Prevalence and pattern of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis among edentulous patients of Saudi Arabia
Identifieur interne : 000516 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000515; suivant : 000517Prevalence and pattern of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis among edentulous patients of Saudi Arabia
Auteurs : Bader K. AlzareaSource :
- Clinical Interventions in Aging [ 1176-9092 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The most remarkable exostoses of the human jaws are torus palatinus (TP) and torus mandibularis (TM). The aim of the present study was to actuate the prevalence of TP and TM in relation to age and sex among the edentulous patients of Saudi Arabia.
The present study included 847 edentulous subjects (458 men and 389 women) aged between 51 and 79 years. The subjects were examined for the existence of tori by clinical inspection and palpation. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows version.
Among the 847 subjects, 149 (17.59%) had either TP or TM. Sixty six (7.79%) subjects had TP, whereas 83 (9.80%) had TM. The maximum percentage (36.36%) of tori was observed in the age-group of 60–69 years. The percentage of males with either tori was higher (19.0%) when compared to females (15.94%). According to shape, the occurrence of flat-shaped TP (57.58%) and bilateral solitary TM (39.76%) was more common.
No significant difference in the presence of tori with respect to sex and age was observed. A comparatively increased prevalence of TP and TM was however observed, and this should be taken into consideration while planning for prosthodontic and periodontal therapy in these patients.
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DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S100282
PubMed: 26966357
PubMed Central: 4771409
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Prevalence and pattern of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis among edentulous patients of Saudi Arabia</title><author><name sortKey="Alzarea, Bader K" sort="Alzarea, Bader K" uniqKey="Alzarea B" first="Bader K" last="Alzarea">Bader K. Alzarea</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-cia-11-209">Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Al Jouf University, Al Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26966357</idno><idno type="pmc">4771409</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771409</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4771409</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/CIA.S100282</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000614</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000614</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000614</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000614</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000516</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000516</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Prevalence and pattern of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis among edentulous patients of Saudi Arabia</title><author><name sortKey="Alzarea, Bader K" sort="Alzarea, Bader K" uniqKey="Alzarea B" first="Bader K" last="Alzarea">Bader K. Alzarea</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-cia-11-209">Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Al Jouf University, Al Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Clinical Interventions in Aging</title><idno type="ISSN">1176-9092</idno><idno type="eISSN">1178-1998</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The most remarkable exostoses of the human jaws are torus palatinus (TP) and torus mandibularis (TM). The aim of the present study was to actuate the prevalence of TP and TM in relation to age and sex among the edentulous patients of Saudi Arabia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The present study included 847 edentulous subjects (458 men and 389 women) aged between 51 and 79 years. The subjects were examined for the existence of tori by clinical inspection and palpation. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows version.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Among the 847 subjects, 149 (17.59%) had either TP or TM. Sixty six (7.79%) subjects had TP, whereas 83 (9.80%) had TM. The maximum percentage (36.36%) of tori was observed in the age-group of 60–69 years. The percentage of males with either tori was higher (19.0%) when compared to females (15.94%). According to shape, the occurrence of flat-shaped TP (57.58%) and bilateral solitary TM (39.76%) was more common.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>No significant difference in the presence of tori with respect to sex and age was observed. A comparatively increased prevalence of TP and TM was however observed, and this should be taken into consideration while planning for prosthodontic and periodontal therapy in these patients.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Sebaie, D" uniqKey="Al Sebaie D">D Al-Sebaie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alwrikat, M" uniqKey="Alwrikat M">M Alwrikat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sawair, Fa" uniqKey="Sawair F">FA Sawair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shayyab, Mh" uniqKey="Shayyab M">MH Shayyab</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Rababah, Ma" uniqKey="Al Rababah M">MA Al-Rababah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saku, T" uniqKey="Saku T">T Saku</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sisman, Y" uniqKey="Sisman Y">Y Sisman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ertas, Et" uniqKey="Ertas E">ET Ertas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gokce, C" uniqKey="Gokce C">C Gokce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akgunlu, F" uniqKey="Akgunlu F">F Akgunlu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Axelsson, G" uniqKey="Axelsson G">G Axelsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hedeg Rd, B" uniqKey="Hedeg Rd B">B Hedegård</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simunkovi, Sk" uniqKey="Simunkovi S">SK Simunković</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bozi, M" uniqKey="Bozi M">M Bozić</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alajbeg, Iz" uniqKey="Alajbeg I">IZ Alajbeg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dulci, N" uniqKey="Dulci N">N Dulcić</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boras, Vv" uniqKey="Boras V">VV Boras</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reichart, Pa" uniqKey="Reichart P">PA Reichart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neuhaus, F" uniqKey="Neuhaus F">F Neuhaus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sookasem, M" uniqKey="Sookasem M">M Sookasem</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haugen, Lk" uniqKey="Haugen L">LK Haugen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patil, S" uniqKey="Patil S">S Patil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maheshwari, S" uniqKey="Maheshwari S">S Maheshwari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khandelwal, Sk" uniqKey="Khandelwal S">SK Khandelwal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eggen, S" uniqKey="Eggen S">S Eggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Natvig, B" uniqKey="Natvig B">B Natvig</name></author><author><name sortKey="G Semyr, J" uniqKey="G Semyr J">J Gåsemyr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pechenkina, Ea" uniqKey="Pechenkina E">EA Pechenkina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benfer, 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I">I Bruce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ndanu, Ta" uniqKey="Ndanu T">TA Ndanu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Addo, Me" uniqKey="Addo M">ME Addo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Quran, Fam" uniqKey="Al Quran F">FAM Al Quran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Dwairi, Zn" uniqKey="Al Dwairi Z">ZN Al-Dwairi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sirirungrojying, S" uniqKey="Sirirungrojying S">S Sirirungrojying</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerdpon, D" uniqKey="Kerdpon D">D Kerdpon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sonnier, Ke" uniqKey="Sonnier K">KE Sonnier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horning, Gm" uniqKey="Horning G">GM Horning</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Me" uniqKey="Cohen M">ME Cohen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garcia Garcia, As" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Clin Interv Aging</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Clin Interv Aging</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Clinical Interventions in Aging</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Clinical Interventions in Aging</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1176-9092</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1178-1998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26966357</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4771409</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/CIA.S100282</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">cia-11-209</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Prevalence and pattern of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis among edentulous patients of Saudi Arabia</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>AlZarea</surname><given-names>Bader K</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cia-11-209"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-cia-11-209"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-cia-11-209">Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Al Jouf University, Al Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-cia-11-209">Correspondence: Bader K AlZarea, College of Dentistry, Al Jouf University, Skaka, Al Jouf, Kingdom Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 5 0539 1642, Email <email>bkazarea@ju.edu.sa</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><fpage>209</fpage><lpage>213</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 AlZarea. