Platelet-rich plasma for regeneration of neural feedback pathways around dental implants: a concise review and outlook on future possibilities
Identifieur interne : 006E65 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 006E64; suivant : 006E66Platelet-rich plasma for regeneration of neural feedback pathways around dental implants: a concise review and outlook on future possibilities
Auteurs : Yan Huang [Belgique, République populaire de Chine] ; Michael M. Bornstein [Belgique, Suisse, République populaire de Chine] ; Ivo Lambrichts [Belgique] ; Hai-Yang Yu [République populaire de Chine] ; Constantinus Politis [Belgique] ; Reinhilde Jacobs [Belgique]Source :
- International Journal of Oral Science [ 1674-2818 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Along with the development of new materials, advanced medical imaging and surgical techniques, osseointegrated dental implants are considered a successful and constantly evolving treatment modality for the replacement of missing teeth in patients with complete or partial edentulism. The importance of restoring the peripheral neural feedback pathway and thus repairing the lack of periodontal mechanoreceptors after tooth extraction has been highlighted in the literature. Nevertheless, regenerating the nerve fibers and reconstructing the neural feedback pathways around osseointegrated implants remain a challenge. Recent studies have provided evidence that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy is a promising treatment for musculoskeletal injuries. Because of its high biological safety, convenience and usability, PRP therapy has gradually gained popularity in the clinical field. Although much remains to be learned, the growth factors from PRP might play key roles in peripheral nerve repair mechanisms. This review presents known growth factors contributing to the biological efficacy of PRP and illustrates basic and (pre-)clinical evidence regarding the use of PRP and its relevant products in peripheral nerve regeneration. In addition, the potential of local application of PRP for structural and functional recovery of injured peripheral nerves around dental implants is discussed.
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DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2017.1
PubMed: 28282030
PubMed Central: 5379164
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Platelet-rich plasma for regeneration of neural feedback pathways around dental implants: a concise review and outlook on future possibilities</title><author><name sortKey="Huang, Yan" sort="Huang, Yan" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yan" last="Huang">Yan Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven</institution>, Leuven,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University</institution>, Chengdu,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bornstein, Michael M" sort="Bornstein, Michael M" uniqKey="Bornstein M" first="Michael M" last="Bornstein">Michael M. Bornstein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven</institution>, Leuven,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Section of Dental Radiology and Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, University of Bern</institution>, Bern,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital</institution>, Hong Kong,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lambrichts, Ivo" sort="Lambrichts, Ivo" uniqKey="Lambrichts I" first="Ivo" last="Lambrichts">Ivo Lambrichts</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Group of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University</institution>, Diepenbeek,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Hai Yang" sort="Yu, Hai Yang" uniqKey="Yu H" first="Hai-Yang" last="Yu">Hai-Yang Yu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University</institution>, Chengdu,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Politis, Constantinus" sort="Politis, Constantinus" uniqKey="Politis C" first="Constantinus" last="Politis">Constantinus Politis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven</institution>, Leuven,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, Reinhilde" sort="Jacobs, Reinhilde" uniqKey="Jacobs R" first="Reinhilde" last="Jacobs">Reinhilde Jacobs</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven</institution>, Leuven,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28282030</idno><idno type="pmc">5379164</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5379164</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5379164</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ijos.2017.1</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000849</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000849</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000849</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000849</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000108</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000108</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">006E65</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Platelet-rich plasma for regeneration of neural feedback pathways around dental implants: a concise review and outlook on future possibilities</title><author><name sortKey="Huang, Yan" sort="Huang, Yan" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yan" last="Huang">Yan Huang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven</institution>, Leuven,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University</institution>, Chengdu,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bornstein, Michael M" sort="Bornstein, Michael M" uniqKey="Bornstein M" first="Michael M" last="Bornstein">Michael M. Bornstein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven</institution>, Leuven,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Section of Dental Radiology and Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, University of Bern</institution>, Bern,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital</institution>, Hong Kong,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lambrichts, Ivo" sort="Lambrichts, Ivo" uniqKey="Lambrichts I" first="Ivo" last="Lambrichts">Ivo Lambrichts</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Group of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University</institution>, Diepenbeek,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Hai Yang" sort="Yu, Hai Yang" uniqKey="Yu H" first="Hai-Yang" last="Yu">Hai-Yang Yu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University</institution>, Chengdu,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Politis, Constantinus" sort="Politis, Constantinus" uniqKey="Politis C" first="Constantinus" last="Politis">Constantinus Politis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven</institution>, Leuven,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, Reinhilde" sort="Jacobs, Reinhilde" uniqKey="Jacobs