Associations of Salivary BPIFA1 Protein in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Identifieur interne : 007264 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 007263; suivant : 007265Associations of Salivary BPIFA1 Protein in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Auteurs : Yue Guo [République populaire de Chine] ; Lin-Na Guo [République populaire de Chine] ; Jun-Fei Zhu [République populaire de Chine] ; Chen-Yi Tang [République populaire de Chine] ; Yun-Zhi Feng [République populaire de Chine] ; Hou-De Zhou [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- International Journal of Endocrinology [ 1687-8337 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
To explore the differences in salivary BPI fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) concentration among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with various severities of chronic periodontitis and to determine whether BPIFA1 in saliva can be used as a potential biomarker of T2DM.
Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 44 subjects with T2DM and 44 without T2DM (NDM). Additionally, demographic data and general health parameters, including fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body mass index (BMI), were collected. We also detected full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding index (BI), and plaque index (PLI). Salivary BPIFA1, tumor necrosis factor-
BPIFA1 in saliva was detected at relatively high levels. T2DM subjects had decreased salivary BPIFA1 concentrations (
BPIFA1 protein is rich in saliva and might be used as a potential predictive biomarker of T2DM, especially in patients with severe periodontitis and nonperiodontitis. This trial is registered with
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2017/1087017
PubMed: 29109737
PubMed Central: 5646319
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Associations of Salivary BPIFA1 Protein in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</title><author><name sortKey="Guo, Yue" sort="Guo, Yue" uniqKey="Guo Y" first="Yue" last="Guo">Yue Guo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Lin Na" sort="Guo, Lin Na" uniqKey="Guo L" first="Lin-Na" last="Guo">Lin-Na Guo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Jun Fei" sort="Zhu, Jun Fei" uniqKey="Zhu J" first="Jun-Fei" last="Zhu">Jun-Fei Zhu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Chen Yi" sort="Tang, Chen Yi" uniqKey="Tang C" first="Chen-Yi" last="Tang">Chen-Yi Tang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, Yun Zhi" sort="Feng, Yun Zhi" uniqKey="Feng Y" first="Yun-Zhi" last="Feng">Yun-Zhi Feng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Hou De" sort="Zhou, Hou De" uniqKey="Zhou H" first="Hou-De" last="Zhou">Hou-De Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">29109737</idno><idno type="pmc">5646319</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5646319</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5646319</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2017/1087017</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E25</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E25</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002E25</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002E25</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">007264</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Associations of Salivary BPIFA1 Protein in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</title><author><name sortKey="Guo, Yue" sort="Guo, Yue" uniqKey="Guo Y" first="Yue" last="Guo">Yue Guo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Lin Na" sort="Guo, Lin Na" uniqKey="Guo L" first="Lin-Na" last="Guo">Lin-Na Guo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Jun Fei" sort="Zhu, Jun Fei" uniqKey="Zhu J" first="Jun-Fei" last="Zhu">Jun-Fei Zhu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Chen Yi" sort="Tang, Chen Yi" uniqKey="Tang C" first="Chen-Yi" last="Tang">Chen-Yi Tang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, Yun Zhi" sort="Feng, Yun Zhi" uniqKey="Feng Y" first="Yun-Zhi" last="Feng">Yun-Zhi Feng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Hou De" sort="Zhou, Hou De" uniqKey="Zhou H" first="Hou-De" last="Zhou">Hou-De Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hunan 410011</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Endocrinology</title><idno type="ISSN">1687-8337</idno><idno type="eISSN">1687-8345</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aims</title><p> To explore the differences in salivary BPI fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) concentration among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with various severities of chronic periodontitis and to determine whether BPIFA1 in saliva can be used as a potential biomarker of T2DM. </p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p> Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 44 subjects with T2DM and 44 without T2DM (NDM). Additionally, demographic data and general health parameters, including fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body mass index (BMI), were collected. We also detected full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding index (BI), and plaque index (PLI). Salivary BPIFA1, tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic> (TNF-<italic>α</italic>), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were also detected. </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p> BPIFA1 in saliva was detected at relatively high levels. T2DM subjects had decreased salivary BPIFA1 concentrations (<italic>P</italic> = 0.031). In T2DM subjects with nonperiodontitis or severe periodontitis, the level of BPIFA1 was significantly lower compared with that of NDM. Salivary TNF-<italic>α</italic> concentration displayed a similar trend to BPIFA1 in the NDM group. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p> BPIFA1 protein is rich in saliva and might be used as a potential predictive biomarker of T2DM, especially in patients with severe periodontitis and nonperiodontitis. This trial is registered with <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=17584">ChiCTR-ROC-17010310</ext-link>.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bobbert, T" uniqKey="Bobbert T">T. Bobbert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarz, F" uniqKey="Schwarz F">F. Schwarz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer Rosinsky, A" uniqKey="Fischer Rosinsky A">A. Fischer-Rosinsky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Border, M B" uniqKey="Border M">M. B. