Salivary Distinctiveness and Modifications in Males with Diabetes and Behçet's Disease
Identifieur interne : 006E88 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 006E87; suivant : 006E89Salivary Distinctiveness and Modifications in Males with Diabetes and Behçet's Disease
Auteurs : Loai Aljerf ; Iyad AlhaffarSource :
- Biochemistry Research International [ 2090-2247 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Oral diseases associated with systematic diseases as metabolic and vasculitic have been included in this paper. This will enhance our understanding of the salivary function in promoting healthy oral condition. The study investigates the effects of type I and type II diabetes mellitus in well-controlled diabetic patients, in addition to
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2017/9596202
PubMed: 28321337
PubMed Central: 5339495
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Salivary Distinctiveness and Modifications in Males with Diabetes and Behçet's Disease</title><author><name sortKey="Aljerf, Loai" sort="Aljerf, Loai" uniqKey="Aljerf L" first="Loai" last="Aljerf">Loai Aljerf</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Syria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alhaffar, Iyad" sort="Alhaffar, Iyad" uniqKey="Alhaffar I" first="Iyad" last="Alhaffar">Iyad Alhaffar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Syria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28321337</idno><idno type="pmc">5339495</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5339495</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5339495</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2017/9596202</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002872</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002872</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002872</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002872</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000071</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000071</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">006E88</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Salivary Distinctiveness and Modifications in Males with Diabetes and Behçet's Disease</title><author><name sortKey="Aljerf, Loai" sort="Aljerf, Loai" uniqKey="Aljerf L" first="Loai" last="Aljerf">Loai Aljerf</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Syria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alhaffar, Iyad" sort="Alhaffar, Iyad" uniqKey="Alhaffar I" first="Iyad" last="Alhaffar">Iyad Alhaffar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Syria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Biochemistry Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2090-2247</idno><idno type="eISSN">2090-2255</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Oral diseases associated with systematic diseases as metabolic and vasculitic have been included in this paper. This will enhance our understanding of the salivary function in promoting healthy oral condition. The study investigates the effects of type I and type II diabetes mellitus in well-controlled diabetic patients, in addition to<italic> Behçet disease (BD)</italic> on saliva flow rate (SFR), pH, the decay, missing, and filled tooth (DMFT) index, glucose, and major earth-alkaline ions (Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup>) compared to healthy males and age-matched controls. Saliva samples were collected from 1403 male human subjects, distributed on 7 levels including 3 control groups, and analyzed. The symptoms and clinical observations were enrolled. A preprandial salivary glucose has illustrated statistically strong significant and positive correlations with HbA<sub>1c</sub> and blood glucose levels. TIDM saliva showed lower pH, SFR, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> but higher Mg<sup>2+</sup>, caries risk, and poor metabolic control. These led to dysfunction of secretory capacity of salivary glands. TIIDM proved higher SFR, DMFT, and glucose than TIDM patients. DM oral calcium has decreased by age while magnesium sharply slopes at seniority. BD oral fluid is associated with lower glucose and minerals but noticeably with both higher pH and DMFT.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mandel, I D" uniqKey="Mandel I">I. D. Mandel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lasisi, T J" uniqKey="Lasisi T">T. J. Lasisi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fasanmade, A A" uniqKey="Fasanmade A">A. A. Fasanmade</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Twetman, S" uniqKey="Twetman S">S. Twetman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johansson, I" uniqKey="Johansson I">I. Johansson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Birkhed, D" uniqKey="Birkhed D">D. Birkhed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nederfors, T" uniqKey="Nederfors T">T. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biochem Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biochem Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Biochemistry Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-2247</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2090-2255</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28321337</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5339495</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2017/9596202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Salivary Distinctiveness and Modifications in Males with Diabetes and Behçet's Disease</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-9659</contrib-id><name><surname>Aljerf</surname><given-names>Loai</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alhaffar</surname><given-names>Iyad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Loai Aljerf: <email>envirochrom@hotmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Andrei Surguchov</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>2</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>2017</volume><elocation-id>9596202</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>1</day><month>2</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017 Loai Aljerf and Iyad Alhaffar.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Oral diseases associated with systematic diseases as metabolic and vasculitic have been included in this paper. This will enhance our understanding of the salivary function in promoting healthy oral condition. The study investigates the effects of type I and type II diabetes mellitus in well-controlled diabetic patients, in addition to<italic> Behçet disease (BD)</italic> on saliva flow rate (SFR), pH, the decay, missing, and filled tooth (DMFT) index, glucose, and major earth-alkaline ions (Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup>) compared to healthy males and age-matched controls. Saliva samples were collected from 1403 male human subjects, distributed on 7 levels including 3 control groups, and analyzed. The symptoms and clinical observations were enrolled. A preprandial salivary glucose has illustrated statistically strong significant and positive correlations with HbA<sub>1c</sub> and blood glucose levels. TIDM saliva showed lower pH, SFR, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> but higher Mg<sup>2+</sup>, caries risk, and poor metabolic control. These led to dysfunction of secretory capacity of salivary glands. TIIDM proved higher SFR, DMFT, and glucose than TIDM patients. DM oral calcium has decreased by age while magnesium sharply slopes at seniority. BD oral fluid is associated with lower glucose and minerals but noticeably with both higher pH and DMFT.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>Deanship of the Faculty of Dentistry</funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Correlation between preprandial salivary and serum glucose levels in DM study group (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BRI2017-9596202.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Correlation between preprandial salivary glucose levels and glycated hemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) percentages in the study group (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BRI2017-9596202.002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>pH, SFR, DMFT, glucose, and electrolytes of whole saliva from patients with TIDM, TIIDM, and <italic>Behçet</italic> disease compared with control groups.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Level</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFR (mL/min)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMFT index</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glucose (mg/dL)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup> (mM)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>2+</sup> (mM)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.10 ± 0.72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 ± 0.