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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en"> Squamous Odontogenic Tumor: Literature Review Focusing on the Radiographic Features and Differential Diagnosis</title><author><name sortKey="Mardones, Nilson Do Rosario" sort="Mardones, Nilson Do Rosario" uniqKey="Mardones N" first="Nilson Do Rosário" last="Mardones">Nilson Do Rosário Mardones</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">São Leopoldo Mandic Dental School – Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gamba, Thiago De Oliveira" sort="Gamba, Thiago De Oliveira" uniqKey="Gamba T" first="Thiago De Oliveira" last="Gamba">Thiago De Oliveira Gamba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flores, Isadora Luana" sort="Flores, Isadora Luana" uniqKey="Flores I" first="Isadora Luana" last="Flores">Isadora Luana Flores</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Almeida, Solange Maria" sort="De Almeida, Solange Maria" uniqKey="De Almeida S" first="Solange Maria" last="De Almeida">Solange Maria De Almeida</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lopes, Sergio Lucio Pereira De Castro" sort="Lopes, Sergio Lucio Pereira De Castro" uniqKey="Lopes S" first="Sérgio Lúcio Pereira De Castro" last="Lopes">Sérgio Lúcio Pereira De Castro Lopes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">São José dos Campos Dental School, State University of São Paulo –UNESP, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26140060</idno><idno type="pmc">4484236</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4484236</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4484236</idno><idno type="doi">10.2174/1874210601509010154</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000404</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000404</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main"> Squamous Odontogenic Tumor: Literature Review Focusing on the Radiographic Features and Differential Diagnosis</title><author><name sortKey="Mardones, Nilson Do Rosario" sort="Mardones, Nilson Do Rosario" uniqKey="Mardones N" first="Nilson Do Rosário" last="Mardones">Nilson Do Rosário Mardones</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">São Leopoldo Mandic Dental School – Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gamba, Thiago De Oliveira" sort="Gamba, Thiago De Oliveira" uniqKey="Gamba T" first="Thiago De Oliveira" last="Gamba">Thiago De Oliveira Gamba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flores, Isadora Luana" sort="Flores, Isadora Luana" uniqKey="Flores I" first="Isadora Luana" last="Flores">Isadora Luana Flores</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Almeida, Solange Maria" sort="De Almeida, Solange Maria" uniqKey="De Almeida S" first="Solange Maria" last="De Almeida">Solange Maria De Almeida</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lopes, Sergio Lucio Pereira De Castro" sort="Lopes, Sergio Lucio Pereira De Castro" uniqKey="Lopes S" first="Sérgio Lúcio Pereira De Castro" last="Lopes">Sérgio Lúcio Pereira De Castro Lopes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">São José dos Campos Dental School, State University of São Paulo –UNESP, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Open Dentistry Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1874-2106</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Since its first publication in 1975, the squamous odontogenic tumor remains the rarest odontogenic lesion, with around 50 cases in the English-language literature in which the microscopic characteristics are frequently very well demonstrated. However, articles which discuss the radiographic aspects are scarce, especially with emphasis on the differential diagnosis. The present treatise proposes an assessment of jaw lesions with the same radiographic characteristics of the squamous odontogenic tumor to clarify the main findings for dental clinicians during routine diagnosis.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barnes, L" uniqKey="Barnes L">L Barnes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Everson, Jw" uniqKey="Everson J">JW Everson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reichart, P" uniqKey="Reichart P">P Reichart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sidransky, D" uniqKey="Sidransky D">D Sidransky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Badni, M" uniqKey="Badni M">M Badni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nagaraja, A" uniqKey="Nagaraja A">A Nagaraja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamath, V" uniqKey="Kamath V">V Kamath</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bansal, S" uniqKey="Bansal 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Open Dent J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Open Dent J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TODENTJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Open Dentistry Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1874-2106</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Bentham Open</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26140060</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4484236</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">TODENTJ-9-154</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1874210601509010154</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title> Squamous Odontogenic Tumor: Literature Review Focusing on the Radiographic Features and Differential Diagnosis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mardones</surname><given-names>Nilson do Rosário</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gamba</surname><given-names>Thiago de Oliveira</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Flores</surname><given-names>Isadora Luana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Almeida</surname><given-names>Solange Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lopes</surname><given-names>Sérgio Lúcio Pereira de Castro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>São Leopoldo Mandic Dental School – Brazil</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Brazil</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>São José dos Campos Dental School, State University of São Paulo –UNESP, Brazil</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label> Address correspondence to this author at the Faculdade de Odontologia de
Piracicaba – UNICAMP, Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral – Semiologia,
Av. Limeira, 901 CEP 13.414-903 Piracicaba - São Paulo – Brasil;
Tel: +55 19 321065267; E-mail: <email xlink:href="isadoraluanaflores@gmail.com">isadoraluanaflores@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><fpage>154</fpage><lpage>158</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>23</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>1</day><month>2</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement> © Mardones <italic>et al.</italic>; Licensee <italic>Bentham Open.</italic></copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Mardones</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</uri>) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Since its first publication in 1975, the squamous odontogenic tumor remains the rarest odontogenic lesion, with around 50 cases in the English-language literature in which the microscopic characteristics are frequently very well demonstrated. However, articles which discuss the radiographic aspects are scarce, especially with emphasis on the differential diagnosis. The present treatise proposes an assessment of jaw lesions with the same radiographic characteristics of the squamous odontogenic tumor to clarify the main findings for dental clinicians during routine diagnosis.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Differential diagnosis</kwd><kwd>non-odontogenic lesions</kwd><kwd>odontogenic lesions</kwd><kwd>radiographic aspects</kwd><kwd>squamous odontogenic