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Endocrinol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Endocrinol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJE</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Endocrinology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1687-8337</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1687-8345</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">29109737</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5646319</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2017/1087017</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Associations of Salivary BPIFA1 Protein in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9608-2239</contrib-id><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Yue</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5710-7528</contrib-id><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Lin-Na</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2695-3224</contrib-id><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>Jun-Fei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tang</surname><given-names>Chen-Yi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-2592</contrib-id><name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>Yun-Zhi</given-names></name><email>fyz660303@163.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-4141</contrib-id><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Hou-De</given-names></name><email>houdezhou@csu.edu.cn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China</aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Darío Acuña-Castroviejo</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>4</day><month>10</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>2017</volume><elocation-id>1087017</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>31</day><month>7</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>8</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017 Yue Guo et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Aims</title><p> To explore the differences in salivary BPI fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) concentration among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with various severities of chronic periodontitis and to determine whether BPIFA1 in saliva can be used as a potential biomarker of T2DM. </p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p> Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 44 subjects with T2DM and 44 without T2DM (NDM). Additionally, demographic data and general health parameters, including fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body mass index (BMI), were collected. We also detected full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding index (BI), and plaque index (PLI). Salivary BPIFA1, tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic> (TNF-<italic>α</italic>), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were also detected. </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p> BPIFA1 in saliva was detected at relatively high levels. T2DM subjects had decreased salivary BPIFA1 concentrations (<italic>P</italic> = 0.031). In T2DM subjects with nonperiodontitis or severe periodontitis, the level of BPIFA1 was significantly lower compared with that of NDM. Salivary TNF-<italic>α</italic> concentration displayed a similar trend to BPIFA1 in the NDM group. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p> BPIFA1 protein is rich in saliva and might be used as a potential predictive biomarker of T2DM, especially in patients with severe periodontitis and nonperiodontitis. This trial is registered with <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=17584">ChiCTR-ROC-17010310</ext-link>.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>Science and Technology Department of Hunan Province</funding-source><award-id>2015JC3012</award-id><award-id>100JJ1007</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source><award-id>81370975</award-id><award-id>81070278</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>A histogram showing the concentrations of salivary BPIFA1, TNF-<italic>α</italic>, and IL-6 (pg/mL, median (IQR)) in NDM and T2DM subjects. The blue stripes represent NDM subjects, the red stripes represent T2DM subjects, and the purple stripes represent all subjects. Each group is presented by median (stripes) and interquartile range (bars). Salivary BPIFA1 concentration was significantly higher in the NDM group than in the T2DM group. The significant differences are indicated by an asterisk (<sup>∗</sup><italic>P</italic> = 0.031). No significant difference in TNF-<italic>α</italic> or IL-6 concentration was observed between T2DM and NDM groups.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJE2017-1087017.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Line graph including salivary BPIFA1, TNF-<italic>α</italic>, and IL-6 (pg/mL, median (IQR)) concentrations in different severities of periodontitis stratified by T2DM. Blue lines and dots represent NDM subjects, and the red lines and dots represent T2DM subjects. Each group included 4 grades of periodontitis by severity including none, mild, moderate, and severe, and the median values are displayed (dots). The concentration of BPIFA1 (a) in the nonperiodontitis group was significantly higher than in the moderate periodontitis group. The level of BPIFA1 in the moderate periodontitis group was significantly lower than in the severe periodontitis group. The concentration of BPIFA1 was at its lowest in the moderate periodontitis group. However, in those with T2DM, the concentration of BPIFA1 (b) was significantly lower in the nonperiodontitis group in comparison to both the mild periodontitis and moderate periodontitis groups. BPIFA1 in the severe periodontitis group was significantly lower than in the mild and moderate periodontitis groups. Comparisons between the T2DM and NDM groups revealed that in T2DM subjects without periodontitis, BPIFA1 levels were significantly lower in those NDM subjects without periodontitis and was significantly lower in T2DM subjects with severe periodontitis individuals compared with NDM subjects with severe periodontitis. The concentration of TNF-<italic>α</italic> is shown in (c) and (d). In NDM subjects, the concentration of TNF-<italic>α</italic> in the nonperiodontitis group was significantly higher than in the mild periodontitis group and moderate periodontitis groups. BPIFA1 was significantly lower in the moderate periodontitis group compared with the severe periodontitis group. However, in those subjects with T2DM, the concentration of TNF-<italic>α</italic> was significantly lower in the severe periodontitis group in comparison to the moderate periodontitis group. Comparisons between T2DM and NDM groups revealed that T2DM subjects with moderate periodontitis had significantly lower BPIFA1 than NDM subjects. The concentration of IL-6 among the NDM and T2DM groups is presented in (e) and (f), which showed that the concentration of IL-6 in the moderate periodontitis group was significantly higher than in the severe periodontitis group, among T2DM subjects.