Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Gender identification and morphologic classification of tooth, arch and palatal forms in Saudi population</title><author><name sortKey="Mohammad, Aljanakh" sort="Mohammad, Aljanakh" uniqKey="Mohammad A" first="Aljanakh" last="Mohammad">Aljanakh Mohammad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Prosthetic and Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Hail University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koralakunte, Pavankumar Ravi" sort="Koralakunte, Pavankumar Ravi" uniqKey="Koralakunte P" first="Pavankumar Ravi" last="Koralakunte">Pavankumar Ravi Koralakunte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Prosthetic and Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Hail University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26538903</idno><idno type="pmc">4606645</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4606645</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4606645</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/0975-7406.163510</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000372</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000372</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Gender identification and morphologic classification of tooth, arch and palatal forms in Saudi population</title><author><name sortKey="Mohammad, Aljanakh" sort="Mohammad, Aljanakh" uniqKey="Mohammad A" first="Aljanakh" last="Mohammad">Aljanakh Mohammad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Prosthetic and Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Hail University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koralakunte, Pavankumar Ravi" sort="Koralakunte, Pavankumar Ravi" uniqKey="Koralakunte P" first="Pavankumar Ravi" last="Koralakunte">Pavankumar Ravi Koralakunte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Prosthetic and Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Hail University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">0976-4879</idno><idno type="eISSN">0975-7406</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Aims:</title><p>To determine various tooth form, arch form, and palatal form with gender identification between males and females of the Saudi population.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>Irreversible hydrocolloid impressions were made of the maxillary teeth of 100 dentate male and female subjects to obtain study casts. A standardized procedure was adopted to photograph the maxillary dental arches and the maxillary central incisors on the study casts taken from each subject. The outline form of tooth, arch, and palatal form were determined using a standardized method. The average of six prosthodontist's evaluation was considered who classified the outline tracings visually. The statistical analysis was performed using Chi-Square and results tabulated.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>The predominant tooth is combination form in males and ovoid form in females, the predominant arch is ovoid form in males and square form in females and the predominant palatal form are both U and V shaped in males and U-shaped in females.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Except for the tooth form there was a significant difference with arch and palatal form among males and females of the population group studied. The determined tooth, arch and palatal forms are useful in selection and arrangement of artificial teeth among Saudi edentulous population group. Generalizing from the study is questionable as the sample size is small. Further studies should be conducted in a larger sample to confirm the study results</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sellen, Pn" uniqKey="Sellen P">PN Sellen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jagger, Dc" uniqKey="Jagger D">DC Jagger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, A" uniqKey="Harrison A">A Harrison</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Horvath, Sd" uniqKey="Horvath S">SD Horvath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wegstein, Pg" uniqKey="Wegstein P">PG Wegstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luthi, M" uniqKey="Luthi M">M Lüthi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blatz, Mb" uniqKey="Blatz M">MB Blatz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Young, Ha" uniqKey="Young H">HA Young</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bell, Ra" uniqKey="Bell R">RA Bell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mavroskoufis, F" uniqKey="Mavroskoufis F">F Mavroskoufis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ritchie, Gm" uniqKey="Ritchie G">GM Ritchie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lindemann, Hb" uniqKey="Lindemann H">HB Lindemann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knauer, C" uniqKey="Knauer C">C Knauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pfeiffer, P" uniqKey="Pfeiffer P">P Pfeiffer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdulhadi, Lm" uniqKey="Abdulhadi L">LM Abdulhadi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wolfart, S" uniqKey="Wolfart S">S Wolfart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Menzel, H" uniqKey="Menzel H">H Menzel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kern, M" uniqKey="Kern M">M Kern</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ibrahimagic, L" uniqKey="Ibrahimagic L">L Ibrahimagic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jerolimov, V" uniqKey="Jerolimov V">V Jerolimov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Celebic, A" uniqKey="Celebic A">A Celebic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carek, V" uniqKey="Carek V">V Carek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baucic, I" uniqKey="Baucic I">I Baucic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zlataric, Dk" uniqKey="Zlataric D">DK Zlataric</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Oliveira Farias, F" uniqKey="De Oliveira Farias F">F De Oliveira Farias</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ennes, Jp" uniqKey="Ennes J">JP Ennes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zorzatto, Jr" uniqKey="Zorzatto J">JR Zorzatto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hasanreisoglu, U" uniqKey="Hasanreisoglu U">U Hasanreisoglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berksun, S" uniqKey="Berksun S">S Berksun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aras, K" uniqKey="Aras