Computer-generated study of the correlation between tooth, face, arch forms, and palatal contour
Identifieur interne : 009979 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 009978; suivant : 009980Computer-generated study of the correlation between tooth, face, arch forms, and palatal contour
Auteurs : P. N. Sellen [Royaume-Uni] ; D. C. Jagger [Royaume-Uni] ; A. Harrison [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry [ 0022-3913 ] ; 1998.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte, Alginates, Arcade dentaire (anatomie et histologie), Conception de prothèse dentaire, Dent (anatomie et histologie), Dent artificielle, Dentisterie esthétique, Face (anatomie et histologie), Femelle, Humains, Incisive (anatomie et histologie), Logiciel, Matériaux empreinte dentaire, Maxillaire, Modèles dentaires, Mâchoire édentée (rééducation et réadaptation), Mâle, Palais (anatomie et histologie), Prise de décision assistée par ordinateur, Reproductibilité des résultats, Technique de prise d'empreinte (instrumentation), Traitement d'image par ordinateur.
- MESH :
- anatomie et histologie : Arcade dentaire, Dent, Face, Incisive, Palais.
- rééducation et réadaptation : Mâchoire édentée.
- Adulte, Alginates, Conception de prothèse dentaire, Dent artificielle, Dentisterie esthétique, Femelle, Humains, Logiciel, Matériaux empreinte dentaire, Maxillaire, Modèles dentaires, Mâle, Prise de décision assistée par ordinateur, Reproductibilité des résultats, Technique de prise d'empreinte, Traitement d'image par ordinateur.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult, Alginates, Anterior arch curvature, Anterior teeth, Anterior tooth selection, Arch form, Arch forms, Artificial teeth, Artificial tooth, Artificial tooth selection, Central incisor, Central incisors, Cervical margin, Common application, Complete denture esthetics, Complete dentures, Comprehensive computer program, Computer program, Decision Making, Computer-Assisted, Dent, Dent assoc, Dent clin, Dental Arch (anatomy & histology), Dental Impression Materials, Dental Impression Technique (instrumentation), Dental Models, Dental Prosthesis Design, Dental arch, Dental cosmos, Dental science, Dental students, Dentistry, Dentogenic restorations, Denture, Denture esthetics, Dissimilar category, Distal contours, Edentulous patient, Esthetic factors, Esthetic triangle, Esthetics, Esthetics, Dental, Face (anatomy & histology), Face form, Face forms, Face shape, Female, Geometric theory, Highest correspondence, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Incisal edge, Incisor, Incisor (anatomy & histology), Insignificant correlation, Irreversible hydrocolloid impression material, Jagger, Jaw, Edentulous (rehabilitation), Lowest level, Male, Maxilla, Maxillary, Maxillary dentition, Natural dentition, Numerous methods, Oral rehabil, Outline form, Outline forms, Outline superimposition, Outline tracings, Ovoid classes, Palatal, Palatal contour, Palatal contours, Palate (anatomy & histology), Pixels width, Prosthet, Prosthet dent, Prosthetic, Prosthetic dentistry, Prosthetic dentistry sellen, Reproducibility of Results, Restorative dentistry, Sample group, Screen buttons, Several factors, Similar category, Soft tissue, Software, Superimposition, Temperamental theory, Tooth (anatomy & histology), Tooth arrangement, Tooth form, Tooth neck, Tooth shape, Tooth, Artificial.
- MESH :
- chemical : Alginates, Dental Impression Materials.
- anatomy & histology : Dental Arch, Face, Incisor, Palate, Tooth.
- instrumentation : Dental Impression Technique.
- rehabilitation : Jaw, Edentulous.
