Candida albicans susceptibility to lactoperoxidase-generated hypoiodite
Identifieur interne : 002480 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002479; suivant : 002481Candida albicans susceptibility to lactoperoxidase-generated hypoiodite
Auteurs : Mohamed Ahariz [Belgique] ; Philippe Courtois [Belgique]Source :
- Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry [ 1179-1357 ] ; 2010.
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PubMed: 23662084
PubMed Central: 3645462
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en"><italic>Candida albicans</italic> susceptibility to lactoperoxidase-generated hypoiodite</title><author><name sortKey="Ahariz, Mohamed" sort="Ahariz, Mohamed" uniqKey="Ahariz M" first="Mohamed" last="Ahariz">Mohamed Ahariz</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af1-ccide-2-069">Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Courtois, Philippe" sort="Courtois, Philippe" uniqKey="Courtois P" first="Philippe" last="Courtois">Philippe Courtois</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-ccide-2-069">Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium and UER de Biologie Médicale, Haute Ecole Francisco Ferrer, Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium and UER de Biologie Médicale, Haute Ecole Francisco Ferrer, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23662084</idno><idno type="pmc">3645462</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645462</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3645462</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002A97</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002A97</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002A97</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002A97</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002480</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002480</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main"><italic>Candida albicans</italic> susceptibility to lactoperoxidase-generated hypoiodite</title><author><name sortKey="Ahariz, Mohamed" sort="Ahariz, Mohamed" uniqKey="Ahariz M" first="Mohamed" last="Ahariz">Mohamed Ahariz</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af1-ccide-2-069">Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Courtois, Philippe" sort="Courtois, Philippe" uniqKey="Courtois P" first="Philippe" last="Courtois">Philippe Courtois</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-ccide-2-069">Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium and UER de Biologie Médicale, Haute Ecole Francisco Ferrer, Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium and UER de Biologie Médicale, Haute Ecole Francisco Ferrer, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry</title><idno type="eISSN">1179-1357</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>In vivo</italic>, lactoperoxidase produces hypothiocyanite (OSCN<sup>−</sup>) from thiocyanate (SCN<sup>−</sup>) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>); <italic>in vitro</italic>, iodide (I<sup>−</sup>) can be oxidized into hypoiodite (OI<sup>−</sup>) by this enzyme. The aim of this study was to compare <italic>in vitro</italic> the anti-<italic>Candida</italic> effect of iodide <italic>versus</italic> thiocyanate used as lactoperoxidase substrate to prevent <italic>Candida</italic> biofilms development. <italic>Candida albicans</italic> ATCC 10231 susceptibility upon both peroxidase systems was tested in three different experimental designs: (i) in a liquid culture medium, (ii) in an interface model between solid culture medium and gel containing the enzymic systems, (iii) in a biofilm model onto titanium and acrylic resin. Yeast growth in liquid medium was monitored by turbidimetry at 600 nm. Material-adherent yeast biomass was evaluated by the tetrazolium salt MTT method. The iodide-peroxidase system has been shown to inhibit <italic>Candida</italic> biofilm formation at lower substrate concentrations (~200 fold less H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> donor) and for longer incubation periods than the thiocyanate-peroxidase system. In conclusion, efficiency of lactoperoxidase-generated OI<sup>−</sup> to prevent <italic>C. albicans</italic> biofilm development allows refining iodine antifungal use in <italic>ex vivo</italic> conditions.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Horgan, Mm" uniqKey="Horgan M">MM Horgan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Powderly, Wg" uniqKey="Powderly W">WG Powderly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vanden Abbeele, A" uniqKey="Vanden Abbeele A">A Vanden Abbeele</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Meel, H" uniqKey="De Meel H">H de Meel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahariz, M" uniqKey="Ahariz M">M Ahariz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahariz, M" uniqKey="Ahariz M">M Ahariz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loeb, I" uniqKey="Loeb I">I Loeb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Courtois, Ph" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Clin Cosmet Investig Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Clin Cosmet Investig Dent</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1179-1357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23662084</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3645462</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ccide-2-069</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title><italic>Candida albicans</italic> susceptibility to lactoperoxidase-generated hypoiodite</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahariz</surname><given-names>Mohamed</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ccide-2-069">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Courtois</surname><given-names>Philippe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ccide-2-069">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ccide-2-069"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ccide-2-069"><label>1</label>Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium</aff><aff id="af2-ccide-2-069"><label>2</label>Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium and UER de Biologie Médicale, Haute Ecole Francisco Ferrer, Brussels, Belgium</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ccide-2-069">Correspondence: Philippe Courtois Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology (CP 626), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium Tel +32 2 555 63 10 Fax +32 2 555 42 19 Email <email>philippe.courtois@ulb.ac.be</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>8</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2010 Ahariz and Courtois, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><license><license-p>This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>In vivo</italic>, lactoperoxidase produces hypothiocyanite (OSCN<sup>−</sup>) from thiocyanate (SCN<sup>−</sup>) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>); <italic>in vitro</italic>, iodide (I<sup>−</sup>) can be oxidized into hypoiodite (OI<sup>−</sup>) by this enzyme. The aim of