tumor</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Squamous odontogenic tumor (SOT) is a benign odontogenic tumor classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 as an epithelium odontogenic tumor with around 50 cases reported in the English-language literature at this time [<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. This rare entity was described for the first time in 1975 by Pullon <italic>et al. </italic>[<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]; before this it was considered as an atipic acantomatous ameloblastoma or a squamous cell carcinoma. The pathogenesis of SOT is still unclear in which remnants of dental lamina (rests of Serres), epithelial rests of Malassez or gingival epithelium are the main suspected origin [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. The SOT presents well-defined histopathological aspects and previous studies discussed these aspects [<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] in which islands of squamous epithelium in a dense fibrous connective tissue stroma are the classical microscopic findings. Nevertheless, there are scarce articles that described radiographic features of SOT [<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>], and only one author included SOT in a list of possible diagnosis before the histopathological examination [<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. Therefore, we propose to discuss these aspects based on the clinical relevance of differential diagnosis with other lesions more frequently found in routine jaw radiographies.</p></sec><sec><title>LITERATURE REVIEW</title><p>Clinically, SOT can be presented as an asymptomatic, slow growing, intrabony lesion with few clinical signs and symptoms. Nevertheless, mobility and displacement of teeth, swelling of alveolar process, and mild to moderate pain are the main findings [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. SOT occurs on average in the fourth decade of life with a slight predilection for males [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. An equal distribution between maxilla and mandible with preference for posterior mandible and anterior maxilla is observed [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. Commonly, it is a central lesion with few cases occurring as peripheral lesions [<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. The most typical presentation of SOT detected in routine intraoral radiographs is an unilocular radiolucent defect with triangular or semicircular shape between or along the roots of adjacent vital teeth [<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>-<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref></bold>) showed an interproximal lesion with these radiographic aspects. In these cases, a careful evaluation of all lesions found in the periodontal region should be performed, especially when a interproximal bone loss involves only one isolated area [<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>, <xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. This affirmation can be confirmed due to slow growing of SOT within a periodontal location, mimicking severe periodontal bone loss in a significant number of previous cases described in the English-language literature [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>, <xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>-<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>].</p><p>SOT can also present radiographic aspects that resemble odontogenic and non odontogenic lesions as cysts and tumors with emphasis on extensive lesions with unilocular or multilocular appearance involving the mandible and/or maxilla, pushing the maxillary sinus or in association with an impacted tooth [<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. A broad list of possible diagnoses include developmental or noninflammatory odontogenic cysts, such as lateral periodontal cyst, dentigerous cyst and glandular odontogenic cyst; inflammatory odontogenic cysts, such as radicular and residual cyst; odontogenic tumors, such as keratocystic odontogenic tumor, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, central odontogenic fibroma, unicystic and multicystic ameloblastoma; hematological disorders, such as Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis and multiple myeloma and bone pathology, such as central giant cell lesion and metastasis. </p><p>Lateral periodontal cyst (LPC) is an uncommon developmental odontogenic cyst that occurs in the adjacent or lateral area of a vital tooth [<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]. LPC is asymptomatic and found in the incisor-canine-premolar region, especially in mandible, during a routine radiological examination [<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>-<xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. A radiolucent interradicular triangular lesion associated or not with displacement of the teeth root and with sclerotic borders is the classical radiography aspect [<xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. SOT can arise in the same area and also present characteristic circumscription with frequent root divergence; however, the margin may or may not be corticated as in LPC. Of all cases reviewed for SOT, at least 8 previous cases present similar aspects of LPC [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>, <xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>] and considering radiological aspects, SOT should be included as a differential diagnosis of LPC. </p><p>Dentigerous cyst (DC) is the most common developmental odontogenic cyst arising from the crowns of unerupted teeth in mandible and maxilla [<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]. Mandibular third molars and maxillary canines are the most often involved teeth, followed by the mandibular premolars and the maxillary third molars [<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]. The classical radiographic aspect of DC appears as a well-defined unilocular radiolucent with sclerotic borders associated with the crown of an unerupted tooth [<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>-<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]. Some cases of SOT also presented similar aspects to DC and involved mandible and maxillary third molars [<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>-<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]. Moreover, both lesions can be found only in routine radiographic examination [<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,4, 26-<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]. Glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is a rare developmental odontogenic cyst with aggressive behavior that frequently involves the anterior mandible [<xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]. GOC is now well accepted being odontogenic origin; however, it presents glandular or salivary features as mucus cells and ductal structures [<xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>, <xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]. An extensive unilocular or multilocular radiolucent lesion with well-defined scalloped borders is a common finding in radiographic exams [<xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]. Tatemoto <italic>et al. </italic>in 1989 described a case of SOT presenting as radiolucency in the apical area of the vital mandibular central incisors in which the differential diagnosis of GOC was considered [<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>].