Effect of ultraviolet treatment on bacterial attachment and osteogenic activity to alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures
Identifieur interne : 007096 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 007095; suivant : 007097Effect of ultraviolet treatment on bacterial attachment and osteogenic activity to alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures
Auteurs : Honghao Zhang [Japon, République populaire de Chine] ; Satoshi Komasa [Japon] ; Chiho Mashimo ; Tohru Sekino [Japon] ; Joji Okazaki [Japon]Source :
- International Journal of Nanomedicine [ 1176-9114 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures (TNS) possesses good osteogenic activity; however, the resistance of this material to bacterial contamination remains inadequate. As such, TNS implants are prone to postoperative infection. In this work, we attempted to alter the biological properties of TNS by treatment with short-duration high-intensity ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.
TNS discs were treated with UV light (wavelength =254 nm, strength =100 mW/cm2) for 15 minutes using a UV-irradiation machine. We carried out a surface characterization and evaluated the discs for bacterial film formation, protein adsorption, and osteogenic features.
The superhydrophilicity and surface hydrocarbon elimination exhibited by the treated material (UV-treated titanium with a nanonetwork structure [UV-TNS]) revealed that this treatment effectively changed the surface characteristics of TNS. Notably, UV-TNS also showed reduced colonization by
We suggest that simple UV treatment has great clinical potential for TNS implants, as it promotes the osseointegration of the TNS while reducing bacterial contamination, and can be conducted chair-side immediately prior to implantation.
Url:
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S136273
PubMed: 28721040
PubMed Central: 5500560
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Effect of ultraviolet treatment on bacterial attachment and osteogenic activity to alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Honghao" sort="Zhang, Honghao" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Honghao" last="Zhang">Honghao Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijn-12-4633">Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Osaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijn-12-4633">Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital and College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital and College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Guangdong</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Komasa, Satoshi" sort="Komasa, Satoshi" uniqKey="Komasa S" first="Satoshi" last="Komasa">Satoshi Komasa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijn-12-4633">Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Osaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mashimo, Chiho" sort="Mashimo, Chiho" uniqKey="Mashimo C" first="Chiho" last="Mashimo">Chiho Mashimo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijn-12-4633">Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Hirakata</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sekino, Tohru" sort="Sekino, Tohru" uniqKey="Sekino T" first="Tohru" last="Sekino">Tohru Sekino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ijn-12-4633">The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Osaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okazaki, Joji" sort="Okazaki, Joji" uniqKey="Okazaki J" first="Joji" last="Okazaki">Joji Okazaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijn-12-4633">Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Removable Prosthodontics and 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type="main">Effect of ultraviolet treatment on bacterial attachment and osteogenic activity to alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Honghao" sort="Zhang, Honghao" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Honghao" last="Zhang">Honghao Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijn-12-4633">Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Osaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijn-12-4633">Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital and College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital and College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Guangdong</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Komasa, Satoshi" sort="Komasa, Satoshi" uniqKey="Komasa S" first="Satoshi" last="Komasa">Satoshi Komasa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijn-12-4633">Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Osaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mashimo, Chiho" sort="Mashimo, Chiho" uniqKey="Mashimo C" first="Chiho" last="Mashimo">Chiho Mashimo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijn-12-4633">Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Hirakata</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sekino, Tohru" sort="Sekino, Tohru" uniqKey="Sekino T" first="Tohru" last="Sekino">Tohru Sekino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ijn-12-4633">The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Osaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okazaki, Joji" sort="Okazaki, Joji" uniqKey="Okazaki J" first="Joji" last="Okazaki">Joji Okazaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijn-12-4633">Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Osaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Nanomedicine</title><idno type="ISSN">1176-9114</idno><idno type="eISSN">1178-2013</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures (TNS) possesses good osteogenic activity; however, the resistance of this material to bacterial contamination remains inadequate. As such, TNS implants are prone to postoperative infection. In this work, we attempted to alter the biological properties of TNS by treatment with short-duration high-intensity ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>TNS discs were treated with UV light (wavelength =254 nm, strength =100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>) for 15 minutes using a UV-irradiation machine. We carried out a surface characterization and evaluated the discs for bacterial film formation, protein adsorption, and osteogenic features.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The superhydrophilicity and surface hydrocarbon elimination exhibited by the treated material (UV-treated titanium with a nanonetwork structure [UV-TNS]) revealed that this treatment effectively changed the surface characteristics of TNS. Notably, UV-TNS also showed reduced colonization by <italic>Actinomyces oris</italic> during an initial attachment period and inhibition of biofilm formation for up to 6 hours. Moreover, compared to conventional TNS, UV-TNS showed superior osteogenic activity as indicated by increased levels of adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteogenic factor production, and osteogenesis-related gene expression by rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs). This inverse relationship between bacterial attachment and cell adhesion could be due to the presence of electron–hole pairs induced by high-intensity UV treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>We suggest that simple UV treatment has great clinical potential for TNS implants, as it promotes the osseointegration of the TNS while reducing bacterial contamination, and can be conducted chair-side immediately prior to implantation.