New insights into the lifestyle of Allosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) based on another specimen with multiple pathologies
Identifieur interne : 005B94 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 005B93; suivant : 005B95New insights into the lifestyle of Allosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) based on another specimen with multiple pathologies
Auteurs : Christian Foth [Allemagne, Suisse] ; Serjoscha W. Evers [Allemagne, Royaume-Uni] ; Ben Pabst [Suisse] ; Octávio Mateus [Portugal] ; Alexander Flisch [Suisse] ; Mike Patthey [Suisse] ; Oliver W. M. Rauhut [Allemagne]Source :
- PeerJ [ 2167-8359 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Adult large-bodied theropods are often found with numerous pathologies. A large, almost complete, probably adult
Url:
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.940
PubMed: 26020001
PubMed Central: 4435507
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Adult large-bodied theropods are often found with numerous pathologies. A large, almost complete, probably adult <italic>Allosaurus</italic>
specimen from the Howe Stephens Quarry, Morrison Formation (Late Kimmeridgian–Early Tithonian), Wyoming, exhibits multiple pathologies. Pathologic bones include the left dentary, two cervical vertebrae, one cervical and several dorsal ribs, the left scapula, the left humerus, the right ischium, and two left pedal phalanges. These pathologies can be classified as follows: the fifth cervical vertebra, the scapula, several ribs and the ischium are probably traumatic, and a callus on the shaft of the left pedal phalanx II-2 is probably traumatic-infectious. Traumatically fractured elements exposed to frequent movement (e.g., the scapula and the ribs) show a tendency to develop pseudarthroses instead of a callus. The pathologies in the lower jaw and a reduced extensor tubercle of the left pedal phalanx II-2 are most likely traumatic or developmental in origin. The pathologies on the fourth cervical are most likely developmental in origin or idiopathic, that on the left humerus could be traumatic, developmental, infectious or idiopathic, whereas the left pedal phalanx IV-1 is classified as idiopathic. With exception of the ischium, all as traumatic/traumatic-infectious classified pathologic elements show unambiguous evidences of healing, indicating that the respective pathologies did not cause the death of this individual. Alignment of the scapula and rib pathologies from the left side suggests that all may have been caused by a single traumatic event. The ischial fracture may have been fatal. The occurrence of multiple lesions interpreted as traumatic pathologies again underlines that large-bodied theropods experienced frequent injuries during life, indicating an active predatory lifestyle, and their survival perhaps supports a gregarious behavior for <italic>Allosaurus</italic>
. Alternatively, the frequent survival of traumatic events could be also related to the presence of non-endothermic metabolic rates that allow survival based on sporadic food consumption or scavenging behavior. Signs of pathologies consistent with infections are scarce and locally restricted, indicating a successful prevention of the spread of pathogens, as it is the case in extant reptiles (including birds).</p>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PeerJ</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PeerJ</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">PeerJ</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PeerJ</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PeerJ</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2167-8359</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>PeerJ Inc.</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26020001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4435507</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">940</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7717/peerj.940</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Animal Behavior</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Paleontology</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Veterinary Medicine</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Zoology</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Pathology</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>New insights into the lifestyle of <italic>Allosaurus</italic>
(Dinosauria: Theropoda) based on another specimen with multiple pathologies</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib id="author-1" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Foth</surname>
<given-names>Christian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3">3</xref>
<email>christian.foth@gmx.net</email>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Evers</surname>
<given-names>Serjoscha W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-3" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pabst</surname>
<given-names>Ben</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-4" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mateus</surname>
<given-names>Octávio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6">6</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-5" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Flisch</surname>
<given-names>Alexander</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-6" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patthey</surname>
<given-names>Mike</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-7" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rauhut</surname>
<given-names>Oliver W.M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff-1"><label>1</label>
<institution>SNBS, Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie</institution>
,<addr-line>München</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff-2"><label>2</label>
<institution>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität</institution>
,<addr-line>München</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff-3"><label>3</label>
<institution>Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg/Freiburg</institution>
,<addr-line>Fribourg</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff-4"><label>4</label>
<institution>Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff-5"><label>5</label>
<institution>Sauriermuseum Aathal</institution>
,<addr-line>Aathal-Seegräben</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff-6"><label>6</label>