R" first="Reinhilde" last="Jacobs">Reinhilde Jacobs</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven</institution>, Leuven,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Oral Science</title><idno type="ISSN">1674-2818</idno><idno type="eISSN">2049-3169</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Along with the development of new materials, advanced medical imaging and surgical techniques, osseointegrated dental implants are considered a successful and constantly evolving treatment modality for the replacement of missing teeth in patients with complete or partial edentulism. The importance of restoring the peripheral neural feedback pathway and thus repairing the lack of periodontal mechanoreceptors after tooth extraction has been highlighted in the literature. Nevertheless, regenerating the nerve fibers and reconstructing the neural feedback pathways around osseointegrated implants remain a challenge. Recent studies have provided evidence that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy is a promising treatment for musculoskeletal injuries. Because of its high biological safety, convenience and usability, PRP therapy has gradually gained popularity in the clinical field. Although much remains to be learned, the growth factors from PRP might play key roles in peripheral nerve repair mechanisms. This review presents known growth factors contributing to the biological efficacy of PRP and illustrates basic and (pre-)clinical evidence regarding the use of PRP and its relevant products in peripheral nerve regeneration. In addition, the potential of local application of PRP for structural and functional recovery of injured peripheral nerves around dental implants is discussed.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Oral Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1674-2818</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2049-3169</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28282030</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5379164</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">ijos20171</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ijos.2017.1</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Platelet-rich plasma for regeneration of neural feedback pathways around dental implants: a concise review and outlook on future possibilities</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running">PRP for regeneration of neural feedback pathways</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Yan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bornstein</surname><given-names>Michael M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lambrichts</surname><given-names>Ivo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Hai-Yang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="caf1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Politis</surname><given-names>Constantinus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jacobs</surname><given-names>Reinhilde</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="caf2">*</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven</institution>, Leuven,<country>Belgium</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University</institution>, Chengdu,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution>Section of Dental Radiology and Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, University of Bern</institution>, Bern,<country>Switzerland</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><institution>Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital</institution>, Hong Kong,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><institution>Group of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University</institution>, Diepenbeek,<country>Belgium</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="caf1"><label>*</label><institution>State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University</institution>, Chengdu 610041, <country>China</country> E-mail: <email>yhyang6812@foxmail.com</email></corresp><corresp id="caf2"><label>*</label><institution>OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven</institution>, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, <country>Belgium</country> E-mail: <email>reinhilde.jacobs@kuleuven.be</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>03</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><history><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Along with the development of new materials, advanced medical imaging and surgical techniques, osseointegrated dental implants are considered a successful and constantly evolving treatment modality for the replacement of missing teeth in patients with complete or partial edentulism. The importance of restoring the peripheral neural feedback pathway and thus repairing the lack of periodontal mechanoreceptors after tooth extraction has been highlighted in the literature. Nevertheless, regenerating the nerve fibers and reconstructing the neural feedback pathways around osseointegrated implants remain a challenge. Recent studies have provided evidence that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy is a promising treatment for musculoskeletal injuries. Because of its high biological safety, convenience and usability, PRP therapy has gradually gained popularity in the clinical field. Although much remains to be learned, the growth factors from PRP might play key roles in peripheral nerve repair mechanisms. This review presents known growth factors contributing to the biological efficacy of PRP and illustrates basic and (pre-)clinical evidence regarding the use of PRP and its relevant products in peripheral nerve regeneration. In addition, the potential of local application of PRP for structural and functional recovery of injured peripheral nerves around dental implants is discussed.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>neural regeneration</kwd><kwd>osseoperception</kwd><kwd>peripheral nerve degeneration</kwd><kwd>peri-implant sensory feedback</kwd><kwd>platelet-rich plasma</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>Light micrograph showing the histomorphological appearance of tissue regeneration in the anterior maxilla at 3 months after extraction and autologous L-PRF application before the placement of the dental implant</bold>. In (<bold>a</bold>) and (<bold>b</bold>), L-PRF (indicated by *) and fibrovascular tissue are surrounded by newly generated bone tissue (NB) with empty osseous lacunae (indicated by arrowheads). (<bold>c</bold>) A group of regenerated nerve axons (indicated by arrows) in the connective tissue next to the newly generated bone area. (<bold>d</bold>) A magnification of the selected box region in (<bold>c</bold>) shows the morphometric details of myelinated nerve fibers. Scale bars, 100 μm (<bold>a</bold>); 50 μm (<bold>b</bold>, <bold>c</bold>); and 10 μm (<bold>d</bold>). Hematoxylin and eosin staining, courtesy of Ms Ana Castro Sarda and Ms Sanne Deprez, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven. BV, blood vessel; CT, connective tissue; G, gingiva; L-PRF, leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin; Ob, osteoblast.