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On the Persistent Political Under-Representation of Muslims in India

Identifieur interne : 007943 ( Istex/Curation ); précédent : 007942; suivant : 007944

On the Persistent Political Under-Representation of Muslims in India

Auteurs : Rajeev Bhargava

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:F518887BDD35BC4D389CEC095461D247B0364D8D

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

This Paper is divided into three sections. In the first section I provide a brief historical overview of Hindu-Muslim relations in India and of the condition of Indian Muslims today. I conclude by claiming that Indian Muslims are a marginalized minority who have been persistently underrepresented in political institutions, particularly in the Indian Parliament. This section is important for those who are less informed about these issues—and I assume that most readers fall in this category. In the second section, I examine the case for political representation for Muslims. This was a much debated issue in pre-independent India. It was debated with subtlety and in considerable detail in the Constituent Assembly debates on the Indian constitution. However, with the partition of the country and the formation of the separate state of Pakistan, all debate on the political representation of Muslims ceased. I examine the merits and demerits of the case for the political representation of Indian Muslims. I also attempt a brief explanation of why this issue has virtually disappeared from the public arena in India. I conclude in the section that although political representation of Muslims qua Muslims is desirable, it is still unfeasible in the prevailing situation in India. In other words, I would support the recommendation to the Indian State that political rights not to be granted to any religious community. If political theory was to remain a handmaiden of state policy, then the matter ends right here. However, since I believe that political theory must think for the long run and design just institutions and policies for the future, and since, there is, I claim, no principled objection to the political representation of Muslims, in the third and final section I briefly outline which of the several electoral mechanisms are best suited to ensure fair political representation for Muslims in the future. In my view, the principle of fair political representation for Indian Muslims is best fulfilled by a complex mechanism consisting of preferential voting in multi-member constituencies with intra-party quotas in proportion to the overall population of Muslims in the country.