this study was to compare <italic>in vitro</italic> the anti-<italic>Candida</italic> effect of iodide <italic>versus</italic> thiocyanate used as lactoperoxidase substrate to prevent <italic>Candida</italic> biofilms development. <italic>Candida albicans</italic> ATCC 10231 susceptibility upon both peroxidase systems was tested in three different experimental designs: (i) in a liquid culture medium, (ii) in an interface model between solid culture medium and gel containing the enzymic systems, (iii) in a biofilm model onto titanium and acrylic resin. Yeast growth in liquid medium was monitored by turbidimetry at 600 nm. Material-adherent yeast biomass was evaluated by the tetrazolium salt MTT method. The iodide-peroxidase system has been shown to inhibit <italic>Candida</italic> biofilm formation at lower substrate concentrations (~200 fold less H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> donor) and for longer incubation periods than the thiocyanate-peroxidase system. In conclusion, efficiency of lactoperoxidase-generated OI<sup>−</sup> to prevent <italic>C. albicans</italic> biofilm development allows refining iodine antifungal use in <italic>ex vivo</italic> conditions.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>denture</kwd><kwd>iodide</kwd><kwd>oral</kwd><kwd>peroxidase</kwd><kwd>saliva</kwd><kwd>titanium</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ccide-2-069" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Peroxidase systems producing hypoiodite (OI<sup>−</sup> ) from iodide (I<sup>−</sup> ) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) The present figure schematizes both lactoperoxidase uses: <bold>a</bold>) dissolving in the liquid culture medium or <bold>b</bold>) precoating onto materials (titanium or resin foils).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ccide-2-069Fig1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-ccide-2-069" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Anti-<italic>Candida</italic> effect of a 16-hour exposure to various combinations of lactoperoxidase systems. <italic>Candida albicans</italic> (ATCC 10231) growth in sabouraud broth was evaluated by counting colony forming units (CFU expressed as log(10)).</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> G, glucose; GOD, glucose oxidase; LPO, lactoperoxidase.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ccide-2-069Fig2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-ccide-2-069" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><italic>Candida albicans</italic> biomass in planktonic phase (evaluated by turbidimetry at 600 nm) and anchored phase (evaluated by spectrophotometry at 570 nm) onto materials (titanium or resin) after a 2-day incubation. Lactoperoxidase-adsorbed materials (LPO<sub>2</sub>) were compared with the same material exposed to the enzyme in solution (LPO<sub>1</sub>) after a 2-day incubation in the presence of OI<sup>−</sup> produced by various peroxidase systems.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ccide-2-069Fig3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-ccide-2-069" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p><bold>E</bold>ffect of SCN<sup>−</sup>/I<sup>−</sup> competition for lactoperoxidase in oral gel on <italic>Candida</italic> growth on sabouraud agar. Survival rate (expressed as the percentage of the control without any peroxidase substrate) was assayed for different KSCN concentrations (0–4 mM) in the presence of 2 mM KI.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ccide-2-069Fig4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-ccide-2-069" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Iodide/peroxidase (■) and thiocyanate/peroxidase (❏) effect on H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration produced by glucose (G)/glucose oxidase (GOD) and measured by the lucigenin method.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ccide-2-069Fig5"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ccide-2-069" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p><italic>Candida albicans</italic> (ATCC 10231) growth in sabouraud broth evaluated by turbidimetry (absorbance at 600 nm) after a 16-hour incubation in the presence of the iodide/lactoperoxidase system at different iodide concentrations</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Culture conditions</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ Absorbance at 600 nm mean ± SEM (N)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive control</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.894 ± 0.022 (6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0 ± 3.5 (6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/GOD</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.917 ± 0.020 (6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102.6 ± 3.4 (6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/GOD/LPO</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.935 ± 0.021 (6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104.6 ± 3.5 (6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/GOD/1.20 mM KI</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.929 ± 0.011 (6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103.4 ± 2.8 (6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/GOD/LPO/1.20 mM KI</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.026 ± 0.011 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9 ± 1.2 (6)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/GOD/LPO/0.60 mM KI</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.029 ± 0.013 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2 ± 1.5 (6)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/GOD/LPO/0.30 mM KI</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.659 ± 0.033 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.7 ± 4.1 (6)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/GOD/LPO/0.15 mM KI</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.891 ± 0.010 (6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.7 ± 2.7 (6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/GOD/LPO/0.07 mM KI</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.884 ± 0.026 (6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.9 ± 3.8 (6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Negative control</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ccide-2-069"><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Data were analysed by ANOVA completed by a Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison test (<italic>positive control</italic> condition considered as control group).</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-ccide-2-069"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> G, glucose; GOD, glucose oxidase; LPO, lactoperoxidase; SEM, standard error of the mean; N, number of determinations.