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJE2017-1087017.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Curve correlation between the concentration of BPIFA1 (pg/mL) and periodontal parameters among individuals with or without T2DM. Blue lines and dots represent NDM subjects, and red lines and dots represent T2DM subjects. Equations and correlation coefficients are shown. As shown in (a), in NDM subjects, PLI and the concentration of salivary BPIFA1 had a statistically significant relationship in the form of a quadratic term. In T2DM subjects (b), CAL and the concentration of salivary BPIFA1 had a statistically significant relationship in the form of a quadratic term.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJE2017-1087017.003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Description of clinical diagnostic criteria for plaque and bleeding indices.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Plaque index</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 = no plaque at the gingival margin.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 = a film of plaque adhering to the free gingival margin and adjacent area of the tooth. The plaque may only be recognized by running a probe across the tooth surface.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 = moderate accumulation of soft deposits within the gingival sulcus, on the gingival margin, and/or adjacent tooth surface, which can be seen by the naked eye.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 = abundance of soft matter within the gingival sulcus and/or at the gingival margin and adjacent tooth surface.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Bleeding index</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 = normal appearance of healthy gingiva.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 = color changes related to inflammation but no bleeding.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 = slight bleeding that remains at the point of sampling.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 = bleeding extending from the point of sampling and flowing around the gingival margin.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 = profuse bleeding that overflows the gingival margin.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 = spontaneous bleeding.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Characteristics of individuals with (patients) and without (healthy) type 2 diabetes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NDM</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2DM</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic> = 44</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic> = 44</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (in years, mean ± SD)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.7 ± 9.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.0 ± 10.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.599<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Nonelderly (<60), % (<italic>n</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68% (30)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61% (27)</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.656<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Elderly (≥60), % (<italic>n</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32% (14)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39% (17)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender, % (<italic>n</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Males</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75% (33)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.5% (24)</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.073<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Females</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25% (11)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.5% (20)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FBG (mg/dL, mean ± SD)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.37 ± 2.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.06 ± 0.53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Normal FBG (<6.1 mg/dL), % (<italic>n</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% (42)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18% (8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.001<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Elevated FBG (≥6.1 mg/dL), % (<italic>n</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5% (2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82% (36)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BMI (mean ± SD)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.85 ± 2.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.38 ± 2.51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.208<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Nonobese (BMI ≤ 28), % (<italic>n</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86% (38)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84% (37)</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.000<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Obese (BMI > 28), % (<italic>n</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14% (6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16% (7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of teeth (mean ± SD)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.61 ± 1.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.86 ± 1.63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.389<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Severity of periodontitis, % (<italic>n</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No periodontitis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25% (11)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25% (11)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">1.000<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mild</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25% (11)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25% (11)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Medium</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25% (11)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25% (11)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Severe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25% (11)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25% (11)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; NDM: nondiabetes mellitus; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting blood glucose. <sup>a</sup>Independent sample <italic>t</italic>-test. <sup>b</sup>Chi-squared test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Periodontal parameters of various severities of periodontitis with or without T2DM.