K">K Aras</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arslan, I" uniqKey="Arslan I">I Arslan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Varjao, Fm" uniqKey="Varjao F">FM Varjão</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nogueira, Ss" uniqKey="Nogueira S">SS Nogueira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Russi, S" uniqKey="Russi S">S Russi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arioli, Filho Jn" uniqKey="Arioli F">Filho JN Arioli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smily, Pk" uniqKey="Smily P">PK Smily</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nair, Kn" uniqKey="Nair K">KN Nair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Cp" uniqKey="Kumar C">CP Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nagaraj, Kr" uniqKey="Nagaraj K">KR Nagaraj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Mv" uniqKey="Kumar M">MV Kumar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berksun, S" uniqKey="Berksun S">S Berksun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hasanreisoglu, U" uniqKey="Hasanreisoglu U">U Hasanreisoglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gokdeniz, B" uniqKey="Gokdeniz B">B Gökdeniz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Aa" uniqKey="Nelson A">AA Nelson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koralakunte, Pr" uniqKey="Koralakunte P">PR Koralakunte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Budihal, Dh" uniqKey="Budihal D">DH Budihal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, Zm" uniqKey="Ahmad Z">ZM Ahmad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brunner, J" uniqKey="Brunner J">J Brunner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fuchs, S" uniqKey="Fuchs S">S Fuchs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perrier, P" uniqKey="Perrier P">P Perrier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rai, R" uniqKey="Rai R">R Rai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chuck, Gc" uniqKey="Chuck G">GC Chuck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maria, Cm" uniqKey="Maria C">CM Maria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva, Am" uniqKey="Da Silva A">AM da Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stella Angela, Rb" uniqKey="Stella Angela R">RB Stella Angela</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Paula, Gb" uniqKey="De Paula G">GB de Paula</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berwig, Lc" uniqKey="Berwig L">LC Berwig</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koralakunte, Pr" uniqKey="Koralakunte P">PR Koralakunte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Budihal, Dh" uniqKey="Budihal D">DH Budihal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Basavapura, Nd" uniqKey="Basavapura N">ND Basavapura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marunick, Mt" uniqKey="Marunick M">MT Marunick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chamberlain, Bb" uniqKey="Chamberlain B">BB Chamberlain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robinson, Ca" uniqKey="Robinson C">CA Robinson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Othman, Sa" uniqKey="Othman S">SA Othman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xinwei, Es" uniqKey="Xinwei E">ES Xinwei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Sy" uniqKey="Lim S">SY Lim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jamaludin, M" uniqKey="Jamaludin M">M Jamaludin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohamed, Nh" uniqKey="Mohamed N">NH Mohamed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yusof, Zy" uniqKey="Yusof Z">ZY Yusof</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Zubair, Nm" uniqKey="Al Zubair N">NM Al-Zubair</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Owais, Ai" uniqKey="Owais A">AI Owais</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abu Alhaija, Es" uniqKey="Abu Alhaija E">ES Abu Alhaija</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oweis, Rr" uniqKey="Oweis R">RR Oweis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Khateeb, Sn" uniqKey="Al Khateeb S">SN Al-Khateeb</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Pharm Bioallied Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Pharm Bioallied Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JPBS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0976-4879</issn><issn pub-type="epub">0975-7406</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26538903</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4606645</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JPBS-7-486</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0975-7406.163510</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Dental Science - Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Gender identification and morphologic classification of tooth, arch and palatal forms in Saudi population</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mohammad</surname><given-names>Aljanakh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koralakunte</surname><given-names>Pavankumar Ravi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Department of Prosthetic and Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Hail University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Pavankumar Ravi Koralakunte, E-mail: <email xlink:href="pavan_dent@yahoo.co.in">pavan_dent@yahoo.co.in</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>Suppl 2</issue><fpage>S486</fpage><lpage>S490</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>28</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>22</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Aims:</title><p>To determine various tooth form, arch form, and palatal form with gender identification between males and females of the Saudi population.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>Irreversible hydrocolloid impressions were made of the maxillary teeth of 100 dentate male and female subjects to obtain study casts. A standardized procedure was adopted to photograph the maxillary dental arches and the maxillary central incisors on the study casts taken from each subject. The outline form of tooth, arch, and palatal form were determined using a standardized method. The average of six prosthodontist's evaluation was considered who classified the outline tracings visually. The statistical analysis was performed using Chi-Square and results tabulated.