, Milad" uniqKey="Alikhani M" first="Milad" last="Alikhani">Milad Alikhani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Torabinejad Dental Research Center and Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26962319</idno><idno type="pmc">4770473</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4770473</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4770473</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/1735-3327.174720</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000620</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000620</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Salivary levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in patients undergoing hemodialysis</title><author><name sortKey="Khozeymeh, Faezeh" sort="Khozeymeh, Faezeh" uniqKey="Khozeymeh F" first="Faezeh" last="Khozeymeh">Faezeh Khozeymeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Torabinejad Dental Research Center and Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mortazavi, Mojgan" sort="Mortazavi, Mojgan" uniqKey="Mortazavi M" first="Mojgan" last="Mortazavi">Mojgan Mortazavi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Nephrology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khalighinejad, Navid" sort="Khalighinejad, Navid" uniqKey="Khalighinejad N" first="Navid" last="Khalighinejad">Navid Khalighinejad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akhavankhaleghi, Mehrdad" sort="Akhavankhaleghi, Mehrdad" uniqKey="Akhavankhaleghi M" first="Mehrdad" last="Akhavankhaleghi">Mehrdad Akhavankhaleghi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alikhani, Milad" sort="Alikhani, Milad" uniqKey="Alikhani M" first="Milad" last="Alikhani">Milad Alikhani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Torabinejad Dental Research Center and Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Dental Research Journal</title><idno type="ISSN">1735-3327</idno><idno type="eISSN">2008-0255</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are elevated in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). IL-6 and TNF-α are toxins which deteriorate renal function, and their pathogenic role has been confirmed in cardiovascular and oral diseases. This study was designed to investigate the salivary levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis (HD).</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>Twenty patients with ESRD who were treated with 4 h HD sessions, with low flux membrane were included in this cross-sectional study. Average Kt/V index in patients was 1.19 ± 0.1. Twenty age-sex-matched healthy controls with no infectious diseases during 1 month before saliva sampling were selected. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and TNF-α and IL-6, concentrations were measured using human IL-6 and TNF-α ELISA kits. Independent <italic>t</italic>-test was used to analyze the data using SPSS (α = 0.05).</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>There was a significant difference between dialysis and control groups regarding the salivary levels of TNF-α (<italic>P</italic> = 0.034) and IL-6 (<italic>P</italic> = 0.001).</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Considering the results of this study and reported role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and oral diseases, measurement of salivary IL-6 and TNF-α in HD patients may help in risk stratification of HD patients and in planning pertinent preventive strategies.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fatahzadeh, M" uniqKey="Fatahzadeh M">M Fatahzadeh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kausz, At" uniqKey="Kausz A">AT Kausz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Ss" uniqKey="Khan 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Dent Res J (Isfahan)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Dent Res J (Isfahan)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">DRJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Dental Research Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1735-3327</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2008-0255</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26962319</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4770473</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">DRJ-13-69</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/1735-3327.174720</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Salivary levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in patients undergoing hemodialysis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khozeymeh</surname><given-names>Faezeh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mortazavi</surname><given-names>Mojgan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khalighinejad</surname><given-names>Navid</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akhavankhaleghi</surname><given-names>Mehrdad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alikhani</surname><given-names>Milad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Torabinejad Dental Research Center and Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Department of Nephrology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Milad Alikhani, Torabinejad Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail: <email xlink:href="alikhanimilad.oralmedicine@yahoo.com">alikhanimilad.oralmedicine@yahoo.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jan-Feb</season><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Dental Research Journal</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are elevated in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). IL-6 and TNF-α are toxins which deteriorate renal function, and their pathogenic role has been confirmed in cardiovascular and oral diseases. This study was designed to investigate the salivary levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis (HD).</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>Twenty patients with ESRD who were treated with 4 h HD sessions, with low flux membrane were included in this cross-sectional study. Average Kt/V index in patients was 1.19 ± 0.1. Twenty age-sex-matched healthy controls with no infectious diseases during 1 month before saliva sampling were selected. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and TNF-α and IL-6, concentrations were measured using human IL-6 and TNF-α ELISA kits. Independent <italic>t</italic>-test was used to analyze the data using SPSS (α = 0.05).</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>There was a significant difference between dialysis and control groups regarding the salivary levels of TNF-α (<italic>P</italic> = 0.034) and IL-6 (<italic>P</italic> = 0.001).</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Considering the results of this study and reported role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and oral diseases, measurement of salivary IL-6 and TNF-α in HD patients may help in risk stratification of HD patients and in planning pertinent preventive strategies.