<institution>CICEGe, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa</institution>
,<addr-line>Caparica</addr-line>
,<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff-7"><label>7</label>
<institution>Museu da Lourinhã</institution>
,<addr-line>Rua João Luis de Moura, Lourinhã</addr-line>
,<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff-8"><label>8</label>
<institution>Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology</institution>
,<addr-line>Center for X-ray Analytics, Düebendorf</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff-9"><label>9</label>
<institution>Vetsuisse Fakulty, Universität Zürich</institution>
,<addr-line>Zürich</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<contrib-group><contrib id="editor-1" contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Wedel</surname>
<given-names>Mathew</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2015-05-12"><day>12</day>
<month>5</month>
<year iso-8601-date="2015">2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<elocation-id>e940</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2015-02-04"><day>4</day>
<month>2</month>
<year iso-8601-date="2015">2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2015-04-16"><day>16</day>
<month>4</month>
<year iso-8601-date="2015">2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 Foth et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Foth et al.</copyright-holder>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://peerj.com/articles/940"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>Adult large-bodied theropods are often found with numerous pathologies. A large, almost complete, probably adult <italic>Allosaurus</italic>
specimen from the Howe Stephens Quarry, Morrison Formation (Late Kimmeridgian–Early Tithonian), Wyoming, exhibits multiple pathologies. Pathologic bones include the left dentary, two cervical vertebrae, one cervical and several dorsal ribs, the left scapula, the left humerus, the right ischium, and two left pedal phalanges. These pathologies can be classified as follows: the fifth cervical vertebra, the scapula, several ribs and the ischium are probably traumatic, and a callus on the shaft of the left pedal phalanx II-2 is probably traumatic-infectious. Traumatically fractured elements exposed to frequent movement (e.g., the scapula and the ribs) show a tendency to develop pseudarthroses instead of a callus. The pathologies in the lower jaw and a reduced extensor tubercle of the left pedal phalanx II-2 are most likely traumatic or developmental in origin. The pathologies on the fourth cervical are most likely developmental in origin or idiopathic, that on the left humerus could be traumatic, developmental, infectious or idiopathic, whereas the left pedal phalanx IV-1 is classified as idiopathic. With exception of the ischium, all as traumatic/traumatic-infectious classified pathologic elements show unambiguous evidences of healing, indicating that the respective pathologies did not cause the death of this individual. Alignment of the scapula and rib pathologies from the left side suggests that all may have been caused by a single traumatic event. The ischial fracture may have been fatal. The occurrence of multiple lesions interpreted as traumatic pathologies again underlines that large-bodied theropods experienced frequent injuries during life, indicating an active predatory lifestyle, and their survival perhaps supports a gregarious behavior for <italic>Allosaurus</italic>
. Alternatively, the frequent survival of traumatic events could be also related to the presence of non-endothermic metabolic rates that allow survival based on sporadic food consumption or scavenging behavior. Signs of pathologies consistent with infections are scarce and locally restricted, indicating a successful prevention of the spread of pathogens, as it is the case in extant reptiles (including birds).</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>Paleopathology</kwd>
<kwd>Gregarious behavior</kwd>
<kwd>Pseudarthrosis</kwd>
<kwd>Jurassic</kwd>
<kwd>Osteomyelitis</kwd>
<kwd>Archosauria</kwd>
<kwd>Theropoda</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group><award-group id="fund-1"><funding-source>Volkswagen Foundation</funding-source>
<award-id>I/84 640</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>This study was supported by the Volkswagen Foundation under grant I/84 640 (to Oliver W.M. Rauhut). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Portugal</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Suisse</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Foth, Christian" sort="Foth, Christian" uniqKey="Foth C" first="Christian" last="Foth">Christian Foth</name>
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<name sortKey="Evers, Serjoscha W" sort="Evers, Serjoscha W" uniqKey="Evers S" first="Serjoscha W." last="Evers">Serjoscha W. Evers</name>
<name sortKey="Foth, Christian" sort="Foth, Christian" uniqKey="Foth C" first="Christian" last="Foth">Christian Foth</name>
<name sortKey="Rauhut, Oliver W M" sort="Rauhut, Oliver W M" uniqKey="Rauhut O" first="Oliver W. M." last="Rauhut">Oliver W. M. Rauhut</name>
<name sortKey="Rauhut, Oliver W M" sort="Rauhut, Oliver W M" uniqKey="Rauhut O" first="Oliver W. M." last="Rauhut">Oliver W. M. Rauhut</name>
</country>
<country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Foth, Christian" sort="Foth, Christian" uniqKey="Foth C" first="Christian" last="Foth">Christian Foth</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Flisch, Alexander" sort="Flisch, Alexander" uniqKey="Flisch A" first="Alexander" last="Flisch">Alexander Flisch</name>
<name sortKey="Pabst, Ben" sort="Pabst, Ben" uniqKey="Pabst B" first="Ben" last="Pabst">Ben Pabst</name>
<name sortKey="Patthey, Mike" sort="Patthey, Mike" uniqKey="Patthey M" first="Mike" last="Patthey">Mike Patthey</name>
</country>
<country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Evers, Serjoscha W" sort="Evers, Serjoscha W" uniqKey="Evers S" first="Serjoscha W." last="Evers">Serjoscha W. Evers</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mateus, Octavio" sort="Mateus, Octavio" uniqKey="Mateus O" first="Octávio" last="Mateus">Octávio Mateus</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Mateus, Octavio" sort="Mateus, Octavio" uniqKey="Mateus O" first="Octávio" last="Mateus">Octávio Mateus</name>
</country>
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</affiliations>
</record>
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