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ccide-2-069" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p><italic>Candida albicans</italic> (ATCC 10231) growth on sabouraud solid medium covered by a gel containing an oxidative system (G/GOD producing H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, G/GOD/KSCN/LPO producing hypothiocyanite and G/GOD/KI/LPO producing hypoiodite)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxidative system</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GOD activity (U/gel mL)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Survival rate (%)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition radius (mm)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">G/GOD</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0 ± 9.8 (6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.150</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105.9 ± 8.7 (6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.500</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9 ± 2.4 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8" colspan="1">G/GOD/KSCN/LPO</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107.4 ± 9.3 (6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.050</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.5 ± 4.6 (6)*</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.250</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.9 ± 4.2 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.500</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.9 ± 1.8 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.6 ± 4.1 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.500</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0 ± 1.3 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 ± 0.2 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 ± 0.2 (3)*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="7" colspan="1">G/GOD/KI/LPO</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113.9 ± 1.9 (6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.0 ± 10.9 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 ± 0.1 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 0.3 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.020</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 ± 0.3 (3)**</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.040</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9 ± 0.1 (3)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.400</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2 ± 0.3 (3)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0 ± 0.0 (6)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.9 ± 0.7 (3)***</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-ccide-2-069"><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Minimal inhibitory activity of GOD was evaluated by <italic>colony forming unit</italic> count and by a radial diffusion test after a 2-day incubation at 37°C. Survival rate was expressed as percentage (%) of the paired control without GOD, and the radius around a gel-filled wall was expressed in millimeters (mm). Data for each tested gel were analysed by ANOVA completed by a Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison test (<italic>no GOD activity</italic> condition for each oxidative system was considered as a control group).</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-ccide-2-069"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> G, glucose; GOD, glucose oxidase; LPO, lactoperoxidase.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-ccide-2-069" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p><italic>Candida albicans</italic> biofilm formation after 2 versus 4 days incubation with OSCN<sup>−</sup> and OI<sup>−</sup> produced in the presence of 0.2 <italic>versus</italic> 1.3 U/mL GOD</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/GOD/KSCN/LPO</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G/GOD/KI/LPO</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GOD: 0.2 U/mL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">planktonic phase (absorbance at 600 nm)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.452 ± 0.075 (3)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.453 ± 0.005 (3) NS</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.030 ± 0.001 (3)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">incubation: 2 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">anchored phase (absorbance at 570 nm)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.153 ± 0.073 (3)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.366 ± 0.019 (3)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.112 ± 0.059 (3)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GOD: 0.2 U/mL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">planktonic phase (absorbance at 600 nm)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.757 ± 0.100 (3)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.927 ± 0.042 (3)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.029 ± 0.001 (3)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">incubation: 4 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">anchored phase (absorbance at 570 nm)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.820 ± 0.027 (3)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.101 ± 0.030 (3)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.125 ± 0.007 (3)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GOD: 1.3 U/mL</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">planktonic phase (absorbance at 600 nm)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.658 ± 0.056 (12)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017 ± 0.008 (9)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.059 ± 0.023 (9)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">incubation: 4 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">anchored phase (absorbance at 570 nm)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.788 ± 0.061 (13)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.065 ± 0.021 (9)***</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.040 ± 0.018 (9)***</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn5-ccide-2-069"><p><bold>Notes:</bold> The planktonic phase was monitored by turbidimetry (absorbance at 600 nm) and the anchored phase by the MTT method (absorbance at 570 nm). Data from both peroxidase system conditions were compared to the control condition by ANOVA completed by a Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison test.</p></fn><fn id="tfn6-ccide-2-069"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> G, glucose; GOD, glucose oxidase; LPO, lactoperoxidase.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Belgique</li></country><region><li>Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</li></region><settlement><li>Bruxelles</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université libre de Bruxelles</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Belgique"><region name="Région de Bruxelles-Capitale"><name sortKey="Ahariz, Mohamed" sort="Ahariz, Mohamed" uniqKey="Ahariz M" first="Mohamed" last="Ahariz">Mohamed Ahariz</name></region><name sortKey="Courtois, Philippe" sort="Courtois, Philippe" uniqKey="Courtois P" first="Philippe" last="Courtois">Philippe Courtois</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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