- Teeft :
- Adult, Anterior arch curvature, Anterior teeth, Anterior tooth selection, Arch form, Arch forms, Artificial teeth, Artificial tooth, Artificial tooth selection, Central incisor, Central incisors, Cervical margin, Common application, Complete denture esthetics, Complete dentures, Comprehensive computer program, Computer program, Decision Making, Computer-Assisted, Dent, Dent assoc, Dent clin, Dental Models, Dental Prosthesis Design, Dental arch, Dental cosmos, Dental science, Dental students, Dentistry, Dentogenic restorations, Denture, Denture esthetics, Dissimilar category, Distal contours, Edentulous patient, Esthetic factors, Esthetic triangle, Esthetics, Esthetics, Dental, Face form, Face forms, Face shape, Female, Geometric theory, Highest correspondence, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Incisal edge, Incisor, Insignificant correlation, Irreversible hydrocolloid impression material, Jagger, Lowest level, Male, Maxilla, Maxillary, Maxillary dentition, Natural dentition, Numerous methods, Oral rehabil, Outline form, Outline forms, Outline superimposition, Outline tracings, Ovoid classes, Palatal, Palatal contour, Palatal contours, Pixels width, Prosthet, Prosthet dent, Prosthetic, Prosthetic dentistry, Prosthetic dentistry sellen, Reproducibility of Results, Restorative dentistry, Sample group, Screen buttons, Several factors, Similar category, Soft tissue, Software, Superimposition, Temperamental theory, Tooth arrangement, Tooth form, Tooth neck, Tooth shape, Tooth, Artificial.
Abstract
Abstract: Statement of problem. Several factors have been suggested as aids for artificial tooth selection. Numerous methods have been devised for the evaluation of reliable esthetic factors in determining artificial tooth form. There is no universally accepted single esthetic factor that can be used reliably to aid artificial tooth selection. Purpose. This article describes a new method incorporating a computer program to analyze four esthetic factors: form of the face, arch form, palatal contour, tooth shape, and to determine whether there was correlation between tooth, face, and arch forms and palatal contour. Material and method. Impressions were made of the maxillary dentition of 50 dentate undergraduate dental students with irreversible hydrocolloid impression material and casts formed. A standardized photographic procedure was used to record portrait slides of each subject’s face and of maxillary dental arches and central incisors made from dental casts. A comprehensive computer program was developed to correlate esthetic factors by superimposition. Results. Superimposing outline form between face, tooth, and arch showed that for tooth to face form nearly half the comparisons were dissimilar and only 22% corresponded. This is the lowest level of correspondence in this group. Highest correspondence (28%) occurred between arch to face form, followed by arch to tooth form (24%). Arch to tooth showed the lowest level of dissimilarity (32%). For correlation among the four factors across the sample group based on a comparison of classifications in each subject, men tended to dominate tapering classes, whereas women dominated square and ovoid classes. Conclusion. Correspondence of outline forms through superimposition revealed an insignificant correlation between face, tooth, and arch forms. Although this method applies high technology, it does not improve the accuracy of determining shape and size of teeth in an edentulous patient. The cost and complexity of the method of measurement may also make it impractical for common application. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:163-8.)