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>The predominant tooth is combination form in males and ovoid form in females, the predominant arch is ovoid form in males and square form in females and the predominant palatal form are both U and V shaped in males and U-shaped in females.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Except for the tooth form there was a significant difference with arch and palatal form among males and females of the population group studied. The determined tooth, arch and palatal forms are useful in selection and arrangement of artificial teeth among Saudi edentulous population group. Generalizing from the study is questionable as the sample size is small. Further studies should be conducted in a larger sample to confirm the study results</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>KEY WORDS</title><kwd>Maxillary arch form</kwd><kwd>maxillary central incisor tooth form</kwd><kwd>palatal form</kwd><kwd>palatal vault</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><p>Facial esthetics has important social and psychological effects on the human personality in which the appearance of anterior teeth is critical for an attractive face and pleasing smile. Thus, dental and facial esthetics is the common aim for all patients seeking dental treatment.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] When only parts of the dentition have to be restored, the remaining natural dentition can serve as a guide. However, in cases where the entire dentition has to be restored and no information can be gained from remaining natural teeth, old photographs, or cast models, other methods have to be applied to select and design the missing teeth. One of the most crucial parameters in this context is in selecting the correct shape and size of the maxillary anterior teeth.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]</p><p>The review of the dental literature reveals several factors, methods, techniques and theories that have been suggested as aids for artificial tooth selection.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] The most universally accepted “Law of Harmony” was stated by James Leon William[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] 1914 who hypothesized the relation between the form of inverted maxillary central incisor and the face form. Numerous studies[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref><xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] have been conducted on various population groups based on William's geometric theory to evaluate the correlation between the tooth form and the face form. Among which some studies proved[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref><xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] with positive results while many others[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref><xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref><xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] disproved, which may be attributed due to racial and gender differences.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref><xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</p><p>In prosthetic dentistry, sex-related differences in tooth forms and arrangement of anterior teeth are assumed, and optimal esthetics is also assumed to be achieved only if the face, arch, and tooth forms are in harmony. Furthermore, these forms are classified as square, tapering or ovoid by use of basic geometric shapes along with additional combination forms.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] Nelson s[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] “esthetic triangle” theory proposed a close relationship between face, tooth, arch, and alignment but the studies revealed insignificant correlation and was not highly defined.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</p><p>Currently, there is no such universally accepted single esthetic factor that can be reliably used in artificial tooth selection. Furthermore, among Saudi population, there is a lack of research evidence pertaining to factors related to artificial tooth selection for edentulous patients. So, the present clinical study was conducted to classify various anterior tooth forms, arch forms and palatal forms with its predominant occurrence in both males and females of the Saudi population. The results thus obtained would be used as guidelines during the selection of teeth, the arrangement of teeth among edentulous patients of the Saudi population for esthetically pleasing fixed and removable dental prosthesis.</p><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-1"><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>A total of 100 dentate dental students of which 50 males and 50 females aged between 20 and 25 years were randomly selected as representative of the young adult group. The selected students had no restorations in the anterior teeth and had not received orthodontic treatment. The clinical research study was conducted after explaining the student subjects in their own language along with a signed written consent approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee.</p><p>An impression of each student's maxillary dentition was made with irreversible hydrocolloid impression material of 50 male and 50 female subjects to obtain study casts poured with dental plaster. Additional duplicated sectional study casts were obtained to aid in identification and classification of the palatal form.</p><p>A standardized procedure was adopted to obtain digital photograph of the maxillary central incisors, the maxillary dental arch from the study casts [Figures <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>] and the palatal contour from the duplicated sectional casts using Nikon Coolpix digital camera (S3400; Nikon Corp. Japan). The photographs were then transferred to a computer (Windows PC, Microsoft) having image editing software (Photoshop 6.0 Adobe, Nikon Corp. Japan) to obtain individual photographic tracing printouts of the tooth form, arch form and the palatal form for evaluation by visual method.