Influence of acrylamide monomer addition to the acrylic denture-base resins on mechanical and physical properties
Identifieur interne : 004981 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 004980; suivant : 004982Influence of acrylamide monomer addition to the acrylic denture-base resins on mechanical and physical properties
Auteurs : Elif Aydogan Ayaz ; Rukiye DurkanSource :
- International Journal of Oral Science [ 1674-2818 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding acrylamide monomer (AAm) on the characterization, flexural strength, flexural modulus and thermal degradation temperature of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture-base resins. Specimens (
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DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2013.69
PubMed: 24030556
PubMed Central: 3967316
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Influence of acrylamide monomer addition to the acrylic denture-base resins on mechanical and physical properties</title><author><name sortKey="Aydogan Ayaz, Elif" sort="Aydogan Ayaz, Elif" uniqKey="Aydogan Ayaz E" first="Elif" last="Aydogan Ayaz">Elif Aydogan Ayaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Durkan, Rukiye" sort="Durkan, Rukiye" uniqKey="Durkan R" first="Rukiye" last="Durkan">Rukiye Durkan</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24030556</idno><idno type="pmc">3967316</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3967316</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3967316</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ijos.2013.69</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000070</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000070</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000070</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000070</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001957</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001957</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">004981</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Influence of acrylamide monomer addition to the acrylic denture-base resins on mechanical and physical properties</title><author><name sortKey="Aydogan Ayaz, Elif" sort="Aydogan Ayaz, Elif" uniqKey="Aydogan Ayaz E" first="Elif" last="Aydogan Ayaz">Elif Aydogan Ayaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Durkan, Rukiye" sort="Durkan, Rukiye" uniqKey="Durkan R" first="Rukiye" last="Durkan">Rukiye Durkan</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Oral Science</title><idno type="ISSN">1674-2818</idno><idno type="eISSN">2049-3169</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding acrylamide monomer (AAm) on the characterization, flexural strength, flexural modulus and thermal degradation temperature of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture-base resins. Specimens (<italic>n</italic>=10) were fabricated from a conventional heat-activated QC-20 (Qc-) and a microwave heat-activated Acron MC (Ac-) PMMA resins. Powder/liquid ratio followed the manufacturer's instructions for the control groups (Qc-c and Ac-c) and for the copolymer groups, the resins were prepared with 5% (−5), 10% (−10), 15% (−15) and 20% (−20) acrylamide contents, according to the molecular weight ratio, respectively. The flexural strength and flexural modulus were measured by a three-point bending test. The data obtained were statistically analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test (<italic>α</italic>=0.05) to determine significant differences between the groups. The chemical structures of the resins were characterized by the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Thermal stabilities were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with a heating rate of 10 °C⋅min<sup>−1</sup> from 35 °C to 600 °C. Control groups from both acrylic resins showed the lowest flexural strength values. Qc-15 showed significant increase in the flexural strength when compared to Qc-c (<italic>P</italic><0.01). Ac-10 and Ac-15 showed significance when compared to Ac-c (<italic>P</italic><0.01). Acrylamide incorporation increased the elastic modulus in Qc-10, Qc-15 and Qc-20 when compared to Qc-c (<italic>P</italic><0.01). Also significant increase was observed in Ac-10, Ac-15 and Ac-20 copolymer groups when compared to Ac-c (<italic>P</italic><0.01). According to the <sup>1</sup>H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results, acrylamide copolymerization was confirmed in the experimental groups. TGA results showed that the thermal stability of PMMA is increased by the insertion of AAm.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Craig, Rg" uniqKey="Craig R">RG Craig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peyton, Fa" uniqKey="Peyton F">FA Peyton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccord, Jf" uniqKey="Mccord J">JF McCord</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ping Chaing, Bk" uniqKey="Ping Chaing B">BK Ping-Chaing</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nishii, M" uniqKey="Nishii M">M Nishii</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jagger, Dc" uniqKey="Jagger D">DC Jagger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, A" uniqKey="Harrison A">A Harrison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jandt, K" uniqKey="Jandt K">K 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Oral Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1674-2818</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2049-3169</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24030556</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3967316</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">ijos201369</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ijos.2013.69</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Influence of acrylamide monomer addition to the acrylic denture-base resins on mechanical and physical properties</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running">Acrylamide addition to denture base resins</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aydogan Ayaz</surname><given-names>Elif</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Durkan</surname><given-names>Rukiye</given-names></name></contrib><aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University</institution>, Trabzon,<country>Turkey</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="caf1"><label>*</label><institution>Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University</institution>, Kanuni Kampusu, Kalkınma mah, Trabzon 61080, <country>Turkey</country>. E-mail: <email>aydelif@hotmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>09</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>229</fpage><lpage>235</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 West China School of Stomatology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>West China School of Stomatology</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding acrylamide monomer (AAm) on the characterization, flexural strength, flexural modulus and thermal degradation temperature of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture-base resins. Specimens (<italic>n</italic>=10) were fabricated from a conventional heat-activated QC-20 (Qc-) and a microwave heat-activated Acron MC (Ac-) PMMA resins. Powder/liquid ratio followed the manufacturer's instructions for the control groups (Qc-c and Ac-c) and for the copolymer groups, the resins were prepared with 5% (−5), 10% (−10), 15% (−15) and 20% (−20) acrylamide contents, according to the molecular weight ratio, respectively. The flexural strength and flexural modulus were measured by a three-point bending test. The data obtained were statistically analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test (<italic>α</italic>=0.05) to determine significant differences between the groups. The chemical structures of the resins were characterized by the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Thermal stabilities were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with a heating rate of 10 °C⋅min<sup>−1</sup> from 35 °C to 600 °C. Control groups from both acrylic resins showed the lowest flexural strength values. Qc-15 showed significant increase in the flexural strength when compared to Qc-c (<italic>P</italic><0.01). Ac-10 and Ac-15 showed significance when compared to Ac-c (<italic>P</italic><0.01). Acrylamide incorporation increased the elastic modulus in Qc-10, Qc-15 and Qc-20 when compared to Qc-c (<italic>P</italic><0.01). Also significant increase was observed in Ac-10, Ac-15 and Ac-20 copolymer groups when compared to Ac-c (<italic>P</italic><0.01). According to the <sup>1</sup>H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results, acrylamide copolymerization was confirmed in the experimental groups. TGA results showed that the thermal stability of PMMA is increased by the insertion of AAm.