</p><p>Inflammatory odontogenic cysts such as radicular cyst and lateral radicular cyst are the most common jaw cysts [<xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]. These lesions are derived from odontogenic ephitelium stimulated by inflammatory process primarily caused by root canal infection [<xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>, <xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]. Radiographic examination shows a circular or ovoid radiolucent lesion with sclerotic borders and, frequently, associated with destruction of periradicular tissues and loss of lamina dura [<xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]. A lesion located near periapical or lateral region superimposed on the root completes the classical radiographic findings [<xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>, <xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]. SOT occurring in the same circumstances was described by at least 14 authors [<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>, <xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>-<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>-<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>, <xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>, <xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]. Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref></bold>) showed a radiolucent periradicular lesion with similar findings. Residual cyst (RC) is considered a retained radicular cyst from one tooth that was previously removed [<xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]. A radiolucent lesion usually asymptomatic involving an edentulous area, and discovered during a routine radiographic examination is the main aspect of RC [<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]. One author described a case of SOT with radiographic characteristics of a residual cyst [<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>].</p><p>Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KOT) is a benign odontogenic lesion with aggressive and infiltrative behavior that frequently appears in the posterior mandible areas; however, it can affect any site of the jaws [<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]. Radiographically, KOT presents as a well or poorly circumscribed uni- or multilocular radiolucent lesion with variable sizes and shapes [<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>] and mimicking several jaw lesions including SOT. Thirteen authors presented SOT cases in which KOT should be mentioned as a highly suspicious differential diagnosis [<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>, <xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>-<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>, <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>, <xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>-<xref rid="R45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>].</p><p>Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is an epithelial odontogenic tumor with slow and progressive growth that commonly involves the anterior portion of maxilla; however, anterior portions of mandible can also be affected [<xref rid="R46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]. The follicular AOT is the most frequent type and is associated with a crown and root of an unerupted tooth, especially canines. Extrafollicular AOT is not associated with teeth and it can be found between the roots of erupted teeth. An asymptomatic well-defined unilocular radiolucent lesion with or without radiopaque foci, eventual teeth displacement, and cortical expansion is the radiographic aspect of intraosseous AOT [<xref rid="R46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]. SOT lesions can show similar findings to follicular and extrafollicular AOT [<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>, <xref rid="R47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>].</p><p>Central odontogenic fibroma (COT) is a rare odontogenic tumor with benign behavior and classified as a fibroblastic neoplasm that contains a wide amount of inactive odontogenic epithelium [<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]. COT presents as a slow and progressive lesion found in maxilla and mandible involving frequently periradicular region [<xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>, <xref rid="R49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]. Favia <italic>et al. </italic>1997 described a case of SOT involving the apex of a first superior molar resembling this frequent radiographic appearance of COT [<xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]. However, some lesions can be found as a nonspecific well-defined unilocular radiolucency between erupted teeth causing root displacement or become associated with the crown of a unerupted tooth [<xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>, <xref rid="R49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]. In these cases, LPC, DC and ameloblastomas are some lesions that should be included as differential diagnosis of COT and, therefore, also of SOT[<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>, <xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>-<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>-<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="R50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>, <xref rid="R51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>].</p><p>Ameloblastoma is a benign epithelial odontogenic tumor with two quite different intraosseous biologic variants [<xref rid="R52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>]. The multicystic ameloblastoma (MA) is the most frequent type presenting aggressive and destructive characteristics with the involvement of posterior areas of jaws and impacted third molars in some cases [<xref rid="R53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]. Radiographically, MA shows as a radiolucent multilocular lesion with a ‘‘soap-bubbles” aspect associated with expansion and disruption of bone cortical [<xref rid="R52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>, <xref rid="R53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]. A unicistic ameloblastoma (UA) is less aggressive and commonly mimics odontogenic cysts frequently related with teeth in the area, especially, mandible third molars. A well-defined unilocular radiolucent lesion is the classical radiographic finding of the UA [<xref rid="R52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>, <xref rid="R53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]. Eleven cases of SOT were described with aspects that resemble uni- or multicystic ameloblastomas variants [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>-<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>, <xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>, <xref rid="R50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>, <xref rid="R51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>].