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Frontal photograph of the maxillary incisor teeth</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JPBS-7-486-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Occlusal photograph of the maxillary dental arch</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JPBS-7-486-g002"></graphic></fig><p>The tooth form was determined on the right maxillary central incisor tooth by an outline tracing made around the buccal surface of the tooth, which corresponded to the mesial and distal contours, the incisal edge and the cervical margin. The photographic printouts of the tracing had a diagram of perpendicular lines that was placed on the tooth form outline tracing [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3</xref>] and the tooth in each quadrant was classified visually according to William's as follows:</p><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Square incisor tooth - mesial and distal proximal surfaces are parallel for at least half of the cervicoincisal length of the crown</p></list-item><list-item><p>Ovoid incisor tooth - mesial and distal proximal surfaces are biconvex</p></list-item><list-item><p>Tapering incisor tooth - mesial and distal proximal surfaces converge from incisal to cervical.</p></list-item></list></p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Tracing printout of the maxillary incisor tooth form</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JPBS-7-486-g003"></graphic></fig><p>One of the three basic tooth forms (square, ovoid or tapering) was classified to a tooth only if that form predominated in at least 75% of the outline tracing print (three quadrants). If one of the basic form predominated in at least 50% of the outline tracing print (two quadrants), the tooth form should be classified as a combination tooth form.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</p><p>The arch form was determined on the maxillary arch by an outline tracing made around the arch corresponding to the incisal edges of the incisors, canine cusp tips, buccal cusps tips of premolars and molars. The photographic printouts [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4</xref>] of the tracing were used to classify the arch form visually as square, ovoid or tapering.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]</p><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Tracing printout of the maxillary arch form</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JPBS-7-486-g004"></graphic></fig><p>The palatal form was determined by a contour tracing made along the surface of the maxillary cast with a deep midpoint marked along the mid palatal suture that joins the palatal cusps of two selected premolar or molar teeth. The photographic printouts [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figure 5</xref>] of the tracing were used to classify the palatal form visually as U-shaped, V-shaped or shallow.[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</p><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Tracing printout of the palatal form</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JPBS-7-486-g005"></graphic></fig><p>Six prosthodontists with more than 5 years of experience classified the photographic outline tracings of the tooth, arch and palatal forms visually based on the instructions obtained before evaluation. The means of prosthodontists evaluation were considered and statistically analyzed using Chi-Square test for distribution differences and results were tabulated.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-2"><title>Results</title><p>The following results were tabulated:</p><p>The combination tooth form 44% predominated in males followed by square 28%, ovoid 14% and tapering 14% tooth forms when compared with the ovoid tooth form 36% predominated in females, followed by combination 32%, square 24% and tapering 8% tooth forms [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>]. The χ<sup>2</sup> = 6.759 was found to be not significant with a <italic>P</italic> = 0.080.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics for comparison of predominant maxillary central incisor tooth form in males and females of Saudi population</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JPBS-7-486-g006"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The ovoid arch form 42% predominated in males followed by tapering 36% and square 22% arch forms when compared with the square arch form 44% predominated in females followed by ovoid 40% and tapering 16% arch forms [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>]. The χ<sup>2</sup> = 7.537 was found to be significant with a <italic>P</italic> = 0.023.</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics for comparison of predominant maxillary arch form in males and females of Saudi population</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JPBS-7-486-g007"></graphic></table-wrap><p>The U-shaped and V-shaped palatal forms 46% respectively predominated in males followed by shallow palatal form 8% when compared with the U-shaped palatal form 74% predominated in females followed by V-shaped 14% and shallow 12% palatal forms [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>]. The χ<sup>2</sup> = 12.20 was found to be significant with a <italic>P</italic> = 0.002.</p><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics for comparison of predominant palatal form in males and females of Saudi population</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JPBS-7-486-g008"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-3"><title>Discussion</title><p>The size and form of the maxillary anterior teeth are important to not only dental, but also facial esthetics. The most influential factors contributing to a harmonious anterior dentition are the size, shape, and arrangement of the maxillary anterior teeth, particularly the maxillary central incisors as viewed from the front.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] According to the glossary of prosthodontics terms (GPT 8), anterior tooth form is defined as “the outline form as viewed in any selected plane or/and other contours of an anterior tooth”.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] In the present study, outline form of the maxillary right central incisor tooth was considered to classify according to Williams method of classification of tooth forms into square, ovoid, tapering or combination tooth forms.</p><p>The dentulous arch form of an individual will remain the same even after becoming an edentulous arch and that the edentulous arch remains fairly constant in the absence of surgical intervention. Boucher is of the same opinion that the original form of the dental arch is maintained even after the removal of natural teeth.[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] The arch form is defined according to GPT 8 as “the geometric shape of the dental arch when viewed in the horizontal plane (square, tapering, ovoid, etc.)”