Oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil characteristics in relation to oral health: a cross-sectional, observational clinical study
Identifieur interne : 000555 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000554; suivant : 000556Oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil characteristics in relation to oral health: a cross-sectional, observational clinical study
Auteurs : Patrick Rijkschroeff [Pays-Bas] ; Ineke D C. Jansen [Pays-Bas] ; Fridus A. Van Der Weijden [Pays-Bas] ; Bart J F. Keijser [Pays-Bas] ; Bruno G. Loos [Pays-Bas] ; Elena A. Nicu [Pays-Bas]Source :
- International Journal of Oral Science [ 1674-2818 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) have a major role in the innate immune system. However, little is known about PMN contribution in relation to oral health. The objective of this study was to investigate the numbers and functional characteristics of oral PMNs (oPMNs) compared with circulatory PMNs (cPMNs). Oral rinse and venous blood samples were obtained from 268 systemically and orally healthy volunteers in a cross-sectional observational study. PMN counts, cell cycle analysis and cellular activation state were investigated. Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was analyzed, with and without bacterial stimulation (
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DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.23
PubMed: 27515277
PubMed Central: 5113092
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil characteristics in relation to oral health: a cross-sectional, observational clinical study</title><author><name sortKey="Rijkschroeff, Patrick" sort="Rijkschroeff, Patrick" uniqKey="Rijkschroeff P" first="Patrick" last="Rijkschroeff">Patrick Rijkschroeff</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jansen, Ineke D C" sort="Jansen, Ineke D C" uniqKey="Jansen I" first="Ineke D C" last="Jansen">Ineke D C. Jansen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Weijden, Fridus A" sort="Van Der Weijden, Fridus A" uniqKey="Van Der Weijden F" first="Fridus A" last="Van Der Weijden">Fridus A. Van Der Weijden</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keijser, Bart J F" sort="Keijser, Bart J F" uniqKey="Keijser B" first="Bart J F" last="Keijser">Bart J F. Keijser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences</institution>, Zeist,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Top Institute Food and Nutrition</institution>, Wageningen,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loos, Bruno G" sort="Loos, Bruno G" uniqKey="Loos B" first="Bruno G" last="Loos">Bruno G. Loos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicu, Elena A" sort="Nicu, Elena A" uniqKey="Nicu E" first="Elena A" last="Nicu">Elena A. Nicu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27515277</idno><idno type="pmc">5113092</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5113092</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5113092</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ijos.2016.23</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000819</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000819</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000819</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000819</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000555</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000555</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil characteristics in relation to oral health: a cross-sectional, observational clinical study</title><author><name sortKey="Rijkschroeff, Patrick" sort="Rijkschroeff, Patrick" uniqKey="Rijkschroeff P" first="Patrick" last="Rijkschroeff">Patrick Rijkschroeff</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jansen, Ineke D C" sort="Jansen, Ineke D C" uniqKey="Jansen I" first="Ineke D C" last="Jansen">Ineke D C. Jansen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Weijden, Fridus A" sort="Van Der Weijden, Fridus A" uniqKey="Van Der Weijden F" first="Fridus A" last="Van Der Weijden">Fridus A. Van Der Weijden</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keijser, Bart J F" sort="Keijser, Bart J F" uniqKey="Keijser B" first="Bart J F" last="Keijser">Bart J F. Keijser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences</institution>, Zeist,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Top Institute Food and Nutrition</institution>, Wageningen,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loos, Bruno G" sort="Loos, Bruno G" uniqKey="Loos B" first="Bruno G" last="Loos">Bruno G. Loos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicu, Elena A" sort="Nicu, Elena A" uniqKey="Nicu E" first="Elena A" last="Nicu">Elena A. Nicu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Oral Science</title><idno type="ISSN">1674-2818</idno><idno type="eISSN">2049-3169</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) have a major role in the innate immune system. However, little is known about PMN contribution in relation to oral health. The objective of this study was to investigate the numbers and functional characteristics of oral PMNs (oPMNs) compared with circulatory PMNs (cPMNs). Oral rinse and venous blood samples were obtained from 268 systemically and orally healthy volunteers in a cross-sectional observational study. PMN counts, cell cycle analysis and cellular activation state were investigated. Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was analyzed, with and without bacterial stimulation (<italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum</italic>). In males, 1.2 × 10<sup>6</sup>±1.0 × 10<sup>6</sup> oPMNs were collected, and showed a tendency to correlate with the levels of gingival bleeding (<italic>r</italic>=0.215, <italic>P</italic>=0.008). Comparable oPMNs counts were found among females (1.0 × 10<sup>6</sup>±0.7 × 10<sup>6</sup>). More late-stage apoptotic/necrotic cells were found among the oPMNs (53.1%) compared with the cPMNs (8.5% <italic>P</italic><0.001). Without additional stimulation, oPMNs were more activated than cPMNs, as indicated by higher expression of CD11b, CD63 and CD66b, and higher constitutive ROS levels (<italic>P</italic><0.001). Notably, in response to bacterial stimulation, oPMNs released comparable ROS levels as cPMNs (<italic>P</italic>=0.042). In conclusion, this study provides data on viable oPMNs showing high levels of activation in orally and systemically healthy individuals, free of apparent caries lesions and periodontal disease. These data suggests that although the oPMNs are in a more mature stage of their life cycle compared with the cPMNs, oPMNs are still responsive to stimulation, which indicates their functional potential and possible contribution to a healthy oral ecosystem.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Oral Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1674-2818</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2049-3169</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27515277</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5113092</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">ijos201623</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ijos.2016.23</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil characteristics in relation to oral health: a cross-sectional, observational clinical study</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running">Oral neutrophil characteristics in oral health</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rijkschroeff</surname><given-names>Patrick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jansen</surname><given-names>Ineke D C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van der Weijden</surname><given-names>Fridus A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Keijser</surname><given-names>Bart J F</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Loos</surname><given-names>Bruno G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nicu</surname><given-names>Elena