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Cytokine</kwd><kwd>hemodialysis</kwd><kwd>renal failure</kwd><kwd>saliva</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to the progressive loss of renal function.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] Unfortunately, large numbers of patients have gone undiagnosed at earlier stages of CKD, which increases the risk for development of end stage renal disease (ESRD).[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]</p><p>Inflammatory response can reflect an underlying systemic disease.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] Patients with CKD demonstrate activation of inflammatory pathways,[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] which is accompanied by increased inflammatory markers like cytokines.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] The elevated levels of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have been shown in ESRD.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref><xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref><xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] Furthermore, these inflammatory markers act as toxins[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] that predict kidney function deterioration.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</p><p>Patients with ESRD are at a greater risk of cardiovascular and oral diseases.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] It has been shown that inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and TNF-α enhance the risk of cardiovascular mortality.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] Furthermore, it is confirmed that oral diseases including oral cancer, lichen planus, and periodontal diseases are associated with IL-6 and TNF-α deregulation.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] According to some previous studies, we can consider the merit of IL-6 measurement as a prognostic indicator and provide a clinical perspective on IL-6-blocking therapies in renal disease.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</p><p>To the best of our knowledge, little or no research has been performed so far to compare the salivary levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) with matched controls. Since, the prognostic value and pathogenic role of IL-6 and TNF-α have been confirmed in publications, the present study aimed to investigate the salivary levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in patients with ESRD undergoing HD.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>The study subject population consisted of 20 dialysis patients who were diagnosed with end-stage renal disease caused by diabetic nephropathy and admitted at Nephrology Department of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The Ethics Committee of the University approved the study protocol and informed consent obtained prior to participation in this cross-sectional study.</p><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Patient characteristics</title><p>The study included 18 years or older patients who were treated with standard 4 h HD sessions, 3 times a week with low flux membrane and were stable by the time the study was conducted. The mean duration of dialysis was 9 ± 2.3 months. The average Kt/V index in patients was 1.19 ± 0.1 and the protein catabolism index was 1.42 ± 0.2 g/kg/day. None of the patients suffered from any symptoms of infection or collagen vascular diseases. In all patients, cardiovascular diseases were assessed on the basis of the history of echocardiographic abnormalities. Patients with previous myocardial infarction, stable angina, stroke, arteriopathy and heavy smoakers were excluded. Patients had not received any medications known to affect immune functions and the time period from the last blood transfusion was not shorter than 6 months. Furthermore, patients with unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rates of <0.1 ml/min were considered as salivary gland hypo-function and excluded from the study.</p><p>Twenty age-sex-matched healthy controls with no infectious diseases during 1 month prior to saliva collection were selected from individuals visiting oral medicine clinic of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.</p><p>Two groups were matched for gingival conditions according to modified gingival index (MGI).[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] MGI eliminates the use of probing or pressure to establish the presence or absence of bleeding. It also makes it possible to detect and record subtle visual changes in gingival inflammation, permits the intra- and inter-calibration of examiners, and is noninvasive upon repeated evaluations.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec2-2"><title>Saliva sampling</title><p>Participants were asked not to eat, drink, or use saliva stimulators such as chewing gum or mint for at least 1 h before sampling. UWS was collected between 10:00 and 11:00 a.m. using the standard technique.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] Participants were asked to swallow first, and then tilt their head forward and expectorate all saliva into a 50 ml centrifuge tubes for 5 min without swallowing. The saliva samples were frozen at −70°C, until analysis. All samples were centrifuged at 4500 g for 15 min. Supernatants were drawn off and used in the ELISA cytokine assays. TNF-α and IL-6, concentrations were measured using human IL-6 (sensitivity: <0.3 pg/ml) and TNF-α (sensitivity: <1 pg/ml) ELISA kits (Boster Biological Technology Co, CA, USA) according to manufacturer's recommendation.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-3"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>SPSS software version 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to analyze the data. Distribution of the variables was examined for normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Since data were normally distributed, parametric independent <italic>t</italic>-test was used (α = 0.05).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>Forty patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the case and control groups were 59 ± 12.4 and 53 ± 10.8 years, respectively. There were 12 and 8 women in the case and control groups, respectively. Two groups were matched for MGI index (12 edentulous patients and 8 patients with score 3). There were no significant gender and age differences between case and control groups.</p><p>The mean amounts of TNF-α and IL-6 are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="G1">Graph 1</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>The mean amounts (pg/ml) of TNF-α and IL-6 in HD group and controls</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-13-69-g001"></graphic></table-wrap><fig id="G1" position="float"><label>Graph 1</label><caption><p>The mean amounts (pg/ml) of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in hemodialysis group and controls.