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DOI: 10.2202/1938-2545.1003

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Rajeev Bhargava
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<term>Adequate representation</term>
<term>Adverse impact</term>
<term>Alam</term>
<term>Ambedkar</term>
<term>Anne phillips</term>
<term>Anthony stephen</term>
<term>Appropriate mechanism</term>
<term>Ascriptive</term>
<term>Backlash</term>
<term>Best procedure</term>
<term>Bhargava</term>
<term>Bitter memory</term>
<term>Brief explanation</term>
<term>Caste</term>
<term>Civic friendship</term>
<term>Colonial india</term>
<term>Communal</term>
<term>Communal backlash</term>
<term>Communal difference</term>
<term>Communal relations</term>
<term>Community identities</term>
<term>Community identity</term>
<term>Congress party</term>
<term>Considerable detail</term>
<term>Constituency</term>
<term>Constituent assembly</term>
<term>Constituent assembly debates</term>
<term>Csds</term>
<term>Csds data unit</term>
<term>Csds data unit table religion</term>
<term>Cultural heritage</term>
<term>Current context</term>
<term>Dangerous extent</term>
<term>Deliberative assembly</term>
<term>Deliberative process</term>
<term>Democratic accountability</term>
<term>Democratic process</term>
<term>Democratic state</term>
<term>Democratic vision</term>
<term>Descriptive representation</term>
<term>Educational institution</term>
<term>Educational institutions</term>
<term>Effective voice</term>
<term>Election commission</term>
<term>Electoral process</term>
<term>Electoral processes</term>
<term>Electorate</term>
<term>Elite muslims</term>
<term>Equal citizenship</term>
<term>Equal opportunity</term>
<term>Equal opportunity principle</term>
<term>Fair group representation</term>
<term>Fair representation</term>
<term>Farzana sheikh</term>
<term>General elections</term>
<term>Generalized mirror representation</term>
<term>Government employment</term>
<term>Group representation</term>
<term>Hasan</term>
<term>Hindu</term>
<term>Hindu activists</term>
<term>Hindu communalism</term>
<term>Hindu muslim</term>
<term>Hindu names</term>
<term>Hinduism</term>
<term>Hinduism islam christianity jainism</term>
<term>Hinduism islam christianity jainism sikhism</term>
<term>Hinduism islam christianity zorastrianism buddhism jainism sikhism</term>
<term>Hinduism islam christianity zorastrianism jainism</term>
<term>Human rights</term>
<term>Imaginary grievances</term>
<term>India rajeev bhargava</term>
<term>India today</term>
<term>Indian constitution</term>
<term>Indian muslims</term>
<term>Indian muslims today</term>
<term>Indian parliament</term>
<term>Indian society</term>
<term>Indian state</term>
<term>Individual autonomy</term>
<term>Individual citizens</term>
<term>Individual freedom</term>
<term>Islam</term>
<term>Jaby mathew</term>
<term>Jainism</term>
<term>Joint electorates</term>
<term>Large number</term>
<term>Larger muslim populace</term>
<term>Legacy muslims</term>
<term>Legislative bodies</term>
<term>Legislatures percentage</term>
<term>Mahavir tyagi</term>
<term>Majority rule</term>
<term>Majorityminority syndrome</term>
<term>Many muslims</term>
<term>Marginalized</term>
<term>Marginalized group</term>
<term>Marginalized minority</term>
<term>Matter ends right</term>
<term>Minority communities</term>
<term>Minority community</term>
<term>Minority representatives</term>
<term>Mirror representation</term>
<term>Moral status</term>
<term>Mother tongue</term>
<term>Mushirul hasan</term>
<term>Muslim</term>
<term>Muslim candidate</term>
<term>Muslim candidates</term>
<term>Muslim community</term>
<term>Muslim elite</term>
<term>Muslim elites</term>
<term>Muslim india</term>
<term>Muslim league</term>
<term>Muslim representation</term>
<term>Muslim share</term>
<term>Muslims elites</term>
<term>Muslims share</term>
<term>National unity</term>
<term>Nehruvian period</term>
<term>Oppressed group</term>
<term>Ordinary muslim</term>
<term>Ordinary muslims</term>
<term>Other citizens</term>
<term>Other hand</term>
<term>Other words</term>
<term>Overall population</term>
<term>Pant</term>
<term>Pertinent question</term>
<term>Political arena</term>
<term>Political institutions</term>
<term>Political parties</term>
<term>Political party</term>
<term>Political process</term>
<term>Political recognition</term>
<term>Political representation</term>
<term>Political rights</term>
<term>Political secularism</term>
<term>Political theory</term>
<term>Poverty line</term>
<term>Pradesh</term>
<term>Pragmatic objection</term>
<term>Preference voting</term>
<term>Preferential voting</term>
<term>Present context</term>
<term>Principled distance</term>
<term>Principled objection</term>
<term>Proportional representation</term>
<term>Public arena</term>
<term>Public domain</term>
<term>Public employment</term>
<term>Public sphere</term>
