Laser beam melting 3D printing of Ti6Al4V based porous structured dental implants: fabrication, biocompatibility analysis and photoelastic study
Identifieur interne : 006F06 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 006F05; suivant : 006F07Laser beam melting 3D printing of Ti6Al4V based porous structured dental implants: fabrication, biocompatibility analysis and photoelastic study
Auteurs : Fei Yang [République populaire de Chine] ; Chen Chen [Allemagne] ; Qianrong Zhou [République populaire de Chine] ; Yiming Gong [République populaire de Chine] ; Ruixue Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Chichi Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Florian Kl Mpfl [Allemagne] ; Sebastian Freund [Allemagne] ; Xingwen Wu [République populaire de Chine] ; Yang Sun [République populaire de Chine] ; Xiang Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Michael Schmidt [Allemagne] ; Duan Ma [République populaire de Chine] ; Youcheng Yu [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Fabricating Ti alloy based dental implants with defined porous scaffold structure is a promising strategy for improving the osteoinduction of implants. In this study, we use Laser Beam Melting (LBM) 3D printing technique to fabricate porous Ti6Al4V dental implant prototypes with three controlled pore sizes (200, 350 and 500 μm). The mechanical stress distribution in the surrounding bone tissue is characterized by photoelastography and associated finite element simulation. For
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep45360
PubMed: 28350007
PubMed Central: 5368973
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Yiming" sort="Gong, Yiming" uniqKey="Gong Y" first="Yiming" last="Gong">Yiming Gong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ruixue" sort="Li, Ruixue" uniqKey="Li R" first="Ruixue" last="Li">Ruixue Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Chichi" sort="Li, Chichi" uniqKey="Li C" first="Chichi" last="Li">Chichi Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Plastic Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University</institution>, Wenzhou, 325000,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kl Mpfl, Florian" sort="Kl Mpfl, Florian" uniqKey="Kl Mpfl F" first="Florian" last="Kl Mpfl">Florian Kl Mpfl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freund, Sebastian" sort="Freund, Sebastian" uniqKey="Freund S" first="Sebastian" last="Freund">Sebastian Freund</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Xingwen" sort="Wu, Xingwen" uniqKey="Wu X" first="Xingwen" last="Wu">Xingwen Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Yang" sort="Sun, Yang" uniqKey="Sun Y" first="Yang" last="Sun">Yang Sun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xiang" sort="Li, Xiang" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xiang" last="Li">Xiang Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University</institution>, Shanghai, 200240,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Michael" sort="Schmidt, Michael" uniqKey="Schmidt M" first="Michael" last="Schmidt">Michael Schmidt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Duan" sort="Ma, Duan" uniqKey="Ma D" first="Duan" last="Ma">Duan Ma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Youcheng" sort="Yu, Youcheng" uniqKey="Yu Y" first="Youcheng" last="Yu">Youcheng Yu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28350007</idno><idno type="pmc">5368973</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5368973</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5368973</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep45360</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000846</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000846</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000846</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000846</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000173</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000173</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">006F06</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Laser beam melting 3D printing of Ti6Al4V based porous structured dental implants: fabrication, biocompatibility analysis and photoelastic study</title><author><name sortKey="Yang, Fei" sort="Yang, Fei" uniqKey="Yang F" first="Fei" last="Yang">Fei Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Chen" sort="Chen, Chen" uniqKey="Chen C" first="Chen" last="Chen">Chen Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Qianrong" sort="Zhou, Qianrong" uniqKey="Zhou Q" first="Qianrong" last="Zhou">Qianrong Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, Yiming" sort="Gong, Yiming" uniqKey="Gong Y" first="Yiming" last="Gong">Yiming Gong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ruixue" sort="Li, Ruixue" uniqKey="Li R" first="Ruixue" last="Li">Ruixue Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Chichi" sort="Li, Chichi" uniqKey="Li C" first="Chichi" last="Li">Chichi Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Plastic Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University</institution>, Wenzhou, 325000,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kl Mpfl, Florian" sort="Kl Mpfl, Florian" uniqKey="Kl Mpfl F" first="Florian" last="Kl Mpfl">Florian Kl Mpfl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freund, Sebastian" sort="Freund, Sebastian" uniqKey="Freund S" first="Sebastian" last="Freund">Sebastian Freund</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Xingwen" sort="Wu, Xingwen" uniqKey="Wu X" first="Xingwen" last="Wu">Xingwen Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Yang" sort="Sun, Yang" uniqKey="Sun Y" first="Yang" last="Sun">Yang Sun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xiang" sort="Li, Xiang" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xiang" last="Li">Xiang Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University</institution>, Shanghai, 200240,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Michael" sort="Schmidt, Michael" uniqKey="Schmidt M" first="Michael" last="Schmidt">Michael Schmidt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Duan" sort="Ma, Duan" uniqKey="Ma D" first="Duan" last="Ma">Duan Ma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Youcheng" sort="Yu, Youcheng" uniqKey="Yu Y" first="Youcheng" last="Yu">Youcheng Yu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Fabricating Ti alloy based dental implants with defined porous scaffold structure is a promising strategy for improving the osteoinduction of implants. In this study, we use Laser Beam Melting (LBM) 3D printing technique to fabricate porous Ti6Al4V dental implant prototypes with three controlled pore sizes (200, 350 and 500 μm). The mechanical stress distribution in the surrounding bone tissue is characterized by photoelastography and associated finite element simulation. For <italic>in-vitro</italic> studies, experiments on implants’ biocompatibility and osteogenic capability are conducted to evaluate the cellular response correlated to the porous structure. As the preliminary results, porous structured implants show a lower stress-shielding to the surrounding bone at the implant neck and a more densed distribution at the bottom site compared to the reference implant. From the cell proliferation tests and the immunofluorescence images, 350 and 500 μm pore sized implants demonstrate a better biocompatibility in terms of cell growth, migration and adhesion. Osteogenic genes expression of the 350 μm group is significantly increased alone with the ALP activity test. All these suggest that a pore size of 350 μm provides an optimal provides an optimal potential for improving the mechanical shielding to the surrounding bones and osteoinduction of the implant itself.