A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="caf1">*</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam</institution>, Amsterdam,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution>Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences</institution>, Zeist,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><institution>Top Institute Food and Nutrition</institution>, Wageningen,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="caf1"><label>*</label><institution>Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)</institution>, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, <country>The Netherlands</country> E-mail: <email>e.nicu@acta.nl</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>09</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>9</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>191</fpage><lpage>198</lpage><history><date date-type="accepted"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 International Journal of Oral Science</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>International Journal of Oral Science</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) have a major role in the innate immune system. However, little is known about PMN contribution in relation to oral health. The objective of this study was to investigate the numbers and functional characteristics of oral PMNs (oPMNs) compared with circulatory PMNs (cPMNs). Oral rinse and venous blood samples were obtained from 268 systemically and orally healthy volunteers in a cross-sectional observational study. PMN counts, cell cycle analysis and cellular activation state were investigated. Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was analyzed, with and without bacterial stimulation (<italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum</italic>). In males, 1.2 × 10<sup>6</sup>±1.0 × 10<sup>6</sup> oPMNs were collected, and showed a tendency to correlate with the levels of gingival bleeding (<italic>r</italic>=0.215, <italic>P</italic>=0.008). Comparable oPMNs counts were found among females (1.0 × 10<sup>6</sup>±0.7 × 10<sup>6</sup>). More late-stage apoptotic/necrotic cells were found among the oPMNs (53.1%) compared with the cPMNs (8.5% <italic>P</italic><0.001). Without additional stimulation, oPMNs were more activated than cPMNs, as indicated by higher expression of CD11b, CD63 and CD66b, and higher constitutive ROS levels (<italic>P</italic><0.001). Notably, in response to bacterial stimulation, oPMNs released comparable ROS levels as cPMNs (<italic>P</italic>=0.042). In conclusion, this study provides data on viable oPMNs showing high levels of activation in orally and systemically healthy individuals, free of apparent caries lesions and periodontal disease. These data suggests that although the oPMNs are in a more mature stage of their life cycle compared with the cPMNs, oPMNs are still responsive to stimulation, which indicates their functional potential and possible contribution to a healthy oral ecosystem.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>degranulation</kwd><kwd>neutrophils</kwd><kwd>oral health</kwd><kwd>reactive oxygen species</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>Cell cycle staining</bold>. (<bold>a</bold>) Annexin V<sup>−</sup>/PI<sup>−</sup> cells were considered non-apoptotic. (<bold>b</bold>) Annexin V<sup>+</sup>/PI<sup>−</sup> cells were considered in an early stage of apoptosis. (<bold>c</bold>) Annexin V<sup>+</sup>/PI<sup>+</sup> were in a late stage of apoptosis/necrosis. Data are mean percentages±standard deviation. *Comparison oPMNs and cPMNs, <italic>P</italic><0.001. cPMN, circulatory polymorphonuclear neutrophils; oPMN, oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils; PI, propidium iodide.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201623f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>Cell surface markers were measured and corrected for non-specific binding of isotype control antibodies, indicating cell activation</bold>. (<bold>a</bold>) CD11b; (<bold>b</bold>) CD63; (<bold>c</bold>) CD66b. Data are means of the mean fluorescence intensity±standard deviation, *comparison oPMNs and cPMNs, <italic>P</italic><0.001. cPMN, circulatory polymorphonuclear neutrophils; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; oPMN, oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201623f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><bold>Total ROS production and extracellular ROS production in unstimulated samples and samples stimulated with <italic>F. nucleatum</italic>, assessed using luminol and isoluminol, respectively</bold>. (<bold>a</bold>) Total ROS; (<bold>b</bold>) extracellular ROS. Maximal RLUs were recorded and corrected for the number of viable cells. Data are means RLUs±standard deviation, *comparison oPMNs and cPMNs, <italic>P</italic><0.001; **comparison unstimulated and <italic>F. nucleatum</italic>, <italic>P</italic><0.001. cPMN, circulatory polymorphonuclear neutrophils; oPMN, oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils; RLUs, relative light units; ROS, reactive oxygen species.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201623f3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tbl1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Characteristics of the study population stratified according to gender</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="char" char=""></col><col align="char" char=""></col><col align="char" char=""></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Parameters</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Total (<italic>n</italic>=268)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Males (<italic>n</italic>=150)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Females (<italic>n</italic>=118)</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn3">*</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Adjusted <italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">†</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Dental characteristics (%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Plaque</td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">33.3±21.1 (0.0–100.0)</td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">37.9±21.5 (1.2–100.0)</td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">27.3±19.1 (0.0–90.5)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> BOMP</td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">20.1±12.4 (1.2–64.3)</td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">21.2±13.3 (1.2–64.3)</td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">18.6±11.1 (1.2–52.4)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.081</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Counts (× 10<sup>6</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> oPMNs<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn5">‡</xref></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">1.1±0.9 (0.07–7.7)</td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">1.2±1.0 (0.07–7.7)</td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">1.0±0.7 (0.09–4.1)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.015</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.231</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> cPMNs<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn6">§</xref></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">8.4±6.2 (0.9–82.0)</td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">7.5±6.7 (0.9–82.0)</td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50">9.5±5.3 (1.1–32.8)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.008</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.042</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p>BOMP, bleeding on marginal probing; cPMN, circulatory polymorphonuclear neutrophils; oPMN, oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn2"><p>Results for dental characteristics and counts of oPMNs and cPMNs. Values represent means±standard deviations (range).</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn3"><label>*</label><p>Independent <italic>t</italic>-tests, <italic>P</italic>-values≤0.007 were considered statistically significant and are shown in bold.