.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] In 1932, Chuck[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] classified the arch forms as tapered, ovoid and square for the first time which can also be expressed as narrow, normal and wide respectively. In the present study, the maxillary arch form was classified as square, ovoid and tapering arch forms.</p><p>The hard palate is the bony portion that forms the roof of the mouth. The form of the palatal vault or depth of the hard palate gives an idea about the original form of the dental arch before removal of the natural teeth and resorption of the residual ridge.[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] The palatal vault is defined according to GPT 8 as “the deepest and most superior part of the palate or the curvature of the palate”.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] The palatal vault is classified as low palate, medium palate and high/deep palate, which can also be expressed as shallow/flat palate, U-shaped palate and V-shaped palate respectively.[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] In this study, the palatal form or palatal shape was classified as U-shaped, V-shaped or shallow palatal forms.</p><p>The predominant tooth form for males in the present study was combination tooth form 44% followed by square 28%, ovoid 14% and tapering 14% tooth forms. The value was lesser when compared with the previous study being combination tooth form 58%, followed by square 22%, tapering 13% and ovoid 8% tooth forms.[<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</p><p>The predominant tooth form for females in the present study was ovoid tooth form 36% followed by combination 32%, square 24% and tapering 8% tooth forms. This was in correlation with the previous study being ovoid teeth for females but the value was higher and not in correlation when compared with the previous study being predominant combination tooth form 51%, followed by square 22%, ovoid 15% and tapering 12% tooth forms.[<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref><xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</p><p>The predominant arch form for males in the present study was ovoid arch form 42% followed by tapering 36% and square 22% arch forms. The value was lesser when compared with the previous study being ovoid arch form 66.7% followed by tapering 33.3% arch forms.[<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>] The value was not in correlation when compared with the previous study being predominant narrow (tapering) arch form 13.5% followed by flat 10.5%, wide (square) 10.3%, pointed 8.3% and mid (ovoid) 7% arch forms.[<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] The value was lesser when compared with the previous study being ovoid arch form 55.1%, followed by tapering 54.2% and square 42% arch forms.[<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] The value was higher and not in correlation when compared with the previous study being predominant square arch form 35.33%, followed by ovoid 34.67% and tapering 30% arch forms.[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</p><p>The predominant arch form for females in the present study was square arch form 44%, followed by ovoid 40% and tapering 16% arch forms. The value was lesser when compared with the previous study being square arch form 58%, followed by tapering 45.8% and ovoid 44.9% arch forms.[<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] The value was not in correlation when compared with the previous study being predominant narrow (tapering) arch form 17.4%, followed by wide (square) 13.6%, pointed 9.3%, flat 7.8%, and mid (ovoid) 2.3% arch forms.[<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] The value was higher when compared with the previous study being square arch form 36.67% followed by ovoid 33.33% and tapering 30% arch forms.[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</p><p>The predominant palatal form for males in the present study was both U and V shaped palatal forms 46% respectively, followed by shallow 8% palatal form. This was in correlation with the previous study that the palatal depth is significantly higher in males.[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</p><p>The predominant palatal form for females in the present study was U-shaped palatal form 74% followed by V-shaped 14% and shallow 12% palatal forms. This was in correlation with the previous study that the palatal depth significantly is not higher in females.[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</p><p>The palatal form value in the present study for both males and females combined was higher and not in correlation when compared with the previous study based on qualitative method of palatal depth assessment being predominant low palate (shallow) 51.4% followed by medium palate (U-shaped) 43.2% and high palate (V-shaped) 5.4% palatal forms but the value was higher and in correlation when compared with quantitative method of palatal depth assessment being predominant medium palate (U-shaped) 55.4% followed by high palate (V-shaped) 39.2% and low palate (shallow) 5.4% palatal forms.[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Within the limitations of the Saudi population group studied, the following inferences may be drawn:</p><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The predominant tooth form was combination tooth in males and ovoid tooth in females</p></list-item><list-item><p>The predominant arch form was ovoid arch in males and square arch in females</p></list-item><list-item><p>The predominant palatal form was both U and V shaped (medium and deep palates) in males, and only U-shaped (medium palate) in females</p></list-item><list-item><p>Except for the tooth form, there was a significant difference with arch and palatal form among males and females of the population group studied.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Thus during selection and arrangement of artificial teeth for edentulous Saudi patients, the dentist and the laboratory technician will require basic tooth forms (square, ovoid and tapering) along with combination tooth forms. Individual patient's preferences during the selection and arrangement of anterior teeth should also be considered to increase the success rate of fixed and removable dental prosthetic treatment. However, generalizing from the present study is questionable as the sample size is small. Further studies should be done in a larger sample to confirm the study results.