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3913(98)70105-2
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Istex, to step Corpus: 002E64
- to stream Istex, to step Curation: 002E64
- to stream Istex, to step Checkpoint: 004640
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 009E47
- to stream PubMed, to step Corpus: 003A97
- to stream PubMed, to step Curation: 003A97
- to stream PubMed, to step Checkpoint: 003A97
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 009D57
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 009D57
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 009D57
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 009C03
- to stream Main, to step Curation: 009979
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Computer-generated study of the correlation between tooth, face, arch forms, and palatal contour</title>
<author><name sortKey="Sellen, P N" sort="Sellen, P N" uniqKey="Sellen P" first="P. N." last="Sellen">P. N. Sellen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jagger, D C" sort="Jagger, D C" uniqKey="Jagger D" first="D. C." last="Jagger">D. C. Jagger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harrison, A" sort="Harrison, A" uniqKey="Harrison A" first="A." last="Harrison">A. Harrison</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno>
<idno type="RBID">ISTEX:5F0B03AE599BC136FB08EB1C4A1ACE8264D6BC12</idno>
<date when="1998" year="1998">1998</date>
<idno type="doi">10.1016/S0022-3913(98)70105-2</idno>
<idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/5F0B03AE599BC136FB08EB1C4A1ACE8264D6BC12/fulltext/pdf</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">002E64</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">002E64</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">002E64</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Checkpoint">004640</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Checkpoint">004640</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0022-3913:1998:Sellen P:computer:generated:study</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">009E47</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:9710817</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">003A97</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003A97</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">003A97</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">003A97</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">003A97</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">003A97</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">009D57</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">009D57</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">009D57</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0022-3913:1998:Sellen P:computer:generated:study</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">009C03</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">009979</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">009979</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Computer-generated study of the correlation between tooth, face, arch forms, and palatal contour</title>
<author><name sortKey="Sellen, P N" sort="Sellen, P N" uniqKey="Sellen P" first="P. N." last="Sellen">P. N. Sellen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bristol Dental School and Hospital, Bristol</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bristol</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jagger, D C" sort="Jagger, D C" uniqKey="Jagger D" first="D. C." last="Jagger">D. C. Jagger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bristol Dental School and Hospital, Bristol</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bristol</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harrison, A" sort="Harrison, A" uniqKey="Harrison A" first="A." last="Harrison">A. Harrison</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bristol Dental School and Hospital, Bristol</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bristol</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series><title level="j">The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry</title>
<title level="j" type="abbrev">YMPR</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-3913</idno>
<imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher>
<date type="published" when="1998">1998</date>
<biblScope unit="volume">80</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="163">163</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="168">168</biblScope>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-3913</idno>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0022-3913</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term>
<term>Alginates</term>
<term>Anterior arch curvature</term>
<term>Anterior teeth</term>
<term>Anterior tooth selection</term>
<term>Arch form</term>
<term>Arch forms</term>
<term>Artificial teeth</term>
<term>Artificial tooth</term>
<term>Artificial tooth selection</term>
<term>Central incisor</term>
<term>Central incisors</term>
<term>Cervical margin</term>
<term>Common application</term>
<term>Complete denture esthetics</term>
<term>Complete dentures</term>
<term>Comprehensive computer program</term>
