Investigation of a pre-clinical mandibular bone notch defect model in miniature pigs: clinical computed tomography, micro-computed tomography, and histological evaluation
Identifieur interne : 000627 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000626; suivant : 000628Investigation of a pre-clinical mandibular bone notch defect model in miniature pigs: clinical computed tomography, micro-computed tomography, and histological evaluation
Auteurs : Patricia L. Carlisle [États-Unis] ; Teja Guda [États-Unis] ; David T. Silliman [États-Unis] ; Wen Lien [États-Unis] ; Robert G. Hale [États-Unis] ; Pamela R. Brown Baer [États-Unis]Source :
- Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons [ 2234-7550 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
To validate a critical-size mandibular bone defect model in miniature pigs.
Bilateral notch defects were produced in the mandible of dentally mature miniature pigs. The right mandibular defect remained untreated while the left defect received an autograft. Bone healing was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) at 4 and 16 weeks, and by micro-CT and non-decalcified histology at 16 weeks.
In both the untreated and autograft treated groups, mineralized tissue volume was reduced significantly at 4 weeks post-surgery, but was comparable to the pre-surgery levels after 16 weeks. After 16 weeks, CT analysis indicated that significantly greater bone was regenerated in the autograft treated defect than in the untreated defect (
The presence of considerable bone healing in both treated and untreated groups suggests that this model is inadequate as a critical-size defect. Despite healing and adaptation, the original bone geometry and quality of the pre-injured mandible was not obtained. On the other hand, this model is justified for evaluating accelerated healing and mitigating the bone remodeling response, which are both important considerations for dental implant restorations.
Url:
DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.1.20
PubMed: 26904491
PubMed Central: 4761569
Affiliations:
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Carlisle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guda, Teja" sort="Guda, Teja" uniqKey="Guda T" first="Teja" last="Guda">Teja Guda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silliman, David T" sort="Silliman, David T" uniqKey="Silliman D" first="David T." last="Silliman">David T. Silliman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lien, Wen" sort="Lien, Wen" uniqKey="Lien W" first="Wen" last="Lien">Wen Lien</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hale, Robert G" sort="Hale, Robert G" uniqKey="Hale R" first="Robert G." last="Hale">Robert G. Hale</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown Baer, Pamela R" sort="Brown Baer, Pamela R" uniqKey="Brown Baer P" first="Pamela R." last="Brown Baer">Pamela R. Brown Baer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26904491</idno><idno type="pmc">4761569</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4761569</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4761569</idno><idno type="doi">10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.1.20</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000725</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000725</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000725</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000725</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000627</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000627</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Investigation of a pre-clinical mandibular bone notch defect model in miniature pigs: clinical computed tomography, micro-computed tomography, and histological evaluation</title><author><name sortKey="Carlisle, Patricia L" sort="Carlisle, Patricia L" uniqKey="Carlisle P" first="Patricia L." last="Carlisle">Patricia L. Carlisle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guda, Teja" sort="Guda, Teja" uniqKey="Guda T" first="Teja" last="Guda">Teja Guda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silliman, David T" sort="Silliman, David T" uniqKey="Silliman D" first="David T." last="Silliman">David T. Silliman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lien, Wen" sort="Lien, Wen" uniqKey="Lien W" first="Wen" last="Lien">Wen Lien</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hale, Robert G" sort="Hale, Robert G" uniqKey="Hale R" first="Robert G." last="Hale">Robert G. Hale</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown Baer, Pamela R" sort="Brown Baer, Pamela R" uniqKey="Brown Baer P" first="Pamela R." last="Brown Baer">Pamela R. Brown Baer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fort Sam Houston</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons</title><idno type="ISSN">2234-7550</idno><idno type="eISSN">2234-5930</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>To validate a critical-size mandibular bone defect model in miniature pigs.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Bilateral notch defects were produced in the mandible of dentally mature miniature pigs. The right mandibular defect remained untreated while the left defect received an autograft. Bone healing was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) at 4 and 16 weeks, and by micro-CT and non-decalcified histology at 16 weeks.