<term>Rajeev</term>
<term>Rajeev bhargava</term>
<term>Rajeev bhargava table</term>
<term>Rajeev bhargava table religion</term>
<term>Readers fall</term>
<term>Religious communities</term>
<term>Religious community</term>
<term>Religious groups</term>
<term>Religious identity</term>
<term>Religious instruction</term>
<term>Remedial measures</term>
<term>Representation</term>
<term>Representative government</term>
<term>Research assistance</term>
<term>Rural areas</term>
<term>Sabha</term>
<term>Second section</term>
<term>Secular constitution</term>
<term>Secularism</term>
<term>Secularist</term>
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<term>Separate electorates</term>
<term>Separate state</term>
<term>Shiv sena</term>
<term>Sikhism</term>
<term>Social rights</term>
<term>Special representation rights</term>
<term>Special status</term>
<term>State persons</term>
<term>State policy</term>
<term>State services</term>
<term>Subordinate group</term>
<term>Such rights</term>
<term>Syndrome</term>
<term>Table religion</term>
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<term>Total source</term>
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<term>Vulnerable sections</term>
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<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en">
<term>Adequate representation</term>
<term>Adverse impact</term>
<term>Alam</term>
<term>Ambedkar</term>
<term>Anne phillips</term>
<term>Anthony stephen</term>
<term>Appropriate mechanism</term>
<term>Ascriptive</term>
<term>Backlash</term>
<term>Best procedure</term>
<term>Bhargava</term>
<term>Bitter memory</term>
<term>Brief explanation</term>
<term>Caste</term>
<term>Civic friendship</term>
<term>Colonial india</term>
<term>Communal</term>
<term>Communal backlash</term>
<term>Communal difference</term>
<term>Communal relations</term>
<term>Community identities</term>
<term>Community identity</term>
<term>Congress party</term>
<term>Considerable detail</term>
<term>Constituency</term>
<term>Constituent assembly</term>
<term>Constituent assembly debates</term>
<term>Csds</term>
<term>Csds data unit</term>
<term>Csds data unit table religion</term>
<term>Cultural heritage</term>
<term>Current context</term>
<term>Dangerous extent</term>
<term>Deliberative assembly</term>
<term>Deliberative process</term>
<term>Democratic accountability</term>
<term>Democratic process</term>
<term>Democratic state</term>
<term>Democratic vision</term>
<term>Descriptive representation</term>
<term>Educational institution</term>
<term>Educational institutions</term>
<term>Effective voice</term>
<term>Election commission</term>
<term>Electoral process</term>
<term>Electoral processes</term>
<term>Electorate</term>
<term>Elite muslims</term>
<term>Equal citizenship</term>
<term>Equal opportunity</term>
<term>Equal opportunity principle</term>
<term>Fair group representation</term>
<term>Fair representation</term>
<term>Farzana sheikh</term>
<term>General elections</term>
<term>Generalized mirror representation</term>
<term>Government employment</term>
<term>Group representation</term>
<term>Hasan</term>
<term>Hindu</term>
<term>Hindu activists</term>
<term>Hindu communalism</term>
<term>Hindu muslim</term>
<term>Hindu names</term>
<term>Hinduism</term>
<term>Hinduism islam christianity jainism</term>
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<term>Hinduism islam christianity zorastrianism buddhism jainism sikhism</term>
<term>Hinduism islam christianity zorastrianism jainism</term>
<term>Human rights</term>
<term>Imaginary grievances</term>
<term>India rajeev bhargava</term>
<term>India today</term>
<term>Indian constitution</term>
<term>Indian muslims</term>
<term>Indian muslims today</term>
<term>Indian parliament</term>
<term>Indian society</term>
<term>Indian state</term>
<term>Individual autonomy</term>
<term>Individual citizens</term>
<term>Individual freedom</term>
<term>Islam</term>
<term>Jaby mathew</term>
<term>Jainism</term>
<term>Joint electorates</term>
<term>Large number</term>
<term>Larger muslim populace</term>
<term>Legacy muslims</term>
<term>Legislative bodies</term>
<term>Legislatures percentage</term>
<term>Mahavir tyagi</term>
<term>Majority rule</term>
<term>Majorityminority syndrome</term>
<term>Many muslims</term>
<term>Marginalized</term>
<term>Marginalized group</term>
<term>Marginalized minority</term>
<term>Matter ends right</term>
<term>Minority communities</term>
<term>Minority community</term>
<term>Minority representatives</term>
<term>Mirror representation</term>
<term>Moral status</term>
<term>Mother tongue</term>
<term>Mushirul hasan</term>
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<term>Muslim candidate</term>
<term>Muslim candidates</term>
<term>Muslim community</term>
<term>Muslim elite</term>
<term>Muslim elites</term>
<term>Muslim india</term>
<term>Muslim league</term>
