The Impact of Hyposalivation on Quality of Life (QoL) and Oral Health in the Aging Population of Al Madinah Al Munawarrah
Identifieur interne : 006F44 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 006F43; suivant : 006F45The Impact of Hyposalivation on Quality of Life (QoL) and Oral Health in the Aging Population of Al Madinah Al Munawarrah
Auteurs : Mohammad S. Ahmad ; Ahmed Bhayat ; Muhammad Sohail Zafar [Pakistan] ; Khalid H. Al-SamadaniSource :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Hyposalivation (HS) affects aging individuals by causing pain and discomfort in the oral cavity. The aim here was to determine the impact of hyposalivation and the saliva pH on the quality of life and caries status of geriatrics population. A total of 138 male outpatients attending the Taibah University College of Dentistry (TUCoD) dental clinic were included in the study. The saliva flow, pH, Quality of Life (QoL), and caries status were recorded. The QoL was measured using the Arabic version of the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), and the caries status was recorded using the Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. The mean age was 67.5 years and 64% were classified as having hyposalivation. The older respondents tended to have a lower saliva flow and pH compared to their younger counterparts. There was a significant inverse association (
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040445
PubMed: 28425972
PubMed Central: 5409645
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Impact of Hyposalivation on Quality of Life (QoL) and Oral Health in the Aging Population of Al Madinah Al Munawarrah</title><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, Mohammad S" sort="Ahmad, Mohammad S" uniqKey="Ahmad M" first="Mohammad S." last="Ahmad">Mohammad S. Ahmad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-14-00445">Dental Public Heath, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarrah 41311, Saudi Arabia;<email>msahmad@taibahu.edu.sa</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bhayat, Ahmed" sort="Bhayat, Ahmed" uniqKey="Bhayat A" first="Ahmed" last="Bhayat">Ahmed Bhayat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-14-00445">Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;<email>ahmed.bhayat@up.ac.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zafar, Muhammad Sohail" sort="Zafar, Muhammad Sohail" uniqKey="Zafar M" first="Muhammad Sohail" last="Zafar">Muhammad Sohail Zafar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-14-00445">Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarrah 41311, Saudi Arabia;<email>MZAFAR@taibahu.edu.sa</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ijerph-14-00445">Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Islamabad 44000</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Samadani, Khalid H" sort="Al Samadani, Khalid H" uniqKey="Al Samadani K" first="Khalid H." last="Al-Samadani">Khalid H. Al-Samadani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-14-00445">Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarrah 41311, Saudi Arabia;<email>MZAFAR@taibahu.edu.sa</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28425972</idno><idno type="pmc">5409645</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409645</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5409645</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijerph14040445</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E30</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E30</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002E30</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002E30</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000039</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000039</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">006F44</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Impact of Hyposalivation on Quality of Life (QoL) and Oral Health in the Aging Population of Al Madinah Al Munawarrah</title><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, Mohammad S" sort="Ahmad, Mohammad S" uniqKey="Ahmad M" first="Mohammad S." last="Ahmad">Mohammad S. Ahmad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-14-00445">Dental Public Heath, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarrah 41311, Saudi Arabia;<email>msahmad@taibahu.edu.sa</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bhayat, Ahmed" sort="Bhayat, Ahmed" uniqKey="Bhayat A" first="Ahmed" last="Bhayat">Ahmed Bhayat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-14-00445">Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;<email>ahmed.bhayat@up.ac.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zafar, Muhammad Sohail" sort="Zafar, Muhammad Sohail" uniqKey="Zafar M" first="Muhammad Sohail" last="Zafar">Muhammad Sohail Zafar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-14-00445">Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarrah 41311, Saudi Arabia;<email>MZAFAR@taibahu.edu.sa</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ijerph-14-00445">Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Islamabad 44000</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Samadani, Khalid H" sort="Al Samadani, Khalid H" uniqKey="Al Samadani K" first="Khalid H." last="Al-Samadani">Khalid H. Al-Samadani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-14-00445">Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarrah 41311, Saudi Arabia;<email>MZAFAR@taibahu.edu.sa</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Hyposalivation (HS) affects aging individuals by causing pain and discomfort in the oral cavity. The aim here was to determine the impact of hyposalivation and the saliva pH on the quality of life and caries status of geriatrics population. A total of 138 male outpatients attending the Taibah University College of Dentistry (TUCoD) dental clinic were included in the study. The saliva flow, pH, Quality of Life (QoL), and caries status were recorded. The QoL was measured using the Arabic version of the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), and the caries status was recorded using the Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. The mean age was 67.5 years and 64% were classified as having hyposalivation. The older respondents tended to have a lower saliva flow and pH compared to their younger counterparts. There was a significant inverse association (<italic>p</italic> = 0.02) between the caries status and mean saliva flow rate. There was also a significant (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001) positive correlation between caries and the OHIP-14 scores (Spearman’s ρ = 0.293). The prevalence of hyposalivation was relatively high and there was an inverse relationship between the age, the saliva flow, and pH. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28425972</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5409645</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph14040445</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-14-00445</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Impact of Hyposalivation on Quality of Life (QoL) and Oral Health in the Aging Population of Al Madinah Al Munawarrah</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmad</surname><given-names>Mohammad S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-14-00445">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bhayat</surname><given-names>Ahmed</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-14-00445">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zafar</surname><given-names>Muhammad Sohail</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-14-00445">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ijerph-14-00445">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Samadani</surname><given-names>Khalid H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-14-00445">3</xref><xref rid="c1-ijerph-14-00445" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Woo</surname><given-names>Jean</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijerph-14-00445"><label>1</label>Dental Public Heath, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarrah 41311, Saudi Arabia;<email>msahmad@taibahu.edu.sa</email></aff><aff id="af2-ijerph-14-00445"><label>2</label>Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;<email>ahmed.bhayat@up.ac.za</email></aff><aff id="af3-ijerph-14-00445"><label>3</label>Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarrah 41311, Saudi Arabia;<email>MZAFAR@taibahu.edu.sa</email></aff><aff id="af4-ijerph-14-00445"><label>4</label>Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-14-00445"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>ksamadani@taibahu.edu.sa</email>; Tel.: +966-55767-6802</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>445</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>08</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Hyposalivation (HS) affects aging individuals by causing pain and discomfort in the oral cavity. The aim here was to determine the impact of hyposalivation and the saliva pH on the quality of life and caries status of geriatrics population. A total of 138 male outpatients attending the Taibah University College of Dentistry (TUCoD) dental clinic were included in the study. The saliva flow, pH, Quality of Life (QoL), and caries status were recorded. The QoL was measured using the Arabic version of the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), and the caries status was recorded using the Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. The mean age was 67.5 years and 64% were classified as having hyposalivation. The older respondents tended to have a lower saliva flow and pH compared to their younger counterparts. There was a significant inverse association (<italic>p</italic> = 0.02) between the caries status and mean saliva flow rate. There was also a significant (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001) positive correlation between caries and the OHIP-14 scores (Spearman’s ρ = 0.293). The prevalence of hyposalivation was relatively high and there was an inverse relationship between the age, the saliva flow, and pH. Those with more caries reported significantly poor QoL.