Nanomodified Peek Dental Implants: Bioactive Composites and Surface Modification—A Review
Identifieur interne : 000C43 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000C42; suivant : 000C44Nanomodified Peek Dental Implants: Bioactive Composites and Surface Modification—A Review
Auteurs : Shariq Najeeb [Arabie saoudite] ; Zohaib Khurshid [Royaume-Uni] ; Jukka Pekka Matinlinna [Hong Kong] ; Fahad Siddiqui [Canada] ; Mohammad Zakaria Nassani [Arabie saoudite] ; Kusai Baroudi [Arabie saoudite]Source :
- International Journal of Dentistry [ 1687-8728 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2015/381759
PubMed: 26495000
PubMed Central: 4606406
Affiliations:
- Arabie saoudite, Canada, Hong Kong, Royaume-Uni
- Angleterre, Midlands de l'Ouest
- Birmingham
- Université de Birmingham
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PMC:4606406Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Nanomodified Peek Dental Implants: Bioactive Composites and Surface Modification—A Review</title><author><name sortKey="Najeeb, Shariq" sort="Najeeb, Shariq" uniqKey="Najeeb S" first="Shariq" last="Najeeb">Shariq Najeeb</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11891</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khurshid, Zohaib" sort="Khurshid, Zohaib" uniqKey="Khurshid Z" first="Zohaib" last="Khurshid">Zohaib Khurshid</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I2">School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matinlinna, Jukka Pekka" sort="Matinlinna, Jukka Pekka" uniqKey="Matinlinna J" first="Jukka Pekka" last="Matinlinna">Jukka Pekka Matinlinna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F, The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F, The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sai Ying Pun</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siddiqui, Fahad" sort="Siddiqui, Fahad" uniqKey="Siddiqui F" first="Fahad" last="Siddiqui">Fahad Siddiqui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Division of Oral Health & Society, 2001 McGill College, Suite 500, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1G1</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Oral Health & Society, 2001 McGill College, Suite 500, Montreal, QC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria" sort="Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria" uniqKey="Nassani M" first="Mohammad Zakaria" last="Nassani">Mohammad Zakaria Nassani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11891</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baroudi, Kusai" sort="Baroudi, Kusai" uniqKey="Baroudi K" first="Kusai" last="Baroudi">Kusai Baroudi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Preventive Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Preventive Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11891</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26495000</idno><idno type="pmc">4606406</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4606406</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4606406</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2015/381759</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D96</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D96</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002D96</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002D96</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000C43</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000C43</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Nanomodified Peek Dental Implants: Bioactive Composites and Surface Modification—A Review</title><author><name sortKey="Najeeb, Shariq" sort="Najeeb, Shariq" uniqKey="Najeeb S" first="Shariq" last="Najeeb">Shariq Najeeb</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11891</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khurshid, Zohaib" sort="Khurshid, Zohaib" uniqKey="Khurshid Z" first="Zohaib" last="Khurshid">Zohaib Khurshid</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I2">School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matinlinna, Jukka Pekka" sort="Matinlinna, Jukka Pekka" uniqKey="Matinlinna J" first="Jukka Pekka" last="Matinlinna">Jukka Pekka Matinlinna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F, The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F, The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sai Ying Pun</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siddiqui, Fahad" sort="Siddiqui, Fahad" uniqKey="Siddiqui F" first="Fahad" last="Siddiqui">Fahad Siddiqui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Division of Oral Health & Society, 2001 McGill College, Suite 500, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1G1</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Oral Health & Society, 2001 McGill College, Suite 500, Montreal, QC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria" sort="Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria" uniqKey="Nassani M" first="Mohammad Zakaria" last="Nassani">Mohammad Zakaria Nassani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11891</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baroudi, Kusai" sort="Baroudi, Kusai" uniqKey="Baroudi K" first="Kusai" last="Baroudi">Kusai Baroudi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Preventive Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Preventive Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11891</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Dentistry</title><idno type="ISSN">1687-8728</idno><idno type="eISSN">1687-8736</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Purpose</italic>. The aim of this review is to summarize and evaluate the relevant literature regarding the different ways how polyetheretherketone (PEEK) can be modified to overcome its limited bioactivity, and thereby making it suitable as a dental implant material. <italic>Study Selection</italic>. An electronic literature search was conducted via the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords “PEEK dental implants,” “nano,” “osseointegration,” “surface treatment,” and “modification.” A total of 16 <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic> studies were found suitable to be included in this review. <italic>Results</italic>. There are many viable methods to increase the bioactivity of PEEK. Most methods focus on increasing the surface roughness, increasing the hydrophilicity and coating osseoconductive materials. <italic>Conclusion</italic>. There are many ways in which PEEK can be modified at a nanometer level to overcome its limited bioactivity. Melt-blending with bioactive nanoparticles can be used to produce bioactive nanocomposites, while spin-coating, gas plasma etching, electron beam, and plasma-ion immersion implantation can be used to modify the surface of PEEK implants in order to make them more bioactive. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Dentistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1687-8728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1687-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26495000</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4606406</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/381759</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Nanomodified Peek Dental Implants: Bioactive Composites and Surface Modification—A Review</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Najeeb</surname><given-names>Shariq</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khurshid</surname><given-names>Zohaib</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Matinlinna</surname><given-names>Jukka Pekka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Siddiqui</surname><given-names>Fahad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0927-895X</contrib-id><name><surname>Nassani</surname><given-names>Mohammad Zakaria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baroudi</surname><given-names>Kusai</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F, The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Division of Oral Health & Society, 2001 McGill College, Suite 500, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1G1</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Preventive Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, King Abdullah Road, P.O. Box 85184, Riyadh 11891, Saudi Arabia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Shariq Najeeb: <email>shariqnajeeb@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Dan Boston</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>1</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>381759</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Shariq Najeeb et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Purpose</italic>. The aim of this review is to summarize and evaluate the relevant literature regarding the different ways how polyetheretherketone (PEEK) can be modified to overcome its limited bioactivity, and thereby making it suitable as a dental implant material. <italic>Study Selection</italic>. An electronic literature search was conducted via the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords “PEEK dental implants,” “nano,” “osseointegration,” “surface treatment,” and “modification.” A total of 16 <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic> studies were found suitable to be included in this review. <italic>Results</italic>. There are many viable methods to increase the bioactivity of PEEK. Most methods focus on increasing the surface roughness, increasing the hydrophilicity and coating osseoconductive materials. <italic>Conclusion</italic>. There are many ways in which PEEK can be modified at a nanometer level to overcome its limited bioactivity. Melt-blending with bioactive nanoparticles can be used to produce bioactive nanocomposites, while spin-coating, gas plasma etching, electron beam, and plasma-ion immersion implantation can be used to modify the surface of PEEK implants in order to make them more bioactive. However, more animal studies are needed before these implants can be deemed suitable to be used as dental implants.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The chemical structural formula of polyetheretherketone (PEEK). PEEK is a semicrystalline thermoplastic and it is synthesized via step-growth polymerization by the dialkylation of<italic> bis</italic>-phenolate salts.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJD2015-381759.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>A schematic diagram of the process of melt-blending to produce bioactive PEEK composites. First, the PEEK powder and nanofillers are codispersed in a suitable solvent. The solvent is then removed and the mixture is placed in suitable moulds and heated to a temperature above the melting point PEEK under high pressure in a mould (so-called compression moulding). Upon cooling, the resultant material is composite of PEEK and the fillers. The solid composite is then machined to provide shape or surface characteristics suitable for a dental implant.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJD2015-381759.002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Bioactive PEEK nanocomposites and some biomechanical properties.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Material</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Particle size</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modulus (GPa)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tensile strength (MPa)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contact angle (°)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Animal studies</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PEEK-nTiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.d.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PEEK-nHAF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Length = 85 ± 10 nm, width: 22 ± 4 nm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.1 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">137.6 ± 9.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CFR-PEEK-nHAp</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><200 nm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.d.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.d.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75 (without plasma), 10 (with plasma treatment)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Various surface modifications for PEEK and some reported properties. </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modification</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surface roughness/pore size</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contact angle (°)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Animal studies</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spin-coating</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> nHAp</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S</italic><sub><italic>a</italic></sub> = 0.686 ± 0.14 <italic>µ</italic>m–0.93 ± 0.25 <italic>µ</italic>m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 ± 4.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>–<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gas plasma etching</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> O<sub>2</sub>/Ar</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMS = 9–19 nm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> NH<sub>3</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMS = 3–7 nm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45–90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R</italic><sub><italic>a</italic></sub> = 75.33 ± 10.66 nm </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E-beam TiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Conventional</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.d.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Anodized</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pore size: 70 nm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≈0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PIII</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> TiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pore size: 150–200 nm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.d</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Diamond-like carbon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMS = 5.42 nm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≈55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Arabie saoudite</li><li>Canada</li><li>Hong Kong</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Midlands de l'Ouest</li></region><settlement><li>Birmingham</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Birmingham</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Arabie saoudite"><noRegion><name sortKey="Najeeb, Shariq" sort="Najeeb, Shariq" uniqKey="Najeeb S" first="Shariq" last="Najeeb">Shariq Najeeb</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Baroudi, Kusai" sort="Baroudi, Kusai" uniqKey="Baroudi K" first="Kusai" last="Baroudi">Kusai Baroudi</name><name sortKey="Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria" sort="Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria" uniqKey="Nassani M" first="Mohammad Zakaria" last="Nassani">Mohammad Zakaria Nassani</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Khurshid, Zohaib" sort="Khurshid, Zohaib" uniqKey="Khurshid Z" first="Zohaib" last="Khurshid">Zohaib Khurshid</name></region></country><country name="Hong Kong"><noRegion><name sortKey="Matinlinna, Jukka Pekka" sort="Matinlinna, Jukka Pekka" uniqKey="Matinlinna J" first="Jukka Pekka" last="Matinlinna">Jukka Pekka Matinlinna</name></noRegion></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Siddiqui, Fahad" sort="Siddiqui, Fahad" uniqKey="Siddiqui F" first="Fahad" last="Siddiqui">Fahad Siddiqui</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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