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 ± 0.72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96 ± 0.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.84 ± 0.64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15 ± 0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.03 ± 0.70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07 ± 0.39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.25 ± 0.19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.29 ± 0.72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.20 ± 0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47 ± 0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.22 ± 0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92 ± 0.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.68 ± 0.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.33 ± 1.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.97 ± 0.43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21 ± 0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.14 ± 0.42<break></break>(0.003)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27 ± 0.12<break></break>(0.056)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.46 ± 1.82<break></break>(0.005)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.93 ± 4.47<break></break>(0.011)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.48 ± 0.39<break></break>(0.069)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23 ± 0.03<break></break>(0.055)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.62 ± 0.46<break></break>(0.053)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73 ± 0.26<break></break>(0.037)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.38 ± 0.28<break></break>(0.012)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.28 ± 5.26<break></break>(0.005)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.16 ± 0.39<break></break>(0.026)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38 ± 0.07<break></break>(0.064)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.92 ± 0.32<break></break>(0.000)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67 ± 0.21<break></break>(0.065)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.18 ± 3.25<break></break>(0.017)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.37 ± 6.97<break></break>(0.003)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28 ± 0.01<break></break>(0.014)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10 ± 0.02<break></break>(0.057)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7<sup>(1)</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.80 ± 0.96<break></break>(0.001)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 ± 0.29<break></break>(0.539)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.16 ± 5.44<break></break>(0.028)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11 ± 0.42<break></break>(0.013)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18 ± 0.05<break></break>(0.033)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02 ± 0.00<break></break>(0.024)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Differences of distributions in the two groups (patient-control) are presented as critical values for Mann–Whitney <italic>U</italic> test in parentheses; level of <italic>significance</italic>: 5% (<italic>p</italic> = 0.05).</p></fn><fn><p><sup><italic>(1)</italic></sup><italic>Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)</italic> (74.6% in patients with active oral ulcers versus 25.4% in inactive ulcers; <italic>p</italic> = 0.008) in the whole saliva was remarkably associated with disease severity, oral ulcers, and DMFT. <italic>S. mutans</italic> is a major etiology factor for the development of dental caries and is a member of oral biofilm [<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the healing time of oral ulcers for active (7.8 ± 1.4 days) and inactive (7.5 ± 2.2 days) diseases.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Comparison of clinical variables in diabetic group versus controls.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medical state (level)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAO<sup>(2)</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GI<sup>(3)</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PI<sup>(4)</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HbA<sub>1c</sub><sup>(5)</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control 1 (Level 1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.17 ± 3.72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46 ± 0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41 ± 0.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.96 ± 2.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TIDM (Level 4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.15 ± 4.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 ± 0.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 ± 0.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.92 ± 2.72</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Student's t-test</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.483</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.592</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.611</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.332</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control 2 (Level 2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.90 ± 4.73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62 ± 0.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57 ± 0.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.20 ± 2.12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TIIDM (Level 5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.6 ± 8.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.38 ± 0.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.19 ± 0.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.25 ± 3.41</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Student's t-test</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.749</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.706</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.735</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.402</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control 3 (Level 3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.18 ± 4.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67 ± 0.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63 ± 0.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.33 ± 2.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TIIDM (Level 6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4 ± 8.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76 ± 0.44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58 ± 0.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0 ± 3.74</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Student's t-test</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.119</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.782</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.806</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.445</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><inline-formula><mml:math id="M2"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula>: mean ± standard deviation.</p></fn><fn><p>Statistical significance (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05).</p></fn><fn><p><sup>(2)</sup>Method developed by Knutson [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>].</p></fn><fn><p><sup>(3)</sup>Method developed by Löe [<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>].</p></fn><fn><p><sup>(4)</sup>Method developed by Silness & Löe [<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>].</p></fn><fn><p><sup>(5)</sup>Method developed by Flückiger & Mortensen [<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>].</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Observatory clinical signs and symptoms associated with Behçet's disease.