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos20171f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>Schematic regeneration model of the potential neural feedback pathways around dental implants enhanced by PRP injection</bold>. (<bold>a</bold>) In the cranio-maxillofacial region, the extraction of teeth causes acute damage, known as Wallerian degeneration, to the peripheral axons (mainly from branches of the trigeminal nerve). The injection of PRP into the local sites of tooth loss may help the regeneration of peri-implant nerve tissues. (<bold>b</bold>) Activated PRP initially releases a group of growth factors (see <xref rid="tbl1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> for a detailed explanation of their function and roles) into the peri-implant area, which could bind to individual receptors and then activate their molecular pathways. In addition, these growth factors could work synergistically to trigger repair mechanism in a more complex way. (<bold>c</bold>) The functioning of signaling molecules in nerve cells leads to a series of regeneration of neural structures in the region of the implants, which could be clinically characterized by restoration of simple function around dental implants, for example, thermal and nociceptive sensation. (<bold>d</bold>) As a consequence of nerve regrowth and reinnervation, the cortical adaptive processes of the feedback pathway are expected to exhibit improved physiological and psychological integration of dental implants. bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos20171f2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tbl1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Current classification of platelet concentrated materials and their key characteristics in clinic application</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Classification</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Contents</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Pros</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cons</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Preparation</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Concentration of platelets and leukocytes</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">P-PRP</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Platelets with low-density fibrin network after activation, without leukocytes</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Liquid solution or as gel after activation can be injected or placed on wound</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Dissolves quickly like a fibrin glue</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Two-step centrifugation, with anticoagulant and blood activator</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Platelets:
500 × 10<sup>3</sup> μL<sup>−1</sup>; leukocytes: 0.2 × 10<sup>3</sup> μL<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">L-PRP</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Platelets with low-density fibrin network and leukocytes</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Liquid solution or as gel after activation can be injected or placed on wound</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Dissolves quickly like a fibrin glue</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Two-step centrifugation, with anticoagulant and blood activator</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Platelets: 500 × 10<sup>3</sup> μL<sup>−1</sup>; leukocytes: 20 × 10<sup>3</sup> μL<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">P-PRF</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Platelets with high-density fibrin network and without leukocytes</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Only exist as gel after activation</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Solid gel, cannot be injected</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Two-step centrifugation, with anticoagulant and blood activator</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Platelets:
400 × 10<sup>3</sup> μL<sup>−1</sup>; leukocytes: 100-600 μL<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">L-PRF</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Platelets and half of the leukocytes (mainly lymphocytes), with a high-density fibrin network</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Gel without anticoagulant; natural blood clot</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Solid gel, cannot be injected</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">One-step centrifugation, without anticoagulant or blood activator</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Platelets:
400 × 10<sup>4</sup> μL<sup>−1</sup>; leukocytes: 60 × 10<sup>3</sup> μL<sup>−1</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p>L-PRF, leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin; L-PRP, leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma; P-PRF, pure and platelet-rich fibrin; P-PRP, pure and platelet-rich plasma.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Summary of potential cytokines and growth factors from α-granules within platelet-rich plasma</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Growth factors</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Function</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mechanisms</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">References</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Stimulates endothelial chemotaxis and angiogenesis
Regulates mitogenic effects of other growth factors (nerve growth factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor, etc)
Induces undifferentiated mesenchymal cell proliferation
Stimulates neurite outgrowth and regulates differentiation of SCs
Inhibits macrophage and lymphocyte proliferation.</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Secrets into the local nerves by damaged neurons, invading macrophages and degenerated schwann cells (SCs) during Wallerian degeneration
Activates SCs and recruit macrophages to the injury site of distal nerve stumps</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Unsicker and Strelau<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib41">41</xref></sup>Gordon <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib42">42</xref></sup>Sulaiman and Dreesen<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib43">43</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Stimulates trophic activity on neurons
Induces SCs proliferation, differentiation and myelin formation
Mitogenetic for mesenchymal cells and osteoblasts.