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>edentulous</kwd><kwd>geriatric</kwd><kwd>hypo salivation</kwd><kwd>Oral Health Impact Profile-14</kwd><kwd>xerostomia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="ijerph-14-00445-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-14-00445-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>The selection criteria used for recruiting patients for this study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inclusion Criteria</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exclusion Criteria</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients older than 60 years</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cancerous lesion in head and neck region</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Good state of mental health</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">History of chemotherapy or radiotherapy</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No swelling or tenderness of major salivary glands including parotid, submandibular and sublingual</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surgical excision of any major salivary glands</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Autoimmune diseases affecting salivary glands such as Sjögren syndrome</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-14-00445-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-14-00445-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>The description of Quality of Life (QoL) questionnaire; Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) criteria questions and domains used in this study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Oral Health Impact Profile-14 Criteria for QoL Assessment (14 Questions from 7 Domains)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questions regarding oral tissues/dentures</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Domain</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Likert score rated by patient</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Problem in pronouncing words</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Functional limitation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Altered sense of taste</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Difficulty in chewing</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical pain</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pain/aching</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Worry about dental problems</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psychological discomfort</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psychological discomfort</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Problem affecting the diet</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical disabilities</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interruption in meals</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Difficult to relax</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psychological disabilities</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Feeling embarrassed</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Feeling irritable from others</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Social disabilities</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Job related difficulties</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Least satisfied in life</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Handicapped</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Functional inability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0__1__2__3__4__5__</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Likert scale (0–5; 0: never, 5: always).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-14-00445-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-14-00445-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Mean saliva flow rate and pH of saliva in relation to age and Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth (DMFT) categories (<italic>N</italic> = 138).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saliva Mean Flow Rate in mL/min (±SD)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saliva Mean pH (±SD)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60–65 (<italic>n</italic> = 82)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78 (±0.27)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.82 (±0.52)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66–70 (<italic>n</italic> = 29)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75 (±0.30)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.83 (±0.38)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥71 (<italic>n</italic> = 27)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71 (±0.20)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.61 (±0.56)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">* <italic>p</italic>-Value</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>DMFT</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Saliva Mean Flow Rate in mL/min (±SD)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Saliva Mean pH (±SD)</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low (<italic>n</italic> = 37)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87 (±0.28)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.83 (±0.39)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate (<italic>n</italic> = 51)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 (±0.26)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.64 (±0.61)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High (<italic>n</italic> = 15)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73 (±0.20)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.03 (±0.13)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edentulous (<italic>n</italic> = 35)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66 (±0.25)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.83 (±0.51)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">* <italic>p</italic>-Value</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (<italic>N</italic> = 138)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 (±0.27)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.78 (±0.51)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>* <italic>p</italic>-Value calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test. SD: standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-14-00445-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-14-00445-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Mean and range values for each domain and the total OHIP-14 scores (<italic>N</italic> = 138).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OHIP-14 Domains</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean Scores (±SD)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Range</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Functional limitation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 (±1.54)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical pain</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.91 (±1.69)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psychological discomfort</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66 (±1.49)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical disability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 (±1.62)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psychological disability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 (±1.44)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Social disability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 (±1.07)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Handicapped</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43 (±1.18)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total OHIP14 score</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.09 (±7.69)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–43</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-14-00445-t005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-14-00445-t005_Table 5</object-id><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Association between the DMFT categories and the mean domain and total scores (mean (±SD)) for the OHIP-14.