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xuereb, M" uniqKey="Xuereb M">M Xuereb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Camilleri, J" uniqKey="Camilleri J">J Camilleri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Attard, Nj" uniqKey="Attard N">NJ Attard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buser, D" uniqKey="Buser D">D Buser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janner, Sf" uniqKey="Janner S">SF Janner</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Nanomedicine</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Nanomedicine</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">International Journal of Nanomedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Nanomedicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1176-9114</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1178-2013</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28721040</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5500560</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/IJN.S136273</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijn-12-4633</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effect of ultraviolet treatment on bacterial attachment and osteogenic activity to alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Honghao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijn-12-4633">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijn-12-4633">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijn-12-4633"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Komasa</surname><given-names>Satoshi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijn-12-4633">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mashimo</surname><given-names>Chiho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijn-12-4633">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sekino</surname><given-names>Tohru</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ijn-12-4633">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Okazaki</surname><given-names>Joji</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijn-12-4633">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijn-12-4633"><label>1</label>Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan</aff><aff id="af2-ijn-12-4633"><label>2</label>Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital and College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China</aff><aff id="af3-ijn-12-4633"><label>3</label>Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata</aff><aff id="af4-ijn-12-4633"><label>4</label>The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijn-12-4633">Correspondence: Honghao Zhang, Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Occlusion, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-hanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan, Tel +81 72 864 3036, Fax +81 6 910 1044, Email <email>joecheung_asuka@hotmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>6</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><fpage>4633</fpage><lpage>4646</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 Zhang et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of this license are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php">https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php</ext-link> and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures (TNS) possesses good osteogenic activity; however, the resistance of this material to bacterial contamination remains inadequate. As such, TNS implants are prone to postoperative infection. In this work, we attempted to alter the biological properties of TNS by treatment with short-duration high-intensity ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>TNS discs were treated with UV light (wavelength =254 nm, strength =100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>) for 15 minutes using a UV-irradiation machine. We carried out a surface characterization and evaluated the discs for bacterial film formation, protein adsorption, and osteogenic features.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The superhydrophilicity and surface hydrocarbon elimination exhibited by the treated material (UV-treated titanium with a nanonetwork structure [UV-TNS]) revealed that this treatment effectively changed the surface characteristics of TNS. Notably, UV-TNS also showed reduced colonization by <italic>Actinomyces oris</italic> during an initial attachment period and inhibition of biofilm formation for up to 6 hours. Moreover, compared to conventional TNS, UV-TNS showed superior osteogenic activity as indicated by increased levels of adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteogenic factor production, and osteogenesis-related gene expression by rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs). This inverse relationship between bacterial attachment and cell adhesion could be due to the presence of electron–hole pairs induced by high-intensity UV treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>We suggest that simple UV treatment has great clinical potential for TNS implants, as it promotes the osseointegration of the TNS while reducing bacterial contamination, and can be conducted chair-side immediately prior to implantation.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>implant</kwd><kwd>nanonetwork</kwd><kwd>postoperative infection</kwd><kwd>UV treatment</kwd><kwd>superhydrophilicity</kwd><kwd>osteointegration</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ijn-12-4633" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Surface characteristics of TNS and UV-TNS.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) Surface morphology of TNS and UV-TNS by SEM (magnification =50,000×), scale bar =200 nm. (<bold>B</bold>) Comparison of contact angle measurements for TNS and UV-TNS. The contact angle of TNS and UV-TNS discs was evaluated using a VSA 2500 XE contact angle measurement system after application of 2 μL ddH<sub>2</sub>O to the sample surface at room temperature (***<italic>P</italic><0.001).</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> TNS, titanium with nanonetwork structures; UV-TNS, ultraviolet-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures; SEM, scanning electron microscopy.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-12-4633Fig1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-ijn-12-4633" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>High-resolution chemical analysis of sample surfaces by XPS.</p><p><bold>Note:</bold> Panels show the XPS spectra for Ti2p, Na1s, O1s, and C1s.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> TNS, titanium with nanonetwork structures; UV-TNS, ultraviolet-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures; XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-12-4633Fig2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-ijn-12-4633" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Live/dead staining of the bacteria attached to sample discs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) Ti, (<bold>B</bold>) TNS, and (<bold>C</bold>) UV-TNS discs were incubated with <italic>A. oris</italic> strain MG-1 for 1 hour and subjected to live/dead staining with a SYTO 9/propidium iodide solution; scale bar =200 μm. (<bold>D</bold>) Comparison of the fluorescence intensity of each sample covered by fluorescent staining bacteria (***<italic>P</italic><0.001).