</p><p>Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis (LCH) involves a rare group of hematological disorders originating from Langerhans cells that may affect the oral cavity [<xref rid="R54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]. Periodontal tissues are frequently involved and appear as located or generalized angular bone loss mimicking radiographic characteristics of an advanced periodontitis, such also is found in SOT [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>, <xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>-<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>, <xref rid="R54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>, <xref rid="R55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]. Therefore, LCH and SOT should be considered as differential diagnosis when a severe periodontitis is present in the x-ray findings and no improvement is reached after periodontal treatment.</p><p>Multiple myeloma is a hematologic malignancy characterized by proliferation of plasma cells and nonfunctional monoclonal immunoglobulin in which medullary involvement through radiolucent osteolytic lesions is the most frequent presentation [<xref rid="R56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]. Nevertheless, a localized ill-defined radiolucency involving roots of teeth with lamina dura loss is also found in solitary plasmacytomas, and these myelomatous lesions could be misdiagnosed as periodontitis [<xref rid="R56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]. Thus, considering that the main radiographic aspect of SOT also mimics severe periodontitis, it should be included as a differential diagnosis of multiple myeloma and solitary plasmacytoma [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>, <xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>-<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>, <xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="R50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>, <xref rid="R51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>].</p><p>Central giant cell lesion (CGCL) is considered a benign jaw lesion composed of osteoclast-like giant cells and commonly found in the mandible [<xref rid="R57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]. CGCL is more accepted as a reactive lesion presenting aggressive and non-aggressive behavior. The radiographic presentation is a well-defined non-corticated unilocular radiolucency in the small lesions until a multilocular aspect associated with ondulate septae in the bigger cases [<xref rid="R57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]. Some authors described SOT cases with x-ray findings suggestive of CGCL [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>-<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>, <xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="R50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>, <xref rid="R51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>, <xref rid="R58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>, <xref rid="R59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>]. Finally, distant metastasis affecting oral cavity is quite uncommon; however, it can involve soft and bone tissues and requires a careful diagnostic process [<xref rid="R60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]. An osteolytic radiolucent lesion with irregular borders mimicks other jaw pathologies, since severe periodontitis until tumor process is the most frequent radiographic characteristic [<xref rid="R60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]. SOT also presents the same wide and unspecific possibility of radiographic findings and, therefore, it should also be included in a list of differential diagnosis of metastatic lesions of the jaws [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>-<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>, <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>, <xref rid="R51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>]. </p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Although, all SOT cases in the literature present histopathological aspects which are well described, the variety of radiography findings of SOT mimicking odontogenic and non odontogenic jaw lesions is not well elucidated. Given the limitations of our approach, a review of the main radiographic presentations of SOT was proposed as a clinical diagnosis exercise for practicing clinicians. </p><p>This paper suggested a scheme to enhance the differential diagnosis hypotheses considering the routine image findings. Thus, this concise approach can help the clinicians to outline feasible diagnostic possibilities in front of the wide spectrum of odontogenic and non-odontogenic lesions. Fig. (<bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref></bold>) showed a schematic chart based on the radiographic aspects of SOT. Nevertheless, due to the rarity of SOT and range of radiographic aspects for this entity, a careful microscopic examination should be performed before definitive diagnosis can be reached.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</title><p>Declared none.</p></ack><sec><title>CONFLICT OF INTEREST</title><p>The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.</p></sec><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Barnes</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Everson</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><name><surname>Reichart</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Sidransky</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>World Health Organization Classification of Tumors.</article-title><source>Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumors Lyon IARC 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defect with triangular shape between the roots of inferior left second
pre molar and the inferior left first molar. A located periodontal
bone loss is the main differential diagnosis of SOT.
</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TODENTJ-9-154_F1"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Fig. (2)</label><caption><p>Periapical radiography showed an unilocular periradicular
radiolucent defect associated with superior right central incisor.
Although rare the SOT diagnosis also should be included.
</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TODENTJ-9-154_F2"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Fig. (3)</label><caption><p>Schematic chart showing the differential diagnosis of SOT based on radiographic aspects.
</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TODENTJ-9-154_F3"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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