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>In both the untreated and autograft treated groups, mineralized tissue volume was reduced significantly at 4 weeks post-surgery, but was comparable to the pre-surgery levels after 16 weeks. After 16 weeks, CT analysis indicated that significantly greater bone was regenerated in the autograft treated defect than in the untreated defect (<italic>P</italic>=0.013). Regardless of the treatment, the cortical bone was superior to the defect remodeled over 16 weeks to compensate for the notch defect.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The presence of considerable bone healing in both treated and untreated groups suggests that this model is inadequate as a critical-size defect. Despite healing and adaptation, the original bone geometry and quality of the pre-injured mandible was not obtained. On the other hand, this model is justified for evaluating accelerated healing and mitigating the bone remodeling response, which are both important considerations for dental implant restorations.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mitchener, Ta" uniqKey="Mitchener T">TA Mitchener</name></author><author><name sortKey="Canham Chervak, M" uniqKey="Canham Chervak M">M Canham-Chervak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lew, Ta" uniqKey="Lew T">TA Lew</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Ja" uniqKey="Walker J">JA Walker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wenke, Jc" uniqKey="Wenke J">JC Wenke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blackbourne, Lh" uniqKey="Blackbourne L">LH Blackbourne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hale, Rg" uniqKey="Hale R">RG Hale</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Owens, Bd" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JKAOMS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2234-7550</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2234-5930</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26904491</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4761569</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.1.20</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Investigation of a pre-clinical mandibular bone notch defect model in miniature pigs: clinical computed tomography, micro-computed tomography, and histological evaluation</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6781-017X</contrib-id><name><surname>Carlisle</surname><given-names>Patricia L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3218-2916</contrib-id><name><surname>Guda</surname><given-names>Teja</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-4694</contrib-id><name><surname>Silliman</surname><given-names>David T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5657-4765</contrib-id><name><surname>Lien</surname><given-names>Wen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-3224</contrib-id><name><surname>Hale</surname><given-names>Robert G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6964-1955</contrib-id><name><surname>Brown Baer</surname><given-names>Pamela R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Craniomaxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, The United States Army Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, USA.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Teja Guda. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, AET 1.356, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA. TEL: +1-210-458-8529, FAX: +1-210-458-7007, <email>teja.guda@utsa.edu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>2</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>42</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 The Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>To validate a critical-size mandibular bone defect model in miniature pigs.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Bilateral notch defects were produced in the mandible of dentally mature miniature pigs. The right mandibular defect remained untreated while the left defect received an autograft. Bone healing was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) at 4 and 16 weeks, and by micro-CT and non-decalcified histology at 16 weeks.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>In both the untreated and autograft treated groups, mineralized tissue volume was reduced significantly at 4 weeks post-surgery, but was comparable to the pre-surgery levels after 16 weeks. After 16 weeks, CT analysis indicated that significantly greater bone was regenerated in the autograft treated defect than in the untreated defect (<italic>P</italic>=0.013). Regardless of the treatment, the cortical bone was superior to the defect remodeled over 16 weeks to compensate for the notch defect.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The presence of considerable bone healing in both treated and untreated groups suggests that this model is inadequate as a critical-size defect. Despite healing and adaptation, the original bone geometry and quality of the pre-injured mandible was not obtained. On the other hand, this model is justified for evaluating accelerated healing and mitigating the bone remodeling response, which are both important considerations for dental implant restorations.