</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold><italic>A. oris</italic>, <italic>Actinomyces oris</italic>; TNS, titanium with nanonetwork structures; UV-TNS, ultraviolet-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-12-4633Fig3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-ijn-12-4633" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>SEM analysis of the morphology of bacteria attached to sample discs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) Ti, (<bold>B</bold> and <bold>D</bold>) TNS, and (<bold>C</bold> and <bold>E</bold>) UV-TNS discs were incubated with <italic>A. oris</italic> strain MG-1 for 1 hour and then evaluated by SEM. Magnification: 2,000× for (<bold>A</bold>–<bold>C</bold>) (scale bar =10 μm) and 10,000× for (<bold>D</bold> and <bold>E</bold>) (scale bar =1 μm). <italic>A. oris</italic> MG-1 displayed a rod-like shape with a complete cell wall on both TNS and UV-TNS; lyzed or irregularly shaped bacteria were not observed.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold><italic>A. oris</italic>, <italic>Actinomyces oris</italic>; TNS, titanium with nanonetwork structures; UV-TNS, ultraviolet-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures; SEM, scanning electron microscopy.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-12-4633Fig4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-ijn-12-4633" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Bacterial biofilm formation on sample discs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Ti, TNS, and UV-TNS discs were incubated with <italic>A. oris</italic> strain MG-1 for 6 hours, and biofilm formation was evaluated by crystal violet staining (***<italic>P</italic><0.001).</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold><italic>A. oris</italic>, <italic>Actinomyces oris</italic>; TNS, titanium with nanonetwork structures; UV-TNS, ultraviolet-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures; OD, optical density.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-12-4633Fig5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-ijn-12-4633" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Adsorption of human fibronectin, cell adhesion, and proliferation of rBMMSCs on sample discs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) Ti, TNS, and UV-TNS discs were incubated with human fibronectin solution (500 μg/mL) for 3, 6, and 24 hours at 37°C and quantified using the bicinchoninic acid method (***<italic>P</italic><0.001; **<italic>P</italic><0.01; *<italic>P</italic><0.05). (<bold>B</bold> and <bold>C</bold>) Ti, TNS, and UV-TNS discs were incubated with rBMMSCs and the levels of cell adhesion and proliferation were evaluated after 3 and 24 hours and 3 and 7 days, respectively, using a CellTiter-Blue<sup>®</sup> Cell Viability Assay (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) (***<italic>P</italic><0.001; **<italic>P</italic><0.01).</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ALP, alkaline phosphatase; rBMMSCs, rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; TNS, titanium with nanonetwork structures; UV-TNS, ultraviolet-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-12-4633Fig6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-ijn-12-4633" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Morphological analysis of rBMMSCs attached to sample discs. Ti, TNS, and UV-TNS discs were incubated with rBMMSCs for 24 hours, stained with phalloidin (F-actin) and DAPI (nuclei), and visualized by fluorescence microscopy.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> rBMMSCs, rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; TNS, titanium with nanonetwork structures; UV-TNS, ultraviolet-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-12-4633Fig7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-ijn-12-4633" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>ALP activity, osteocalcin production, and calcium deposition in cells grown on sample discs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> rBMMSCs were cultivated on Ti, TNS, and UV-TNS discs for up to 28 days, and the levels of (<bold>A</bold>) ALP activity (7 and 14 days), (<bold>B</bold>) osteocalcin production (21 and 28 days), and (<bold>C</bold>) calcium deposition (21 and 28 days) were evaluated as described in the “Materials and methods” section (***<italic>P</italic><0.001; **<italic>P</italic><0.01; *<italic>P</italic><0.05).</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ALP, alkaline phosphatase; rBMMSCs, rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; TNS, titanium with nanonetwork structures; UV-TNS, ultraviolet-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-12-4633Fig8"></graphic></fig><fig id="f9-ijn-12-4633" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Expression of osteogenesis-related genes in cells grown on sample discs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>–<bold>D</bold>) The expression levels of the genes encoding ALP and Runx2 and OPN and BMP were evaluated in rBMMSCs cultivated on Ti, TNS, and UV-TNS discs at 3 and 7 days and 14 and 21 days, respectively, by real-time RT-PCR analysis (***<italic>P</italic><0.001; **<italic>P</italic><0.01; *<italic>P</italic><0.05).</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ALP, alkaline phosphatase; rBMMSCs, rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; TNS, titanium with nanonetwork structures; UV-TNS, ultraviolet-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; OPN, osteopontin.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-12-4633Fig9"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ijn-12-4633" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Atomic percentages of titanium, oxygen, and carbon on TNS and UV-TNS</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Atomic percentage
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">O</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TNS</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.22</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.48</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UV-TNS</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.10</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.31</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.04</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ijn-12-4633"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> TNS, titanium with nanonetwork structures; UV-TNS, ultraviolet-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Japon</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Mashimo, Chiho" sort="Mashimo, Chiho" uniqKey="Mashimo C" first="Chiho" last="Mashimo">Chiho Mashimo</name></noCountry><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zhang, Honghao" sort="Zhang, Honghao" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Honghao" last="Zhang">Honghao Zhang</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Komasa, Satoshi" sort="Komasa, Satoshi" uniqKey="Komasa S" first="Satoshi" last="Komasa">Satoshi Komasa</name><name sortKey="Okazaki, Joji" sort="Okazaki, Joji" uniqKey="Okazaki J" first="Joji" last="Okazaki">Joji Okazaki</name><name sortKey="Sekino, Tohru" sort="Sekino, Tohru" uniqKey="Sekino T" first="Tohru" last="Sekino">Tohru Sekino</name></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zhang, Honghao" sort="Zhang, Honghao" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Honghao" last="Zhang">Honghao Zhang</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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