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">NDM</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">T2DM</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No periodontitis (G1)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild periodontitis (G2)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate periodontitis (G3)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Severe periodontitis (G4)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No periodontitis (G5)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild periodontitis (G6)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate periodontitis (G7)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Severe periodontitis (G8)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">PPD (median (IQR))</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.00 (2.00–2.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.57 (2.57–2.57)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.57 (2.61–2.39)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.79 (3.21–2.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.00 (2.00–2.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.57 (2.57–2.57)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.11 (2.36–2.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.50 (2.79–2.21)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.847<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> < 0.01<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>3</sub> = 0.01<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">CAL (median (IQR))</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">0.00 (0.00–0.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">0.75 (1.07–0.75)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1.07 (1.21–0.71)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1.79 (2.14–1.54)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">0.00 (0.00–0.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">0.75 (1.07–0.75)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">0.71 (1.46–0.57)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1.41 (1.79–0.93)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.428<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> < 0.01<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>3</sub> < 0.01<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">BI (median (IQR))</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">0.00 (0.00–0.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">0.79 (0.79–0.79)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1.43 (1.68–1.36)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1.96 (2.29–1.82)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">0.00 (0.15–0.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">0.79 (0.95–0.79)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1.47 (2.36–1.29)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1.50 (2.04–1.29)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.768<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> < 0.01<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>3</sub> < 0.01<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">PLI (median (IQR))</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">0.86 (0.86–0.86)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.04 (2.04–2.04)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.29 (2.29–2.29)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.75 (2.75–2.75)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">0.86 (2.00–0.86)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.04 (2.04–2.04)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.29 (2.32–2.04)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2.75 (2.75–1.33)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.296<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.02<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>3</sub> < 0.01<sup>a</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; NDM: nondiabetes mellitus; PPD: probing pocket depth; CAL: clinical attachment loss; PLI: plaque index; BI: bleeding index; IQR: interquartile range. <italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub>: T2DM versus NDM; <italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub>: within NDM group comparison; <italic>P</italic><sub>3</sub>: within T2DM group comparison. <sup>a</sup>Kruskal-Wallis between T2DM and NDM group; <sup>b</sup>Mann–Whitney comparison of T2DM or NDM group.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Salivary BPIFA1 (<italic>μ</italic>g/mL, median (IQR)), TNF-<italic>α</italic>, and IL-6 (pg/mL, median (IQR)) concentrations according to age, gender, fasting blood glucose, and BMI.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">BPIFA1 (median (IQR))</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">TNF-<italic>α</italic> (median (IQR))</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">IL-6 (median (IQR))</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NDM</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2DM</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NDM</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2DM</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NDM</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2DM</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonelderly (<60)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">629.15 (1540.31–265.34)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">236.28 (1316.11–103.48)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">210.60 (293.03–67.12)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157.56 (455.64–58.23)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.20 (14.00–3.21)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.40 (28.02–2.61)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elderly (≥60)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">727.16 (1780.33–167.20)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">280.79 (588.73–144.02)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.16 (558.48–25.84)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110.35 (390.03–68.20)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.84 (13.80–5.35)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.22 (33.57–4.52)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.804<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.771<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.459<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.825<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.881<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.739<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Males</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">607.65 (1488.18–261.78)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">285.94 (1010.52–101.88)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">253.77 (463.93–62.68)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116.44 (328.92–49.38)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.47 (15.27–2.30)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.40 (33.57–2.95)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Females</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">669.97 (2016.03–243.15)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">226.88 (423.01–103.47)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.17 (241.18–37.73)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">264.34 (759.63–110.35)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.44 (13.11–5.94)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.91 (23.43–4.20)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.917<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.586<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.194<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.033<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.569<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.597<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal fasting blood glucose (<6.1 mg/dL)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">630.17 (1600.61–243.77)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">415.49 (2317.82–110.59)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158.68 (269.21–44.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">127.74 (595.21–62.86)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.11 (13.48–4.67)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.27 (37.84–1.63)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elevated fasting blood glucose (≥6.1 mg/dL)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">939.59 (1503.59–375.59)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">253.84 (875.29–100.94)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">621.17 (988.54–253.79)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151.31 (393.48–60.22)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.31 (14.77–1.84)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.54 (29.81–4.43)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.707<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.742<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.248<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.756<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.784<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.225<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonobese (BMI ≤ 28)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">644.57 (1635.69–348.47)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">285.94 (892.04–103.61)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189.70 (296.21–44.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145.12 (361.77–59.25)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.75 (13.75–4.67)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.00 (29.21–2.95)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Obese (BMI > 28)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">405.00 (765.98–99.65)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">201.29 (1598.02–82.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">146.09 (733.95–46.26)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211.64 (1190.07–58.23)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.41 (13.33–3.14)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.86 (72.09–1140)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.123<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.731<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.838<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.294<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub> = 0.613<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub> = 0.090<sup>a</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; NDM: nondiabetes mellitus; BPIFA1: BPI fold containing family A, member 1; TNF-<italic>α</italic>: tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic>; IL-6: interleukin-6; BMI: body mass index; IQR: interquartile range.</p></fn><fn><p><italic>P</italic><sub>1</sub>: comparison of NDM; <italic>P</italic><sub>2</sub>: comparison of T2DM. <sup>a</sup>Independent sample <italic>t</italic>-test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Salivary BPIFA1 (<italic>μ</italic>g/mL, median (IQR)), TNF-<italic>α</italic>, and IL-6 (pg/mL, median (IQR)) concentrations according to severity of periodontitis with or without T2DM.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">NDM</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">T2DM</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No periodontitis (G1)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild periodontitis (G2)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate periodontitis (G3)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Severe periodontitis (G4)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No periodontitis (G5)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild periodontitis (G6)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate periodontitis (G7)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Severe periodontitis (G8)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">BPIFA1 (pg/mL) (median (IQR))</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">879.89 (1592.79–550.