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Mandible</kwd><kwd>Autografts</kwd><kwd>Bone regeneration</kwd><kwd>Porcine</kwd><kwd>Critical-size defect</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><title>A. Schematic diagram of the mandibular bone notch defect study design. B, C. Surgical images of the bilateral bone defects in pigs (n=5). The removed bone (D-F) was morselized, hydrated with sterile saline (G-I) and packed into the left side defect, serving as autograft (J), whereas the right side received no treatment (K); both hemi-mandibles were fixed with plates.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-42-20-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><title>Computed tomography (CT) quantification of regenerated bone over the healing time course. A. Using a single slice axial view of the 64-slice CT of the mandible, the bone defect region of interest (outlined by a dotted border) was defined. B. Bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) ratio was calculated for all time points in the autograft-treated and untreated sides in each pig (n=5). <sup>*</sup>Significant differences between weeks at the same time point (<italic>P</italic><0.001). <sup>**</sup>Significant differences between groups at the same time point (<italic>P</italic>=0.013).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-42-20-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><title>Computed tomography quantification of bone superior to the intact mandible over the healing time course. A. The region of interest (outlined by a dashed border) was defined to include the intact bone above the defect (shaded by horizontal lines) and exclude the teeth. Bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) ratio (B) and bone mineral density (BMD) (C) was calculated for all time points in the autograft-treated and untreated sides in each pig (n=5). Significant differences indicated by <sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic>=0.013, <sup>**</sup><italic>P</italic><0.001, <sup>***</sup><italic>P</italic>=0.005.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-42-20-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><title>Lingual view of three-dimensional reconstructions of hemi-mandibles from 64-slice computed tomography images. Volumetric rendering of mineralized tissue and fixation plates of the autograft-treated (left panels) and untreated (right panels) mandibles from one pig at 0 weeks (pre-surgery), 4 weeks post-surgery and 16 weeks post-surgery to represent the pattern of bone regeneration at each time point.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-42-20-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 5</label><caption><title>Quantification of bone regeneration by micro-computed tomography (µCT) analysis. A. High resolution µCT was performed postmortem on both the autograft-treated and untreated sides of the mandible for each pig (n=5). A representative axial cross-section (left panels) and sagittal cross-section (right panels) are shown here for both the autograft-treated (upper) and untreated (lower) sides. Guttapercha denotes the defect margins (designated by the two centermost single white dots in the sagittal cross-sections). B. Bone regeneration was quantified and reported as the bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) ratio (<italic>P</italic>=0.46).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-42-20-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 6</label><caption><title>Histological sections along the sagittal cross-section of the mandible. The autograft-treated (A) and the corresponding untreated (B) mandible after 16 weeks post-surgery from a representative pig are shown. Sections were stained with Sanderson's rapid bone stain and counterstained with van Gieson's picrofuchsin to stain mineralized tissue pink/red and soft tissue blue. Gutta-percha markers identifying the defect margins are also visible (pale peach circles). In both the autograft-treated and untreated sections, the border of the old bone (OB) and the new bone (NB) are visible in the high magnification images (border indicated with the yellow dashed line) and osteoblasts (indicated by arrows) can be seen in the lower panels. Blood vessels (BV) are present in the autograft-treated section.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jkaoms-42-20-g006"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Texas</li></region></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Carlisle, Patricia L" sort="Carlisle, Patricia L" uniqKey="Carlisle P" first="Patricia L." last="Carlisle">Patricia L. Carlisle</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Brown Baer, Pamela R" sort="Brown Baer, Pamela R" uniqKey="Brown Baer P" first="Pamela R." last="Brown Baer">Pamela R. Brown Baer</name><name sortKey="Guda, Teja" sort="Guda, Teja" uniqKey="Guda T" first="Teja" last="Guda">Teja Guda</name><name sortKey="Guda, Teja" sort="Guda, Teja" uniqKey="Guda T" first="Teja" last="Guda">Teja Guda</name><name sortKey="Hale, Robert G" sort="Hale, Robert G" uniqKey="Hale R" first="Robert G." last="Hale">Robert G. Hale</name><name sortKey="Lien, Wen" sort="Lien, Wen" uniqKey="Lien W" first="Wen" last="Lien">Wen Lien</name><name sortKey="Silliman, David T" sort="Silliman, David T" uniqKey="Silliman D" first="David T." last="Silliman">David T. Silliman</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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