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of this license are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php">https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php</ext-link> and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>The most remarkable exostoses of the human jaws are torus palatinus (TP) and torus mandibularis (TM). The aim of the present study was to actuate the prevalence of TP and TM in relation to age and sex among the edentulous patients of Saudi Arabia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The present study included 847 edentulous subjects (458 men and 389 women) aged between 51 and 79 years. The subjects were examined for the existence of tori by clinical inspection and palpation. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows version.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Among the 847 subjects, 149 (17.59%) had either TP or TM. Sixty six (7.79%) subjects had TP, whereas 83 (9.80%) had TM. The maximum percentage (36.36%) of tori was observed in the age-group of 60–69 years. The percentage of males with either tori was higher (19.0%) when compared to females (15.94%). According to shape, the occurrence of flat-shaped TP (57.58%) and bilateral solitary TM (39.76%) was more common.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>No significant difference in the presence of tori with respect to sex and age was observed. A comparatively increased prevalence of TP and TM was however observed, and this should be taken into consideration while planning for prosthodontic and periodontal therapy in these patients.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>edentulous</kwd><kwd>prevalence</kwd><kwd>torus mandibularis</kwd><kwd>torus palatinus</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-cia-11-209" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Prevalence of tori in the study population according to location</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male (n=458)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female (n=389)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n=847)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Torus palatinus</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.52</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.94</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.79</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Torus mandibularis</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.48</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.00</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.80</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.00</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.94</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">149</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.59</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>=0.0243, <italic>P</italic>=0.8773</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-cia-11-209" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Distribution of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis according to age and sex</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Age-groups (years)</th><th colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Torus palatinus
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Torus mandibularis
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total n (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–59</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (12.82)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (25.93)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (18.18)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (22.92)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (37.14)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (28.92)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60–69</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (38.46)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (33.33)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (36.36)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (27.08)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (20.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (24.10)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70–79</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (28.21)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (22.22)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (25.76)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (29.17)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (25.71)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (27.71)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80–89</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (20.51)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (18.52)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (19.70)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (20.83)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (17.14)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (19.28)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (100.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (100.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66 (100.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 (100.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (100.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (100.00)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>=1.8762, <italic>P</italic>=0.5984</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>=2.0628, <italic>P</italic>=0.5584</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.14</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.83</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.20</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.29</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.79</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.23</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.55</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.54</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.03</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.64</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.99</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-cia-11-209"><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> SD, standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-cia-11-209" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Distribution of torus palatinus according to shape</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shape</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flat</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.41</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.26</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.58</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spindle</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.51</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.93</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.73</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nodular</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.38</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.11</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.64</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lobular</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.69</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.70</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.06</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.00</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.00</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.00</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>=0.8631, <italic>P</italic>=0.8354</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-cia-11-209" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Distribution of torus mandibularis according to shape</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shape</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unilateral solitary</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.17</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.71</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.71</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bilateral solitary</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.50</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.86</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.76</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unilateral multiple</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.67</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.14</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.87</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bilateral multiple</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.42</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.43</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.84</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bilateral combined</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.25</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.86</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.82</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.00</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.00</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.00</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>=0.7386, <italic>P</italic>=0.9475</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Alzarea, Bader K" sort="Alzarea, Bader K" uniqKey="Alzarea B" first="Bader K" last="Alzarea">Bader K. 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