</p><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Financial support and sponsorship</title><p>Nil.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-2"><title>Conflicts of interest</title><p>There are no conflicts of interest.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ref-list><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sellen</surname><given-names>PN</given-names></name><name><surname>Jagger</surname><given-names>DC</given-names></name><name><surname>Harrison</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Computer-generated study of the correlation between tooth, face, arch forms, and palatal contour</article-title><source>J Prosthet Dent</source><year>1998</year><volume>80</volume><fpage>163</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9710817</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Horvath</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name><name><surname>Wegstein</surname><given-names>PG</given-names></name><name><surname>Lüthi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Blatz</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The correlation between anterior tooth form and gender - A 3D analysis in humans</article-title><source>Eur J Esthet Dent</source><year>2012</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>334</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22908080</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>HA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Selecting the anterior tooth mold</article-title><source>J Prosthet Dent</source><year>1954</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>748</fpage><lpage>59</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bell</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The geometric theory of selection of artificial teeth: Is it valid?</article-title><source>J Am Dent Assoc</source><year>1978</year><volume>97</volume><fpage>637</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">363761</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mavroskoufis</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Ritchie</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The face-form as a guide for the selection of maxillary central incisors</article-title><source>J Prosthet Dent</source><year>1980</year><volume>43</volume><fpage>501</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6988576</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lindemann</surname><given-names>HB</given-names></name><name><surname>Knauer</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Pfeiffer</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Morphometric relationships between tooth and face shapes</article-title><source>J Oral Rehabil</source><year>2004</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>972</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15387837</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abdulhadi</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Face – Central incisor form matching in selected south Asian population</article-title><source>Sci Res Essays</source><year>2012</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>616</fpage><lpage>20</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wolfart</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Menzel</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inability to relate tooth forms to face shape and gender</article-title><source>Eur J Oral Sci</source><year>2004</year><volume>112</volume><fpage>471</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15560828</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ibrahimagic</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Jerolimov</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Celebic</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Carek</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Baucic</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Zlataric</surname><given-names>DK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Relationship between the face and the tooth form</article-title><source>Coll Antropol</source><year>2001</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>619</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11811293</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>De Oliveira Farias</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Ennes</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>Zorzatto</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Aesthetic value of the relationship between the shapes of the face and permanent upper central incisor</article-title><source>Int J Dent. Published Online</source><year>2010</year><fpage>8</fpage><comment>doi: 10.1155/2010/561957</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hasanreisoglu</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Berksun</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Aras</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Arslan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>An analysis of maxillary anterior teeth: Facial and dental proportions</article-title><source>J Prosthet Dent</source><year>2005</year><volume>94</volume><fpage>530</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16316799</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Varjão</surname><given-names>FM</given-names></name><name><surname>Nogueira</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Russi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Arioli</surname><given-names>Filho JN</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Correlation between maxillary central incisor form and face form in 4 racial groups</article-title><source>Quintessence Int</source><year>2006</year><volume>37</volume><fpage>767</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17078274</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Smily</surname><given-names>PK</given-names></name><name><surname>Nair</surname><given-names>KN</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>CP</given-names></name><name><surname>Nagaraj</surname><given-names>KR</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>MV</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Gender difference in harmony between tooth, face and arch form</article-title><source>J Indian Prosthodont