Involved in the wound healing of hard and soft tissues and for central nervous system development
Stimulates hyaluronan and glycosaminoglycans (components of the extracellular matrix)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Acts on the factor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and the downstream PI3K and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways
Stimulates chemotaxis of neutrophils and macrophages to the injured sites and participates in tissue re-epithelialization and/or angiogenesis</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Graham <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib44">44</xref></sup>Yamazaki <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib45">45</xref></sup>Burnouf <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib46">46</xref></sup>Hellman <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib47">47</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Enhances angiogenesis and vessel permeability
Regulates cell proliferation and mediates antiapoptotic effect
Stimulates mitogenesis for endothelial cells
Promotes blood vessel growth, neurogenesis and neuroprotection</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Induces injury-related angiogenesis by connecting to endothelial transmembrane receptors identified as fms-like tyrosine kinase (FLT-1), fetal liver tyrosine kinase receptor (FLK-1) and neurophilin-1</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mackenzie and Ruhrberg<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib48">48</xref></sup>Hermann and Zechariah<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib49">49</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Initiates the formation of bud growth
Supports the forward extension of the nerve fibers
Suppresses apoptosis in motor, sensory and sympathetic neurons
Stimulates protein synthesis</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Via the PI3K pathway, induces SCs to synthesize of two fatty acids that initiates the process of myelination
Secreted in the vicinity of the injured nerve sites and its receptors are mainly expressed on axon, nerve terminals, SCs and motor neuron cell bodies, promoting early recovery of sensation</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Liang <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib50">50</xref></sup>Nagata <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib51">51</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Contributes to embryonic development, angiogenesis and wound healing
Facilitates neuroprotection and SCs regeneration</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">After peripheral nerve injury, bFGF and its high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor FGFR-3 are upregulated in sensory neurons and at the lesion site of the nerve, inducing angiogenesis and accelerates wound closure</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Grothe and Nikkhah<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib52">52</xref></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Belgique</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>Suisse</li></country></list><tree><country name="Belgique"><noRegion><name sortKey="Huang, Yan" sort="Huang, Yan" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yan" last="Huang">Yan Huang</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bornstein, Michael M" sort="Bornstein, Michael M" uniqKey="Bornstein M" first="Michael M" last="Bornstein">Michael M. Bornstein</name><name sortKey="Jacobs, Reinhilde" sort="Jacobs, Reinhilde" uniqKey="Jacobs R" first="Reinhilde" last="Jacobs">Reinhilde Jacobs</name><name sortKey="Lambrichts, Ivo" sort="Lambrichts, Ivo" uniqKey="Lambrichts I" first="Ivo" last="Lambrichts">Ivo Lambrichts</name><name sortKey="Politis, Constantinus" sort="Politis, Constantinus" uniqKey="Politis C" first="Constantinus" last="Politis">Constantinus Politis</name></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Huang, Yan" sort="Huang, Yan" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yan" last="Huang">Yan Huang</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bornstein, Michael M" sort="Bornstein, Michael M" uniqKey="Bornstein M" first="Michael M" last="Bornstein">Michael M. Bornstein</name><name sortKey="Yu, Hai Yang" sort="Yu, Hai Yang" uniqKey="Yu H" first="Hai-Yang" last="Yu">Hai-Yang Yu</name></country><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bornstein, Michael M" sort="Bornstein, Michael M" uniqKey="Bornstein M" first="Michael M" last="Bornstein">Michael M. Bornstein</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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