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, X" uniqKey="Liu X">X. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chu, P K" uniqKey="Chu P">P. K. Chu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, C" uniqKey="Ding C">C. Ding</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sullivan, R M" uniqKey="Sullivan R">R. M. Sullivan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Le Guehennec, L" uniqKey="Le Guehennec L">L. Le Guéhennec</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soueidan, A" uniqKey="Soueidan A">A. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28350007</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5368973</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep45360</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep45360</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Laser beam melting 3D printing of Ti6Al4V based porous structured dental implants: fabrication, biocompatibility analysis and photoelastic study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Fei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Chen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>QianRong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gong</surname><given-names>YiMing</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>RuiXue</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>ChiChi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Klämpfl</surname><given-names>Florian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Freund</surname><given-names>Sebastian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>XingWen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Yang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Xiang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Duan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>YouCheng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3/5</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Paul-Gordan-Str. 6</institution>, D-91052 Erlangen,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Department of Plastic Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University</institution>, Wenzhou, 325000,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a5"><label>5</label><institution>State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University</institution>, Shanghai, 200240,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a6"><label>6</label><institution>Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai, 200032,<country>China</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>yu.youcheng@zs-hospital.sh.cn</email> or</corresp><corresp id="c2"><label>b</label><email>duanma@fudan.edu.cn</email></corresp><fn id="n1"><label>*</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>03</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><elocation-id>45360</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day><month>02</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Fabricating Ti alloy based dental implants with defined porous scaffold structure is a promising strategy for improving the osteoinduction of implants. In this study, we use Laser Beam Melting (LBM) 3D printing technique to fabricate porous Ti6Al4V dental implant prototypes with three controlled pore sizes (200, 350 and 500 μm). The mechanical stress distribution in the surrounding bone tissue is characterized by photoelastography and associated finite element simulation. For <italic>in-vitro</italic> studies, experiments on implants’ biocompatibility and osteogenic capability are conducted to evaluate the cellular response correlated to the porous structure. As the preliminary results, porous structured implants show a lower stress-shielding to the surrounding bone at the implant neck and a more densed distribution at the bottom site compared to the reference implant. From the cell proliferation tests and the immunofluorescence images, 350 and 500 μm pore sized implants demonstrate a better biocompatibility in terms of cell growth, migration and adhesion. Osteogenic genes expression of the 350 μm group is significantly increased alone with the ALP activity test. All these suggest that a pore size of 350 μm provides an optimal provides an optimal potential for improving the mechanical shielding to the surrounding bones and osteoinduction of the implant itself.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) The general pattern of one kind of porous implant. The mid-piece area of all types of implants indicated by the white frame are further observed with the SEM. The SEM micrographs of (<bold>b</bold>), (<bold>c</bold>) reference screw type implant. Porous structured implant with pore size of 200 μm in (<bold>d</bold>), (<bold>e</bold>); 350 μm in (<bold>f</bold>), (<bold>g</bold>); 500 μm in (<bold>h</bold>), (<bold>i</bold>) at low (×30) and high (×10000) magnification respectively.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep45360-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) The procedure of image post-processing converting a recorded elastograph into a binary image; Reference implant correlated to the fringe pattern under (<bold>b</bold>) 20, (<bold>c</bold>) 40, (<bold>d</bold>) 60, (<bold>e</bold>) 80 N; subfigure (<bold>f</bold>–<bold>i</bold>) parallely for fringe pattern on implant with 350 μm pore size. The manually sketched yellow line marks the layout of the implant.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep45360-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Fringe pattern under 80 N and the corresponding simulation results of (<bold>a</bold>), (<bold>b</bold>) reference implant; (<bold>c</bold>), (<bold>d</bold>) 200 μm implant; (<bold>e</bold>), (<bold>f</bold>) 350 μm implant; and (<bold>g</bold>), (<bold>h</bold>) 500 μm implant. The color calibration in the simulation results represents the relative stress from min. in blue to max. in red. The primary stress is plotted separately from the stationary studies.