Soc</source><year>2002</year><volume>2</volume><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>5</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Berksun</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Hasanreisoglu</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Gökdeniz</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Computer-based evaluation of gender identification and morphologic classification of tooth face and arch forms</article-title><source>J Prosthet Dent</source><year>2002</year><volume>88</volume><fpage>578</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12488849</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nelson</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The esthetic triangle in the arrangement of teeth: Face form, tooth form and alignment form, harmonious or grotesque</article-title><source>Natl Dent Assoc J</source><year>1922</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>392</fpage><lpage>401</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Koralakunte</surname><given-names>PR</given-names></name><name><surname>Budihal</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A clinical study to evaluate the correlation between maxillary central incisor tooth form and face form in an Indian population</article-title><source>J Oral Sci</source><year>2012</year><volume>54</volume><fpage>273</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23047039</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmad</surname><given-names>ZM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Palatal dimensions and its correlation with the circumference of upper anterior teeth</article-title><source>Al-Rafidain Dent J</source><year>2009</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>259</fpage><lpage>67</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brunner</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Fuchs</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Perrier</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>On the relationship between palate shape and articulatory behavior</article-title><source>J Acoust Soc Am</source><year>2009</year><volume>125</volume><fpage>3936</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19507976</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><article-title>The glossary of prosthodontic terms</article-title><source>J Prosthet Dent</source><year>2005</year><volume>94</volume><fpage>10</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16080238</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rai</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Correlation of nasal width to inter-canine distance in various arch forms</article-title><source>J Indian Prosthodont Soc</source><year>2010</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21629456</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chuck</surname><given-names>GC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Ideal arch form</article-title><source>Angle Orthod</source><year>1932</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>312</fpage><lpage>27</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maria</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>da Silva</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Stella Angela</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name><name><surname>de Paula</surname><given-names>GB</given-names></name><name><surname>Berwig</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of hard palate depth: Correlation between quantitative and qualitative method</article-title><source>Rev CEFAC</source><year>2013</year><volume>15</volume><fpage>1292</fpage><lpage>9</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Koralakunte</surname><given-names>PR</given-names></name><name><surname>Budihal</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name><name><surname>Basavapura</surname><given-names>ND</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A classification of face form and tooth form - An <italic>in vivo</italic> study</article-title><source>Int J Innov Med Health Sci</source><year>2013</year><volume>1</volume><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>9</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref24"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marunick</surname><given-names>MT</given-names></name><name><surname>Chamberlain</surname><given-names>BB</given-names></name><name><surname>Robinson</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Denture aesthetics: An evaluation of laymen's preferences</article-title><source>J Oral Rehabil</source><year>1983</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>399</fpage><lpage>406</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6355414</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Othman</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Xinwei</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></name><name><surname>Lim</surname><given-names>SY</given-names></name><name><surname>Jamaludin</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Mohamed</surname><given-names>NH</given-names></name><name><surname>Yusof</surname><given-names>ZY</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Comparison of arch form between ethnic Malays and Malaysian aborigines in peninsular Malaysia</article-title><source>Korean J Orthod</source><year>2012</year><volume>42</volume><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23112931</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Zubair</surname><given-names>NM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Establishment of Yemeni dental arch form</article-title><source>Orthod J Nepal</source><year>2013</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>6</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref27"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Owais</surname><given-names>AI</given-names></name><name><surname>Abu Alhaija</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></name><name><surname>Oweis</surname><given-names>RR</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Khateeb</surname><given-names>SN</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Maxillary and mandibular arch forms in the primary dentition stage</article-title><source>Oral Health Dent Manag</source><year>2014</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>330</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24984643</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 0003729 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 0003729 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= EdenteV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |