EdenteV2, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 001541

Porphyromonas gingivalis attenuates ATP-mediated inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release through expression of a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase

Identifieur interne : 001541 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001540; suivant : 001542

Porphyromonas gingivalis attenuates ATP-mediated inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release through expression of a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase

Auteurs : Larry Johnson [États-Unis] ; Kalina R. Atanasova [États-Unis] ; Phuong Q. Bui [États-Unis] ; Jungnam Lee [États-Unis] ; Shu-Chen Hung [États-Unis] ; Özlem Yilmaz [États-Unis] ; David M. Ojcius [États-Unis]

Source :

Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur [ 1286-4579 ] ; 2015.

RBID : PMC:4426005

Abstract

Many intracellular pathogens evade the innate immune response in order to survive and proliferate within infected cells. We show that Porphyromonas gingivalis, an intracellular opportunistic pathogen, uses a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDK) homolog to inhibit innate immune responses due to stimulation by extracellular ATP, which acts as a danger signal that binds to P2X₇ receptors and induces activation of an inflammasome and caspase-1. Thus, infection of gingival epithelial cells (GECs) with wild-type P. gingivalis results in inhibition of ATP-induced caspase-1 activation. However, ndk-deficient P. gingivalis is less effective than wild-type P. gingivalis in reducing ATP-mediated caspase-1 activation and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, from infected GECs. Furthermore, P. gingivalis NDK modulates release of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a pro-inflammatory danger signal, which remains associated with chromatin in healthy cells. Unexpectedly, infection with either wild-type or ndk-deficient P. gingivalis causes release of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytosol. But HMGB1 is released to the extracellular space when uninfected GECs are further stimulated with ATP, and there is more HMGB1 released from the cells when ATP-treated cells are infected with ndk-deficient mutant than wild-type P. gingivalis. Our results reveal that NDK plays a significant role in inhibiting P2X₇-dependent inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release from infected GECs.

Url:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426005

DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.010
PubMed: 25828169
PubMed Central: 4426005

Affiliations:

Le document en format XML

<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en"><italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis</italic>
 attenuates ATP-mediated inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release through expression of a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase</title>
<author><name sortKey="Johnson, Larry" sort="Johnson, Larry" uniqKey="Johnson L" first="Larry" last="Johnson">Larry Johnson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Atanasova, Kalina R" sort="Atanasova, Kalina R" uniqKey="Atanasova K" first="Kalina R." last="Atanasova">Kalina R. Atanasova</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bui, Phuong Q" sort="Bui, Phuong Q" uniqKey="Bui P" first="Phuong Q." last="Bui">Phuong Q. Bui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Jungnam" sort="Lee, Jungnam" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jungnam" last="Lee">Jungnam Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hung, Shu Chen" sort="Hung, Shu Chen" uniqKey="Hung S" first="Shu-Chen" last="Hung">Shu-Chen Hung</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yilmaz, Ozlem" sort="Yilmaz, Ozlem" uniqKey="Yilmaz O" first="Özlem" last="Yilmaz">Özlem Yilmaz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ojcius, David M" sort="Ojcius, David M" uniqKey="Ojcius D" first="David M." last="Ojcius">David M. Ojcius</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">25828169</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4426005</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426005</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4426005</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.010</idno>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002627</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002627</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002627</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002627</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001106</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001106</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">005A07</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">005A07</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">005A07</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001544</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001541</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001541</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main"><italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis</italic>
 attenuates ATP-mediated inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release through expression of a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase</title>
<author><name sortKey="Johnson, Larry" sort="Johnson, Larry" uniqKey="Johnson L" first="Larry" last="Johnson">Larry Johnson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Atanasova, Kalina R" sort="Atanasova, Kalina R" uniqKey="Atanasova K" first="Kalina R." last="Atanasova">Kalina R. Atanasova</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bui, Phuong Q" sort="Bui, Phuong Q" uniqKey="Bui P" first="Phuong Q." last="Bui">Phuong Q. Bui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Jungnam" sort="Lee, Jungnam" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jungnam" last="Lee">Jungnam Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hung, Shu Chen" sort="Hung, Shu Chen" uniqKey="Hung S" first="Shu-Chen" last="Hung">Shu-Chen Hung</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yilmaz, Ozlem" sort="Yilmaz, Ozlem" uniqKey="Yilmaz O" first="Özlem" last="Yilmaz">Özlem Yilmaz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ojcius, David M" sort="Ojcius, David M" uniqKey="Ojcius D" first="David M." last="Ojcius">David M. Ojcius</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1286-4579</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1769-714X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Many intracellular pathogens evade the innate immune response in order to survive and proliferate within infected cells. We show that <italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis</italic>
, an intracellular opportunistic pathogen, uses a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDK) homolog to inhibit innate immune responses due to stimulation by extracellular ATP, which acts as a danger signal that binds to P2X<sub>7</sub>
 receptors and induces activation of an inflammasome and caspase-1. Thus, infection of gingival epithelial cells (GECs) with wild-type <italic>P. gingivalis</italic>
 results in inhibition of ATP-induced caspase-1 activation. However, <italic>ndk</italic>
-deficient <italic>P. gingivalis</italic>
 is less effective than wild-type <italic>P. gingivalis</italic>
 in reducing ATP-mediated caspase-1 activation and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, from infected GECs. Furthermore, <italic>P. gingivalis</italic>
 NDK modulates release of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a pro-inflammatory danger signal, which remains associated with chromatin in healthy cells. Unexpectedly, infection with either wild-type or <italic>ndk</italic>
-deficient <italic>P. gingivalis</italic>
 causes release of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytosol. But HMGB1 is released to the extracellular space when uninfected GECs are further stimulated with ATP, and there is more HMGB1 released from the cells when ATP-treated cells are infected with <italic>ndk</italic>
-deficient mutant than wild-type <italic>P. gingivalis</italic>
. Our results reveal that NDK plays a significant role in inhibiting P2X<sub>7</sub>
-dependent inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release from infected GECs.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Californie</li>
<li>Floride</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Californie"><name sortKey="Johnson, Larry" sort="Johnson, Larry" uniqKey="Johnson L" first="Larry" last="Johnson">Larry Johnson</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Atanasova, Kalina R" sort="Atanasova, Kalina R" uniqKey="Atanasova K" first="Kalina R." last="Atanasova">Kalina R. Atanasova</name>
<name sortKey="Atanasova, Kalina R" sort="Atanasova, Kalina R" uniqKey="Atanasova K" first="Kalina R." last="Atanasova">Kalina R. Atanasova</name>
<name sortKey="Bui, Phuong Q" sort="Bui, Phuong Q" uniqKey="Bui P" first="Phuong Q." last="Bui">Phuong Q. Bui</name>
<name sortKey="Bui, Phuong Q" sort="Bui, Phuong Q" uniqKey="Bui P" first="Phuong Q." last="Bui">Phuong Q. Bui</name>
<name sortKey="Hung, Shu Chen" sort="Hung, Shu Chen" uniqKey="Hung S" first="Shu-Chen" last="Hung">Shu-Chen Hung</name>
<name sortKey="Hung, Shu Chen" sort="Hung, Shu Chen" uniqKey="Hung S" first="Shu-Chen" last="Hung">Shu-Chen Hung</name>
<name sortKey="Johnson, Larry" sort="Johnson, Larry" uniqKey="Johnson L" first="Larry" last="Johnson">Larry Johnson</name>
<name sortKey="Lee, Jungnam" sort="Lee, Jungnam" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jungnam" last="Lee">Jungnam Lee</name>
<name sortKey="Lee, Jungnam" sort="Lee, Jungnam" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jungnam" last="Lee">Jungnam Lee</name>
<name sortKey="Ojcius, David M" sort="Ojcius, David M" uniqKey="Ojcius D" first="David M." last="Ojcius">David M. Ojcius</name>
<name sortKey="Ojcius, David M" sort="Ojcius, David M" uniqKey="Ojcius D" first="David M." last="Ojcius">David M. Ojcius</name>
<name sortKey="Yilmaz, Ozlem" sort="Yilmaz, Ozlem" uniqKey="Yilmaz O" first="Özlem" last="Yilmaz">Özlem Yilmaz</name>
<name sortKey="Yilmaz, Ozlem" sort="Yilmaz, Ozlem" uniqKey="Yilmaz O" first="Özlem" last="Yilmaz">Özlem Yilmaz</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Main/Exploration

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001541 | SxmlIndent | more

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 001541 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/Santé
   |area=    EdenteV2
   |flux=    Main
   |étape=   Exploration
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     PMC:4426005
   |texte=   Porphyromonas gingivalis attenuates ATP-mediated inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release through expression of a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase
}}

Pour générer des pages wiki

HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i   -Sk "pubmed:25828169" \
       | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd   \
       | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a EdenteV2

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32.
Data generation: Thu Nov 30 15:26:48 2017. Site generation: Tue Mar 8 16:36:20 2022

Serveur d'exploration sur le patient édenté

Porphyromonas gingivalis attenuates ATP-mediated inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release through expression of a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase

Porphyromonas gingivalis attenuates ATP-mediated inflammasome activation and HMGB1 release through expression of a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase

Source :

Abstract

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

Le document en format XML

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

Pour générer des pages wiki

	Serveur d'exploration sur le patient édenté
	Attention, ce site est en cours de développement ! Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts. Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.