<term>Computer program</term>
<term>Decision Making, Computer-Assisted</term>
<term>Dent</term>
<term>Dent assoc</term>
<term>Dent clin</term>
<term>Dental Arch (anatomy & histology)</term>
<term>Dental Impression Materials</term>
<term>Dental Impression Technique (instrumentation)</term>
<term>Dental Models</term>
<term>Dental Prosthesis Design</term>
<term>Dental arch</term>
<term>Dental cosmos</term>
<term>Dental science</term>
<term>Dental students</term>
<term>Dentistry</term>
<term>Dentogenic restorations</term>
<term>Denture</term>
<term>Denture esthetics</term>
<term>Dissimilar category</term>
<term>Distal contours</term>
<term>Edentulous patient</term>
<term>Esthetic factors</term>
<term>Esthetic triangle</term>
<term>Esthetics</term>
<term>Esthetics, Dental</term>
<term>Face (anatomy & histology)</term>
<term>Face form</term>
<term>Face forms</term>
<term>Face shape</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Geometric theory</term>
<term>Highest correspondence</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</term>
<term>Incisal edge</term>
<term>Incisor</term>
<term>Incisor (anatomy & histology)</term>
<term>Insignificant correlation</term>
<term>Irreversible hydrocolloid impression material</term>
<term>Jagger</term>
<term>Jaw, Edentulous (rehabilitation)</term>
<term>Lowest level</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Maxilla</term>
<term>Maxillary</term>
<term>Maxillary dentition</term>
<term>Natural dentition</term>
<term>Numerous methods</term>
<term>Oral rehabil</term>
<term>Outline form</term>
<term>Outline forms</term>
<term>Outline superimposition</term>
<term>Outline tracings</term>
<term>Ovoid classes</term>
<term>Palatal</term>
<term>Palatal contour</term>
<term>Palatal contours</term>
<term>Palate (anatomy & histology)</term>
<term>Pixels width</term>
<term>Prosthet</term>
<term>Prosthet dent</term>
<term>Prosthetic</term>
<term>Prosthetic dentistry</term>
<term>Prosthetic dentistry sellen</term>
<term>Reproducibility of Results</term>
<term>Restorative dentistry</term>
<term>Sample group</term>
<term>Screen buttons</term>
<term>Several factors</term>
<term>Similar category</term>
<term>Soft tissue</term>
<term>Software</term>
<term>Superimposition</term>
<term>Temperamental theory</term>
<term>Tooth (anatomy & histology)</term>
<term>Tooth arrangement</term>
<term>Tooth form</term>
<term>Tooth neck</term>
<term>Tooth shape</term>
<term>Tooth, Artificial</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term>
<term>Alginates</term>
<term>Arcade dentaire (anatomie et histologie)</term>
<term>Conception de prothèse dentaire</term>
<term>Dent (anatomie et histologie)</term>
<term>Dent artificielle</term>
<term>Dentisterie esthétique</term>
<term>Face (anatomie et histologie)</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Incisive (anatomie et histologie)</term>
<term>Logiciel</term>
<term>Matériaux empreinte dentaire</term>
<term>Maxillaire</term>
<term>Modèles dentaires</term>
<term>Mâchoire édentée (rééducation et réadaptation)</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Palais (anatomie et histologie)</term>
<term>Prise de décision assistée par ordinateur</term>
<term>Reproductibilité des résultats</term>
<term>Technique de prise d'empreinte (instrumentation)</term>
<term>Traitement d'image par ordinateur</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Alginates</term>
<term>Dental Impression Materials</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomie et histologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Arcade dentaire</term>
<term>Dent</term>
<term>Face</term>
<term>Incisive</term>
<term>Palais</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomy & histology" xml:lang="en"><term>Dental Arch</term>
<term>Face</term>
<term>Incisor</term>
<term>Palate</term>
<term>Tooth</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="instrumentation" xml:lang="en"><term>Dental Impression Technique</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="rehabilitation" xml:lang="en"><term>Jaw, Edentulous</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="rééducation et réadaptation" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mâchoire édentée</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term>
<term>Anterior arch curvature</term>
<term>Anterior teeth</term>
<term>Anterior tooth selection</term>
<term>Arch form</term>
<term>Arch forms</term>
<term>Artificial teeth</term>
<term>Artificial tooth</term>
<term>Artificial tooth selection</term>
<term>Central incisor</term>
<term>Central incisors</term>
<term>Cervical margin</term>
<term>Common application</term>
<term>Complete denture esthetics</term>
<term>Complete dentures</term>
<term>Comprehensive computer program</term>
<term>Computer program</term>
<term>Decision Making, Computer-Assisted</term>
<term>Dent</term>
<term>Dent assoc</term>
<term>Dent clin</term>
<term>Dental Models</term>
<term>Dental Prosthesis Design</term>
<term>Dental arch</term>
<term>Dental cosmos</term>
<term>Dental science</term>
<term>Dental students</term>
<term>Dentistry</term>
<term>Dentogenic restorations</term>
<term>Denture</term>
<term>Denture esthetics</term>
<term>Dissimilar category</term>
<term>Distal contours</term>
<term>Edentulous patient</term>
<term>Esthetic factors</term>