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>acrylamide</kwd><kwd>denture resin</kwd><kwd>nuclear magnetic resonance</kwd><kwd>poly(methyl methacrylate)</kwd><kwd>thermogravimetric analysis</kwd><kwd>three-point bending test</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>H-NMR spectra of QC control and QC-AAm copolymers.</bold> AAm, acrylamide monomer; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201369f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>H-NMR spectra of AC control and AC-AAm copolymers.</bold> AAm, acrylamide monomer; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201369f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><bold>TGA thermogram of QC control and QC-AAm copolymers.</bold> AAm, acrylamide monomer; TGA, thermogravimetric analysis.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201369f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p><bold>TGA thermogram of AC control and AC-AAm copolymers.</bold> AAm, acrylamide monomer; TGA, thermogravimetric analysis.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijos201369f4"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tbl1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Composition and manufacturers of the materials used in this study</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Material</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Manufacturer</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Chemical composition</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Polymerization procedure</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">QC-20</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dentsply Ltd., Addlestone, UK</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Methyl methacrylate (methyl-n-butyl) copolymer, ethylene glycole dimethacrylate, benzoile peroxide, N,N-dimethyl p-toludine, hydroquinone</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">60 °C for 30 min followed by 130 °C for 20-min heat polymerization</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Acron MC</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GC Lab Technologies Inc., Alsip, Japan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Methyl methacrylate, ethylacrylate copolymer, benzoyl peroxide, N-dimethyl p-toludine, hydroquinone</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">500 W 3-min microwave polymerization</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Acrylamide</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Merck, Hohenbrunn, Germany</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Acrylamide monomer</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">–</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Group codes of control and copolymer resin specimens</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Control groups</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Copolymer groups</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5% copolymer</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10% copolymer</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">15% copolymer</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">20% copolymer</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">QC-20 (QC-c)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Qc-5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Qc-10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Qc-15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Qc-20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Acron MC (Ac-c)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Ac-5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Ac-10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Ac-15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Ac-20</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Means and standard deviations of transverse strength of the control and copolymer groups/MPa</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Test groups</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Acrylic resins</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">QC-20</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Acron MC</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Control (100% PMMA)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">106.05±7.68</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">98.07±2.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">5% copolymer (5% AAm+95% PMMA)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">109.42±6.83</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">99.11±3.54</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">10% copolymer (10% AAm+90% PMMA)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">108.95±4.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">106.61±1.95*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">15% copolymer (15% AAm+85% PMMA)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">114.56±3.05*</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">111.76±4.60*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">20% copolymer (20% AAm+80% PMMA)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">106.91±6.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">100.42±4.21</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbfnote1"><p>AAm, acrylamide monomer; PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate).</p></fn><fn id="tbfnote2"><p>*Symbol indicates significant differences between control and copolymer groups in each column (<italic>P</italic><0.01).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Means and standard deviations of elastic modulus of the control and copolymer groups/GPa</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Test groups</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Acrylic resins</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">QC-20</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Acron MC</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Control (100% PMMA)</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">2.07±0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">2.07±0.19</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">5% copolymer (5% AAm+95% PMMA)</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">2.37±0.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">2.40±0.27</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">10% copolymer (10% AAm+90% PMMA)</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">2.99±0.08*</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">2.91±0.29*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">15% copolymer (15% AAm+85% PMMA)</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">3.59±0.21*</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">3.55±0.18*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">20% copolymer (20% AAm+80% PMMA)</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">3.30±0.14*</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">2.86±0.20*</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbfnote1a"><p>AAm, acrylamide monomer; PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate).</p></fn><fn id="tbfnote2a"><p>*Symbol indicates significant differences between control and copolymer groups in each column (<italic>P</italic><0.01).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Aydogan Ayaz, Elif" sort="Aydogan Ayaz, Elif" uniqKey="Aydogan Ayaz E" first="Elif" last="Aydogan Ayaz">Elif Aydogan Ayaz</name><name sortKey="Durkan, Rukiye" sort="Durkan, Rukiye" uniqKey="Durkan R" first="Rukiye" last="Durkan">Rukiye 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