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMFT</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FL</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PP</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PsDc</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PhD</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PsDa</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SoD</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hd</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low (<italic>n</italic> = 37)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27 (±0.84)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.57 (±1.56)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32 (±1.45)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68 (±1.47)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43 (±1.24)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35 (±0.82)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 (±1.70)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.27 (±7.39)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate (<italic>n</italic> = 51)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73 (±1.30)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.47 (±1.36)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47 (±0.92)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63 (±1.30)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80 (±1.66)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39 (±0.83)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24 (±0.71)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.73 (±5.69)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High (<italic>n</italic> = 15)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47 (±1.06)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.53 (±1.60)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 (±1.06)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00 (±0.00)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 (±1.12)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20 (±0.41)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20 (±0.78)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.40 (±3.62)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edentulous (<italic>n</italic> = 35)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00 (±2.03)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.63 (±2.00)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31 (±2.08)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.83 (±2.09)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23 (±1.31)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14 (±1.52)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57 (±1.20)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.71 (±9.88)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-Value *</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.273</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>* <italic>p</italic>-Value calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test; Various domains of OHIP-14: FL = Functional limitation; PP = physical pain; PsDc = psychological discomfort; PhD = physical disability; PsDa = psychological disability; SoD = social disability; HD = handicapped.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-14-00445-t006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-14-00445-t006_Table 6</object-id><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Association between mean OHIP-14 scores, caries status, and saliva flow rate (<italic>N</italic> = 138).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">OHIP-14 Domain<break></break>Mean Scores (±SD)</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Saliva Flow Rate (mL/min)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low (<italic>n</italic> = 89)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal (<italic>n</italic> = 49)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">* <italic>p</italic>-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Functional limitation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04 (±1.36)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63 (±1.81)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical pain</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.92 (±1.55)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.88 (±1.92)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psycho discomfort</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67 (±1.16)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63 (±1.97)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical disability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93 (±1.37)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78 (±2.00)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psycho disability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 (±1.45)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67 (±1.42)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Social disability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61 (±0.10)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 (±1.19)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Handicapped</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38 (±0.97)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51 (±1.50)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OHIP-14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.38 (±5.86)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.55 (±10.26)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMFT score</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.94 (±10.42)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.14 (±9.10)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>* <italic>p</italic>-Value calculated using ANOVA.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-14-00445-t007" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-14-00445-t007_Table 7</object-id><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Association between mean OHIP-14 scores, caries status and saliva pH (<italic>N</italic> = 138).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">OHIP-14 Domains <break></break>Mean Scores (±SD)</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Saliva pH</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">* <italic>p</italic>-Value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low (≤6.9) (<italic>n</italic> = 93)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal (≥7) (<italic>n</italic> = 45)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Functional limitation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 (±1.67)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 (±1.27)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical pain</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.97 (±1.83)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.78 (±1.35)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psycho discomfort</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75 (±1.55)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47 (±1.34)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical disability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 (±1.68)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 (±1.51)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psycho disability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89 (±1.54)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51 (±1.18)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Social disability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70 (±1.21)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24 (±0.61)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Handicapped</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43 (±1.19)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33 (±1.26)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OHP-14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.62 (±7.95)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98 (±7.06)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMFT score</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.92 (±10.41)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.82 (±9.72)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>* <italic>p</italic>-Value calculated using ANOVA.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Pakistan</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Ahmad, Mohammad S" sort="Ahmad, Mohammad S" uniqKey="Ahmad M" first="Mohammad S." last="Ahmad">Mohammad S. Ahmad</name><name sortKey="Al Samadani, Khalid H" sort="Al Samadani, Khalid H" uniqKey="Al Samadani K" first="Khalid H." last="Al-Samadani">Khalid H. Al-Samadani</name><name sortKey="Bhayat, Ahmed" sort="Bhayat, Ahmed" uniqKey="Bhayat A" first="Ahmed" last="Bhayat">Ahmed Bhayat</name></noCountry><country name="Pakistan"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zafar, Muhammad Sohail" sort="Zafar, Muhammad Sohail" uniqKey="Zafar M" first="Muhammad Sohail" last="Zafar">Muhammad Sohail Zafar</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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