<term>Muslim representation</term>
<term>Muslim share</term>
<term>Muslims elites</term>
<term>Muslims share</term>
<term>National unity</term>
<term>Nehruvian period</term>
<term>Oppressed group</term>
<term>Ordinary muslim</term>
<term>Ordinary muslims</term>
<term>Other citizens</term>
<term>Other hand</term>
<term>Other words</term>
<term>Overall population</term>
<term>Pant</term>
<term>Pertinent question</term>
<term>Political arena</term>
<term>Political institutions</term>
<term>Political parties</term>
<term>Political party</term>
<term>Political process</term>
<term>Political recognition</term>
<term>Political representation</term>
<term>Political rights</term>
<term>Political secularism</term>
<term>Political theory</term>
<term>Poverty line</term>
<term>Pradesh</term>
<term>Pragmatic objection</term>
<term>Preference voting</term>
<term>Preferential voting</term>
<term>Present context</term>
<term>Principled distance</term>
<term>Principled objection</term>
<term>Proportional representation</term>
<term>Public arena</term>
<term>Public domain</term>
<term>Public employment</term>
<term>Public sphere</term>
<term>Rajeev</term>
<term>Rajeev bhargava</term>
<term>Rajeev bhargava table</term>
<term>Rajeev bhargava table religion</term>
<term>Readers fall</term>
<term>Religious communities</term>
<term>Religious community</term>
<term>Religious groups</term>
<term>Religious identity</term>
<term>Religious instruction</term>
<term>Remedial measures</term>
<term>Representation</term>
<term>Representative government</term>
<term>Research assistance</term>
<term>Rural areas</term>
<term>Sabha</term>
<term>Second section</term>
<term>Secular constitution</term>
<term>Secularism</term>
<term>Secularist</term>
<term>Secularist objection</term>
<term>Separate electorates</term>
<term>Separate state</term>
<term>Shiv sena</term>
<term>Sikhism</term>
<term>Social rights</term>
<term>Special representation rights</term>
<term>Special status</term>
<term>State persons</term>
<term>State policy</term>
<term>State services</term>
<term>Subordinate group</term>
<term>Such rights</term>
<term>Syndrome</term>
<term>Table religion</term>
<term>Total muslim population</term>
<term>Total muslims</term>
<term>Total source</term>
<term>Urban areas</term>
<term>Urban muslims</term>
<term>Uttar pradesh</term>
<term>Vulnerable sections</term>
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<term>Représentation politique</term>
<term>Droits politiques</term>
<term>Vote préférentiel</term>
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<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This Paper is divided into three sections. In the first section I provide a brief historical overview of Hindu-Muslim relations in India and of the condition of Indian Muslims today. I conclude by claiming that Indian Muslims are a marginalized minority who have been persistently underrepresented in political institutions, particularly in the Indian Parliament. This section is important for those who are less informed about these issues—and I assume that most readers fall in this category. In the second section, I examine the case for political representation for Muslims. This was a much debated issue in pre-independent India. It was debated with subtlety and in considerable detail in the Constituent Assembly debates on the Indian constitution. However, with the partition of the country and the formation of the separate state of Pakistan, all debate on the political representation of Muslims ceased. I examine the merits and demerits of the case for the political representation of Indian Muslims. I also attempt a brief explanation of why this issue has virtually disappeared from the public arena in India. I conclude in the section that although political representation of Muslims qua Muslims is desirable, it is still unfeasible in the prevailing situation in India. In other words, I would support the recommendation to the Indian State that political rights not to be granted to any religious community. If political theory was to remain a handmaiden of state policy, then the matter ends right here. However, since I believe that political theory must think for the long run and design just institutions and policies for the future, and since, there is, I claim, no principled objection to the political representation of Muslims, in the third and final section I briefly outline which of the several electoral mechanisms are best suited to ensure fair political representation for Muslims in the future. In my view, the principle of fair political representation for Indian Muslims is best fulfilled by a complex mechanism consisting of preferential voting in multi-member constituencies with intra-party quotas in proportion to the overall population of Muslims in the country.</div>
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