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep45360-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Cell viability (<bold>b</bold>) and ALP activity of MC3T3-E1 cells of each group at different time points, whereby *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep45360-f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Attached MC3T3-E1 cells showed by immunofluorescence after co-cultured with different type of implant for 24 h and 72 h. Typical images of control group (a-1, a-2) for 24 h and 72 h (b-1, b-2) at low (×40) and high (×100) magnification; 200 μm group (c-1, c-2) for 24 h and 72 h (d-1, d-2) at low (×40) and high (×100) magnification; 350 μm group (e-1, e-2) for 24 h and 72 h (f-1, f-2) at low (×40) and high (×100) magnification; 500 μm group (g-1, g-2) for 24 h and 72 h (h-1, h-2) at low (×40) and high (×100) magnification. i) Cell density of MC3T3-E1 cells attached on different type of implant at each time points. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep45360-f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Attached MC3T3-E1 cells at the back side of different type of implant on Day 7. Few cells has migrated to the central axis of the control (a, a-1 for high magnification); 200 μm (b, b-1 for high magnification); 350 μm (c, c-1 for high magnification) group of implant. Plenty of MC3T3-E1 cells can be observed at the central axis of 500 μm pore sized implant (d, d-1 for high magnification). White arrows show the typical morphology of the attached MC3T3-E1 cells on each type of implant.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep45360-f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Relative mRNA expression of ALP in (<bold>a</bold>); Runx2 in (<bold>b</bold>); OCN in (<bold>c</bold>); and OPN in (<bold>d</bold>), whereby *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep45360-f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>The intended design of porous structured implant of (<bold>a</bold>) front and (<bold>b</bold>) back side in cross-sectional view</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep45360-f8"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>The max. primary stres at the neck and the bottom site of variant implant under the load of 20, 30, 40 and 80 N.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Reference implant</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">200 μm pore implant</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">350 μm pore implant</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">500 μm pore implant</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Bottom under 80 N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.42 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.37 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.65 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.21 MPa</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Bottom under 40 N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.67 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.59 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.97 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.78 MPa</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Bottom under 30 N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.03 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.98 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.58 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.26 MPa</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Bottom under 20 N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.35 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.32 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.79 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.46 MPa</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Neck under 80 N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.73 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.44 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.08 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.87 MPa</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Neck under 40 N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.19 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.85 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.57 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.48 MPa</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Neck under 30 N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.75 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.71 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.43 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.36 MPa</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Neck under 20 N</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.64 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.52 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.39 MPa</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.27 MPa</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li></country></list><tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Yang, Fei" sort="Yang, Fei" uniqKey="Yang F" first="Fei" last="Yang">Fei Yang</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Gong, Yiming" sort="Gong, Yiming" uniqKey="Gong Y" first="Yiming" last="Gong">Yiming Gong</name><name sortKey="Li, Chichi" sort="Li, Chichi" uniqKey="Li C" first="Chichi" last="Li">Chichi Li</name><name sortKey="Li, Ruixue" sort="Li, Ruixue" uniqKey="Li R" first="Ruixue" last="Li">Ruixue Li</name><name sortKey="Li, Xiang" sort="Li, Xiang" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xiang" last="Li">Xiang Li</name><name sortKey="Ma, Duan" sort="Ma, Duan" uniqKey="Ma D" first="Duan" last="Ma">Duan Ma</name><name sortKey="Sun, Yang" sort="Sun, Yang" uniqKey="Sun Y" first="Yang" last="Sun">Yang Sun</name><name sortKey="Wu, Xingwen" sort="Wu, Xingwen" uniqKey="Wu X" first="Xingwen" last="Wu">Xingwen Wu</name><name sortKey="Yu, Youcheng" sort="Yu, Youcheng" uniqKey="Yu Y" first="Youcheng" last="Yu">Youcheng Yu</name><name sortKey="Zhou, Qianrong" sort="Zhou, Qianrong" uniqKey="Zhou Q" first="Qianrong" last="Zhou">Qianrong Zhou</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Chen, Chen" sort="Chen, Chen" uniqKey="Chen C" first="Chen" last="Chen">Chen Chen</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Chen, Chen" sort="Chen, Chen" uniqKey="Chen C" first="Chen" last="Chen">Chen Chen</name><name sortKey="Freund, Sebastian" sort="Freund, Sebastian" uniqKey="Freund S" first="Sebastian" last="Freund">Sebastian Freund</name><name sortKey="Freund, Sebastian" sort="Freund, Sebastian" uniqKey="Freund S" first="Sebastian" last="Freund">Sebastian Freund</name><name sortKey="Kl Mpfl, Florian" sort="Kl Mpfl, Florian" uniqKey="Kl Mpfl F" first="Florian" last="Kl Mpfl">Florian Kl Mpfl</name><name sortKey="Schmidt, Michael" sort="Schmidt, Michael" uniqKey="Schmidt M" first="Michael" last="Schmidt">Michael Schmidt</name><name sortKey="Schmidt, Michael" sort="Schmidt, Michael" uniqKey="Schmidt M" first="Michael" last="Schmidt">Michael Schmidt</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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