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">626.02 (713.92–387.36)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">195.08 (877.94–74.76)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">1441.96 (2342.94–375.59)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">110.00 (285.94–82.00)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">811.28 (1316.11–115.28)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">573.87 (1963.67–236.28)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">188.05 (340.13–55.81)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1,3</sub> = 0.019<sup>a</sup>; <italic>P</italic><sub>3,4</sub> = 0.024<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>5,6</sub> = 0.042<sup>a</sup>; <italic>P</italic><sub>5,7</sub> = 0.005<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>6,8</sub> = 0.021<sup>a</sup>; <italic>P</italic><sub>7,8</sub> = 0.002<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1,5</sub> = 0.001<sup>a</sup>; <italic>P</italic><sub>4,8</sub> = 0.001<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">TNF-<italic>α</italic> (pg/mL) (median (IQR))</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">360.42 (715.93–213.74)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">96.16 (270.72–10.42)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">58.25 (188.67–10.38)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">253.79 (364.73–38.68)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">118.63 (637.59–46.44)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">116.44 (425.19–50.36)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">201.20 (580.28–110.35)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">84.07 (228.44–19.62)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>1,2</sub> = 0.002<sup>a</sup>; <italic>P</italic><sub>1,3</sub> < 0.001<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>3,4</sub> = 0.036<sup>a</sup>; <italic>P</italic><sub>7,8</sub> = 0.042<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>3,7</sub> = 0.004<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-6 (pg/mL) (median (IQR))</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.74 (15.43–1.37)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.33 (9.61–4.98)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.45 (13.48–7.01)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.66 (44.56–5.47)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.00 (36.73–6.31)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.15 (38.15–2.61)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.89 (42.80–11.40)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.89 (5.31–2.21)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub>7,8</sub> = 0.020<sup>a</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; NDM: nondiabetes mellitus; BPIFA1: BPI fold containing family A, member 1; TNF-<italic>α</italic>: tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic>; IL-6: interleukin-6; BMI: body mass index. <italic>P</italic><sub>1,2</sub>: G1 versus G2; <italic>P</italic><sub>1,3</sub>: G1 versus G3; <italic>P</italic><sub>1,5</sub>: G1 versus G5; <italic>P</italic><sub>3,4</sub>: G3 versus G4; <italic>P</italic><sub>5,6</sub>: G5 versus G6; <italic>P</italic><sub>5,7</sub>: G5 versus G7; <italic>P</italic><sub>6,8</sub>: G6 versus G8; <italic>P</italic><sub>7,8</sub>: G7 versus G8; <italic>P</italic><sub>4,8</sub>: G4 versus G8; <italic>P</italic><sub>3,7</sub>: G3 versus G7. <sup>a</sup>Analysis of variance (ANOVA).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Logistic regression analysis of salivary BPIFA1, TNF-<italic>α</italic>, and IL-6 in subjects with or without T2DM.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="2" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">OR</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">95% CI</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lower limit</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper limit</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="7" colspan="1">BPIFA1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1: 0–499 (pg/mL)</td><td align="center" rowspan="7" colspan="1">0.071</td><td align="center" rowspan="7" colspan="1">0.767</td><td align="center" rowspan="7" colspan="1">0.575</td><td align="center" rowspan="7" colspan="1">1.023</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2: 500–999 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3: 1000–1499 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4: 1500–1999 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5: 2000–2499 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6: 2500–2999 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7: 3000–3500 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">TNF-<italic>α</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1: 0–199 (pg/mL)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">0.611</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">0.893</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">0.577</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">1.382</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2: 200–399 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3: 400–599 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4: >600 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">IL-6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1: 0–19 (pg/mL)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">0.235</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">1.374</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">0.813</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">2.322</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2: 20–39 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3: 40–59 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4: >60 (pg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Constant</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.610</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.364</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>BPIFA1: BPI fold containing family A, member 1; TNF-<italic>α</italic>: tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic>; IL-6: interleukin-6; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li></country></list><tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Guo, Yue" sort="Guo, Yue" uniqKey="Guo Y" first="Yue" last="Guo">Yue Guo</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Feng, Yun Zhi" sort="Feng, Yun Zhi" uniqKey="Feng Y" first="Yun-Zhi" last="Feng">Yun-Zhi Feng</name><name sortKey="Guo, Lin Na" sort="Guo, Lin Na" uniqKey="Guo L" first="Lin-Na" last="Guo">Lin-Na Guo</name><name sortKey="Guo, Yue" sort="Guo, Yue" uniqKey="Guo Y" first="Yue" last="Guo">Yue Guo</name><name sortKey="Tang, Chen Yi" sort="Tang, Chen Yi" uniqKey="Tang C" first="Chen-Yi" last="Tang">Chen-Yi Tang</name><name sortKey="Zhou, Hou De" sort="Zhou, Hou De" uniqKey="Zhou H" first="Hou-De" last="Zhou">Hou-De Zhou</name><name sortKey="Zhu, Jun Fei" sort="Zhu, Jun Fei" uniqKey="Zhu J" first="Jun-Fei" last="Zhu">Jun-Fei Zhu</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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