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn4"><label>†</label><p>Multivariate analysis of covariance, using donor gender as a fixed factor and participant age, mean plaque and BOMP scores as covariates. Adjusted <italic>P</italic>-values≤0.007 were considered statistically significant.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn5"><label>‡</label><p>Total oPMNs collected after 4 × 30 s rinsing with 4.5-min intermission, after the isolation and purification steps.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn6"><label>§</label><p>Total cPMNs obtained from a 6 mL tube of blood, after the isolation and purification steps.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Results for cell cycle analysis, cell activation status and ROS production for oPMNs and cPMNs, stratified according to gender</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="char" char="±"></col><col align="char" char="±"></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="±"></col><col align="char" char="±"></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">oPMNs<hr></hr></th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">cPMNs<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Parameters</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">Males (<italic>n</italic>=150)</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">Females (<italic>n</italic>=118)</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn3">*</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Adjusted <italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn4">†</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">Males (<italic>n</italic>=150)</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">Females (<italic>n</italic>=118)</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn3">*</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Adjusted <italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn4">†</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td colspan="9" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cell cycle analysis (%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Non-apoptotic</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">22.6±13.9</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">22.6±14.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.996</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.582</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">38.7±21.6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">44.7±22.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.028</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold>0.005</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Early apoptosis</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">22.9±5.8</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">23.1±5.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.800</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.365</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">52.0±19.4</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">46.7±19.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.030</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.026</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Late apoptosis</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">53.1±12.8</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">53.2±13.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.922</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.459</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">8.6±5.9</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">8.3±6.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.700</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.014</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cell activation (MFI × 10<sup>4</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> CD11b</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">12.4±7.1</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">13.2±6.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.337</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.301</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">3.7±2.2</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">3.8±2.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.702</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.375</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> CD63</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">9.7±5.6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">10.6±6.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.210</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.851</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">0.9±1.6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">1.4±1.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.012</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.686</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> CD66b</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">4.5±5.2</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">5.6±4.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.049</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.043</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">1.0±1.8</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">1.3±1.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.239</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.555</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Total ROS (RLU × 10<sup>−3</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Unstimulated</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">5.3±10.5</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">3.7±3.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.133</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.098</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">0.9±0.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">1.1±0.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold>0.001</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold>0.007</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> <italic>F. nucleatum</italic></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">18.5±46.7</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">12.3±17.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.168</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.218</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">10.9±7.1</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">11.3±8.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.649</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.925</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Extracellular ROS (RLU × 10<sup>−3</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Unstimulated</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">3.4±4.0</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">3.5±3.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.754</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.489</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">1.0±0.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">1.1±0.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold><0.001</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold>0.007</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> <italic>F. nucleatum</italic></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">5.7±9.7</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">5.0±5.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.454</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.250</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">2.6±1.1</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="±" charoff="50">2.7±1.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.554</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.532</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t2-fn1"><p>cPMN, circulatory polymorphonuclear neutrophils; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; oPMN, oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils; RLU, relative light units; ROS, reactive oxygen species.