<term>Esthetic triangle</term>
<term>Esthetics</term>
<term>Esthetics, Dental</term>
<term>Face form</term>
<term>Face forms</term>
<term>Face shape</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Geometric theory</term>
<term>Highest correspondence</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</term>
<term>Incisal edge</term>
<term>Incisor</term>
<term>Insignificant correlation</term>
<term>Irreversible hydrocolloid impression material</term>
<term>Jagger</term>
<term>Lowest level</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Maxilla</term>
<term>Maxillary</term>
<term>Maxillary dentition</term>
<term>Natural dentition</term>
<term>Numerous methods</term>
<term>Oral rehabil</term>
<term>Outline form</term>
<term>Outline forms</term>
<term>Outline superimposition</term>
<term>Outline tracings</term>
<term>Ovoid classes</term>
<term>Palatal</term>
<term>Palatal contour</term>
<term>Palatal contours</term>
<term>Pixels width</term>
<term>Prosthet</term>
<term>Prosthet dent</term>
<term>Prosthetic</term>
<term>Prosthetic dentistry</term>
<term>Prosthetic dentistry sellen</term>
<term>Reproducibility of Results</term>
<term>Restorative dentistry</term>
<term>Sample group</term>
<term>Screen buttons</term>
<term>Several factors</term>
<term>Similar category</term>
<term>Soft tissue</term>
<term>Software</term>
<term>Superimposition</term>
<term>Temperamental theory</term>
<term>Tooth arrangement</term>
<term>Tooth form</term>
<term>Tooth neck</term>
<term>Tooth shape</term>
<term>Tooth, Artificial</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term>
<term>Alginates</term>
<term>Conception de prothèse dentaire</term>
<term>Dent artificielle</term>
<term>Dentisterie esthétique</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Logiciel</term>
<term>Matériaux empreinte dentaire</term>
<term>Maxillaire</term>
<term>Modèles dentaires</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Prise de décision assistée par ordinateur</term>
<term>Reproductibilité des résultats</term>
<term>Technique de prise d'empreinte</term>
<term>Traitement d'image par ordinateur</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
<langUsage><language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: Statement of problem. Several factors have been suggested as aids for artificial tooth selection. Numerous methods have been devised for the evaluation of reliable esthetic factors in determining artificial tooth form. There is no universally accepted single esthetic factor that can be used reliably to aid artificial tooth selection. Purpose. This article describes a new method incorporating a computer program to analyze four esthetic factors: form of the face, arch form, palatal contour, tooth shape, and to determine whether there was correlation between tooth, face, and arch forms and palatal contour. Material and method. Impressions were made of the maxillary dentition of 50 dentate undergraduate dental students with irreversible hydrocolloid impression material and casts formed. A standardized photographic procedure was used to record portrait slides of each subject’s face and of maxillary dental arches and central incisors made from dental casts. A comprehensive computer program was developed to correlate esthetic factors by superimposition. Results. Superimposing outline form between face, tooth, and arch showed that for tooth to face form nearly half the comparisons were dissimilar and only 22% corresponded. This is the lowest level of correspondence in this group. Highest correspondence (28%) occurred between arch to face form, followed by arch to tooth form (24%). Arch to tooth showed the lowest level of dissimilarity (32%). For correlation among the four factors across the sample group based on a comparison of classifications in each subject, men tended to dominate tapering classes, whereas women dominated square and ovoid classes. Conclusion. Correspondence of outline forms through superimposition revealed an insignificant correlation between face, tooth, and arch forms. Although this method applies high technology, it does not improve the accuracy of determining shape and size of teeth in an edentulous patient. The cost and complexity of the method of measurement may also make it impractical for common application. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:163-8.)</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Royaume-Uni</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sellen, P N" sort="Sellen, P N" uniqKey="Sellen P" first="P. N." last="Sellen">P. N. Sellen</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Harrison, A" sort="Harrison, A" uniqKey="Harrison A" first="A." last="Harrison">A. Harrison</name>
<name sortKey="Jagger, D C" sort="Jagger, D C" uniqKey="Jagger D" first="D. C." last="Jagger">D. C. Jagger</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 009979 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 009979 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Wicri/Santé |area= EdenteV2 |flux= Main |étape= Exploration |type= RBID |clé= ISTEX:5F0B03AE599BC136FB08EB1C4A1ACE8264D6BC12 |texte= Computer-generated study of the correlation between tooth, face, arch forms, and palatal contour }}
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. | ![]() |