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1"> </th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup></th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">Frequency (%)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Residual</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Probability</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease activity (patient)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oral ulcers</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.92</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.63</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>86.2</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uveitis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypertonia</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.39</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.24</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>33.8</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spastic gait</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Blurry vision</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−<italic>0.11</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.18</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>25.5</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incontinence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Punctate lesions through CNS</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−<italic>0.23</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.11</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>13.8</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Papillitis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Asymmetrical lower extremity hypertonia</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−<italic>0.34</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.09</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>9.2</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitritis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Person separation index</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.64</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Item-trait interaction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>: Chi-squared statistic.</p></fn><fn><p>Residual: standardized difference between the observed score and the expected score according to the model.</p></fn><fn><p>Person separation index: the estimate of the replicability of person placement that can be expected if the samples of persons are given another set of items measuring the same construct. Analogous to Cronbach's <italic>α</italic>, it is bounded by 0-1 range (i.e., >0.8 is very good).</p></fn><fn><p>Item-trait interaction identifies the degree of the overall fit of the measure to the model. It assesses the degree to which the measure is diverging from the model in a systematic way that is not accounted for by chance alone.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Periodontal test outcomes of <italic>Behçet</italic> disease patients.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Investigation</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Findings</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease duration (yr)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.2 ± 5.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GI<sup>(6)</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9 ± 0.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of carious teeth</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 ± 2.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of extracted teeth</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3 ± 5.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral ulcers (number/month)<sup>(7)</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6 ± 6.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PI<sup>(8)</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8 ± 0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sulcus bleeding index (SBI)<sup>(9)</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1 ± 1.0</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>(6)</sup>Method developed by Löe [<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>].</p></fn><fn><p><sup>(7)</sup>CI = 8.3 ± 1.7; PS = 60.7 ± 24.5.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>(8)</sup>Method developed by Silness & Löe [<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>].</p></fn><fn><p><sup>(9)</sup>Method developed by Mühlemann & Son [<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>].</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Comparison of body mass index and biochemical and rheological parameters for inactive and active <italic>Behçet</italic> disease patients (<italic>n</italic> = 3).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactive patients (<italic>N</italic> = 19)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Active patients (<italic>N</italic> = 37)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.8 ± 3.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.4 ± 3.52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.609</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elongation index at 60 Pa (EI60) (%)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>57.22 ± 4.34</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>59.34 ± 3.17</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.602</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plasma viscosity (PV) (cP)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18 ± 0.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29 ± 0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1"><italic>Blood viscosity native hematocrit, 230 s</italic><sup>−<italic>1</italic></sup><italic> (BVn230 s</italic><sup>−<italic>1</italic></sup><italic>) (cP)</italic></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><italic>4.02 ± 0.49</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>4.33 ± 0.47</italic></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><italic>0.401</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>4.55 ± 0.49</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood viscosity corrected hematocrit, 230 s<sup>−1</sup> (BVc230 s<sup>−1</sup>) (cP)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.35 ± 0.29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.04 ± 0.43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>12.06 ± 0.58</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>16.14 ± 1.46</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><0.001</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (femtoliters/cell (fL))</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.38 ± 4.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.27 ± 5.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.311</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (pictograms/cell (pg))</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>30.48 ± 1.42</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>29.53 ± 1.89</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.065</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.89 ± 0.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.22 ± 1.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.157</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hematocrit (Htc) (%)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>42.8 ± 3.58</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>39.2 ± 3.36</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.407</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leucocytes (Leu × 10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.53 ± 1.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.80 ± 2.95</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.095</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erythrocyte aggregation at stasis (EA0)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>2.75 ± 0.94</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>4.15 ± 0.95</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.001</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Erythrocyte aggregation at 3 s<sup>−1</sup> (EA1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.63 ± 0.94</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.92 ± 1.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fibrinogen (Fbg) (mg/dL)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>250 ± 51</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>315 ± 97</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.001</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total cholesterol (T-Chol) (mg/dL)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211 ± 37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">209 ± 39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.611</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Triglycerides (TG) (mg/dL)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>90 ± 40</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>108 ± 49</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.243</italic></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Alhaffar, Iyad" sort="Alhaffar, Iyad" uniqKey="Alhaffar I" first="Iyad" last="Alhaffar">Iyad Alhaffar</name><name sortKey="Aljerf, Loai" sort="Aljerf, Loai" uniqKey="Aljerf L" first="Loai" last="Aljerf">Loai Aljerf</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour 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