</p></fn><fn id="t2-fn2"><p>Values represent means±standard deviations.</p></fn><fn id="t2-fn3"><label>*</label><p>Independent <italic>t</italic>-tests, <italic>P</italic>-values≤0.007 were considered statistically significant and are shown in bold.</p></fn><fn id="t2-fn4"><label>†</label><p>Multivariate analysis of covariance, using donor gender as a fixed factor and participant age, mean plaque and BOMP scores as covariates. Adjusted <italic>P</italic>-values≤0.007 were considered statistically significant and are shown in bold.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Correlations between BOMP and oPMN parameters stratified according to gender</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th colspan="6" align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">BOMP<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Total (<italic>n</italic>=268)<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Males (<italic>n</italic>=150)<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Females (<italic>n</italic>=118)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">oPMN parameters</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>r</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn2">*</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>r</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn2">*</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>r</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn2">*</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Counts</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.163</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.008</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.215</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.008</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.009</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.922</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cell cycle analysis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Non-apoptotic</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">−0.018</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.768</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.002</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.979</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">−0.049</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.599</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Early apoptosis</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.007</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.909</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">−0.027</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.743</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.067</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.470</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Late apoptosis</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.012</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.841</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.005</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.952</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.025</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.786</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cell activation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> CD11b</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.117</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.056</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.110</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.181</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.149</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.107</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> CD63</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.003</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.963</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">−0.012</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.886</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.043</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.641</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> CD66b</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.015</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.811</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.047</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.567</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">−0.007</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.943</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Total ROS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Unstimulated</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.142</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.020</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.179</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.028</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">−0.018</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.845</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic> F. nucleatum</italic></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.131</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.032</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.142</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.082</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.075</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.420</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Extracellular ROS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Unstimulated</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">−0.065</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.288</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">−0.097</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.236</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">−0.009</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.922</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic> F. nucleatum</italic></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.066</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.279</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.075</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.359</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.030</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.746</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t3-fn1"><p>BOMP, bleeding on marginal probing; oPMN, oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils; ROS, reactive oxygen species.</p></fn><fn id="t3-fn2"><label>*</label><p>Pearson's correlations, <italic>P</italic>-values ≤0.007 were considered statistically significant.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Pays-Bas</li></country></list><tree><country name="Pays-Bas"><noRegion><name sortKey="Rijkschroeff, Patrick" sort="Rijkschroeff, Patrick" uniqKey="Rijkschroeff P" first="Patrick" last="Rijkschroeff">Patrick Rijkschroeff</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Jansen, Ineke D C" sort="Jansen, Ineke D C" uniqKey="Jansen I" first="Ineke D C" last="Jansen">Ineke D C. Jansen</name><name sortKey="Keijser, Bart J F" sort="Keijser, Bart J F" uniqKey="Keijser B" first="Bart J F" last="Keijser">Bart J F. Keijser</name><name sortKey="Keijser, Bart J F" sort="Keijser, Bart J F" uniqKey="Keijser B" first="Bart J F" last="Keijser">Bart J F. Keijser</name><name sortKey="Keijser, Bart J F" sort="Keijser, Bart J F" uniqKey="Keijser B" first="Bart J F" last="Keijser">Bart J F. Keijser</name><name sortKey="Loos, Bruno G" sort="Loos, Bruno G" uniqKey="Loos B" first="Bruno G" last="Loos">Bruno G. Loos</name><name sortKey="Nicu, Elena A" sort="Nicu, Elena A" uniqKey="Nicu E" first="Elena A" last="Nicu">Elena A. Nicu</name><name sortKey="Van Der Weijden, Fridus A" sort="Van Der Weijden, Fridus A" uniqKey="Van Der Weijden F" first="Fridus A" last="Van Der Weijden">Fridus A. Van Der Weijden</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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