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="DRJ-13-69-g002"></graphic></fig><p>ELISA analysis of whole unstimulated saliva showed that there was a significant difference between two groups regarding the salivary levels of TNF-α (<italic>P</italic> = 0.034) and IL-6 (<italic>P</italic> = 0.001).</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Cytokines are soluble proteins that play an important role in the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory and immune responses.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] Many of prior studies have found that inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α are elevated in ESRD,[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref><xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] and some studies report salivary cytokines and secretion rates are significantly decreased in CKD patients, and recommend further research.[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</p><p>Furthermore, IL-6 and TNF-α are toxins which may deteriorate renal function by triggering endothelial dysfunction and glomerular injury[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] and act as independent risk factors for mortality.</p><p>We examined the salivary level of IL-6 and TNF-α in patients with ESRD undergoing HD. Our hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference in the salivary levels of these markers between HD and control groups. The results of the study confirmed our hypothesis. It was shown that salivary levels of IL-6 and TNF-α are significantly higher in patients with ESRD undergoing HD.</p><p>Saliva is a safe and low-cost alternative and as a biofluid, has several advantages over blood supporting its use in diagnosis and assessment of diseases.[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] Researches have shown that levels of some serum markers like C-reactive protein, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α correlate well with those in saliva.[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref><xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</p><p>Elevated circulating levels of IL-6 in patients with congestive heart failure and active inflammation have been reported.[<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref><xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] Therefore, for this study patients with any signs of cardiovascular diseases or infections were excluded. In this study, patients who received dialysis with low-flux polysulfone membrane were included. It is confirmed that the contact of blood with dialyzer membrane leads to degranulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and release of inflammatory mediators.[<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref><xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] Furthermore, different studies assessed the back-leakage of endotoxin from the contaminated dialysate membrane, and it was found that high-flux dialyzers are the proposed mechanisms of monocyte stimulation and elevated inflammatory cytokines.[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref><xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] Therefore in the present study, patients received dialysis with low-flux polysulfone membrane.</p><p>It is now well established that high prevalence of inflammatory cytokines are associated with the high rate of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in ESRD patients.[<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>] Increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers in ESRD can promote atherosclerosis and thrombosis.[<xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>] These mechanisms may explain the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease among persons developing ESRD. Therefore, measurement of salivary cytokines levels may be considered as a noninvasive test for cardiac risk stratification in ESRD patients undergoing HD.</p><p>A number of oral diseases including lichen planus, oral cancer, and periodontal diseases have been reported to be associated with IL-6 deregulation.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] Periodontal diseases are prevalent in renal dialysis patients who showed an unacceptable level of oral hygiene and its prevalence increases with the chronicity of the illness.[<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] Available literature point toward the important role of IL-6 in the loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone through the tissue degradation effects of IL-6 on connective tissue and bone, mediated by metalloproteinase and osteoclasts.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] According to the results of this study, ELISA analysis of whole unstimulated saliva showed that difference between salivary levels of TNF-α and IL-6 was significant (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) and the elevated salivary levels of inflammatory cytokines may necessitate the need of comprehensive professional oral care and self-care instruction in dialysis patients.</p><p>One of our restrictions in this study was sample size and in this study the correlation between salivary and serum IL-6 and TNF-α was not investigated; hence, we suggest comparative analysis of salivary and serum cytokines in a larger group of patients.</p><p>We would like to suggest that commenting on the viability of saliva over blood is possible only when you do a comparative analysis for both.</p><p>Although our findings demonstrated that salivary inflammatory biomarkers are elevated in patients undergoing HD; however, the relation between salivary cytokine levels and the efficacy of HD has not been assessed. Furthermore, it is recommended to conduct further studies to investigate the prognostic value of salivary inflammatory cytokines in cardiovascular and oral diseases.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec1-5"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Considering the significant elevation of salivary TNF-α and IL-6 in this study and reported role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and oral disease, our findings support the need for additional studies. If confirmed, measurement of salivary IL-6 and TNF-α in HD patient may be considered as a noninvasive test for cardiac risk stratification to help in risk assessment of HD patients, and in planning pertinent preventive strategies.</p><sec id="sec2-4"><title>Financial support and sponsorship</title><p>This study has been funded by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-5"><title>Conflicts of interest:</title><p>The authors of this manuscript declare that they have no conflicts of interest, real or perceived, financial or non-financial in this article.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fatahzadeh</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The spectrum of orofacial manifestations in renal osteodystrophy: Diagnostic challenges of an uncommon 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